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To elucidate the prognosis, frequency, and diverse nature of pathologies for calvarial tumors among different age groups.Seventy-six patients who underwent surgery for calvarial lesions between January 2007 and March 2021 are included in this study. Clinical data were obtained retrospectively from patients' electronic records. Radiological images and surgical notes are reviewed to determine the extent of the tumor and resection.Among 76 patients, 33 (43.4%) were male and 43 (56.6%) were female. The mean age was 36.0 years (range: 1-81 years) at the time of initial operation. Children consisted 28.9% (n = 22) of the patients. In children, 59.1% (n = 13) had tumor-like pathologies, while 27.3% (n = 6) had benign pathologies, and 13.6% (n = 3) had malignant tumors. In the adult population, 42.6% (n = 23) had malignant tumors, 31.5% (n = 17) had benign tumors, 16.7% (n = 9) had tumor-like pathologies, and 9.2% (n = 5) had intermediate-grade tumors. F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scan was performed in 16 patients, 10 cases underwent whole-body bone scintigraphy (WBBS), and 4 cases underwent both. Among these examinations, 16 (80%) of the FDG-PET scans and 5 (35.7%) of the WBBS scans revealed an extracranial pathological lesion. A calvarial tumor was diagnosed in 13 of 18 cases of metastatic lesions (72.2%) before the primary tumor detection.Lesions of the calvarium include malignant tumors, intermediate grade tumors, tumor-like lesions, and benign tumors. These masses may be the first presentation in patients with underlying primary tumors. In our study, the malignant tumor rate in the calvaria was 34.2%, and 72.2% of the metastatic tumors were diagnosed with a calvarial resection before the primary tumor was found. Operating a calvarial lesion and making an early diagnosis is crucial for the treatment of the primary lesions.

F-18 FDG PET/CT has a documented role in diagnosis of the patients with radioiodine refractory differentiated thyroid carcinoma (RAIR-DTC) and there are ongoing studies about the treatment response evaluation for tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment response evaluation. This case report is about the treatment response evaluation of a unique patient with multiple unusual metastatic lesions of RAIR-DTC.

The aim of this study was to determine optimal protective thiopental dose in renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage. This study was carried out on 42 rats. After abdominal midline incision, left renal artery was occluded. After 60 min of ischemia and reperfusion, a left nephrectomy was performed. Surgical intervention was made for the six rat groups (excluding sham group). In control group, 60 minutes of ischemia and reperfusion were applied to left kidneys. Thiopental (3, 10, 30, 60, 80 mg/kg) was applied intra-peritoneally to the rats except sham and control groups 15 minutes before reperfusion. After reperfusion, IL-1 alpha, IL-6, TNF-alpha levels; SOD activity; MDA and NO levels were measured. There was no decrease in IL-6 or TNF-alpha levels in groups at all doses. IL-1 alpha levels only decreased in the group receiving 3 mg/kg thiopental. Only the group receiving 80 mg/kg observed decrease in MDA levels. The rats receiving 30 mg/kg showed significant increase in SOD levels. The rats receiving 3 mg/ kg detected significant increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels. The groups receiving 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg thiopental showed decrease in nitric oxide (NO) levels. According to study results, different doses of thiopental affected each biochemical indicator in renal I/R damage.

Onaltı yaşında bir kız çocuğun sağ memesinde bulunan 4,5x3,5x3 cm boyutlarda kitle eksizyonel olarak çıkarıldı. Kitlenin makroskopik incelemesinde; çevreden çok iyi sınırlı, fakat kapsülsüz tümöral doku izlendi. Tümörün mikroskopik görüntüsü belirleyici olup, eozinofilik sekresyonla dolu lümen oluşturan eozinofilik, granüler veya berrak sitoplazmalı hücrelerle döşeli tubuloalveolar ve fokal papiller yapılar vardı. Hücrelerin bazılarında nukleus belirgin nukleol içermekteydi, mitoz nadir olarak izlendi. S-100 protein, östrojen ve progesteron reseptörü, poliklonal karsinoembriyojenik antijen (CEA) antikorları ile yapılan immunhistokimyasal boyamalarda S-100 ile pozitif reaktivite görüldü. Östrojen ve progesteron reseptörü, CEA ile pozitif reaktivite saptanmadı. Bu bulgularla olguya sekretuar karsinom tanısı verildi. Meme tümörlerinin nadir görülen tipi olan sekretuar karsinom, meme kanserlerinin %1’inden azını oluşturur. Prognozu çok iyidir ve bir çok seride 5 yıllık yaşam %100’e yakın olarak bildirilmektedir

Madeni yağların %90-99'luk büyük bir kısmını baz yağ adı verilen ana madde oluşturmaktadır. Madeni yağların hazırlanma ve harmanlanma işlemlerinde ülkemizde baz yağ olarak mineral esaslı petrol kökenli ürünler veya sentetik ürünler kullanılmaktadır. Ülkemize ithalat yoluyla gelen petrol kökenli baz yağlar canlı yaşamı üzerinde olumsuz etkide bulunarak çevrenin kirlenmesinde etkin rol oynarlar. Günümüzde birçok modern güçlü makine ya kısmen ya da tamamen hidrolik mekanizmalarla kontrol edilmektedir. Bu sebepten ötürü biyolojik parçalanabilir, tamamen çevre dostu, kalite seviyesi yüksek ve daha ekonomik alternatif hidrolik sistem yağlarının üretilmesi önem kazanmaktadır ve bu mümkündür. Çevre sorunlarına karşı artan ilgi, yağlayıcılık endüstrisindeki ürünleri daha ekolojik ve çevre dostu olmaya itmiştir. Bitkisel yağlar mineral yağlara kıyasla; çevre dostudur, biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir, tribolojik özellikleri iyidir, yüksek viskozite indeksine sahiptir, yüksek parlama ve yanma noktasına sahiptir, sürtünme katsayıları daha düşüktür, daha az buharlaşma kaybı gösterir, düşük su kirliliği sınıfındadır, sürdürülebilir kaynaklıdır. Bu tezde petrol esaslı mineral baz yağlar ve bitkisel kökenli çevre dostu baz yağlar kullanılarak hidrolik sistem yağları üretilmiş ve bu yağların karakteristik özellikleri kıyaslanmıştır. Bitkisel kökenli hidrolik yağların üretiminde ayçiçeği yağı, fındık yağı ve soya yağı kullanılmıştır. Yağları karakterize eden yoğunluk, kinematik viskozite, viskozite indeksi, parlama noktası, akma noktası, renk, bakır şerit korozyonu, toplam asit sayısı, toplam baz sayısı, sudan ayrılabilme özelliği gibi testler ASTM (American Standards of Testing Methods) Amerikan Standartları Test Yöntemleri ile yapılmıştır. Yapılan testler doğrultusunda, hazırlanan hidrolik yağlarının sanayide kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir. Hazırlanan bitkisel esaslı hidrolik yağlarının bir kısmı TSE 32 numaralı hidrolik sistem yağı standardını, bir kısmı ise TSE 46 numaralı hidrolik sistem yağı standardını karşılamaktadır. Lubricants' main agent is called base oil and any lubricant contains about 90-99% of base oils and the other part is additives. Today, many modern powerful machines are controlled by hydraulic mechanism either partially or fully. Products in the lubrication industry have been pushed to be more ecologically and environmentally friendly with increasing attention to environmental issues. In Turkey, only mineral-based hydraulic system oils are produced and consumed. Conversely, production of bio-based hydraulic system oils is not done. However, bio-based hydraulic fluids have some better properties in spite of mineral-based hydraulic fluids. Bio-based oils' some properties are superior than mineral oils. Such as; environmentally friendly, biodegradable, good tribological properties, high viscosity index, high flash point, high burning point, low friction coefficient, low volatility, classified as low water pollution, and also they have sustainable source. Additionally, bio-based hydraulic fluids are more economical, approximately 10%, than mineral-based hydraulic fluids. For this purpose, soybean, sunflower, nuts, canola oil can be used that are grown in Turkey conditions. In this thesis, petroleum-based mineral oils and environmentally friendly bio-based oils were used for producing of hydraulic system oils and these products' characteristic properties were compared with each other. Sunflower oil, hazelnut oil, and soybean oil were used for the production of bio-based hydraulic fluids. The characteristic features of these oils, for instance, density, kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, flash point, pour point, colour, copper strip corrosion, total acid number, total base number, demulsibility properties were identified by using ASTM-American Standards for Testing Methods. According to test results, the bio-based products can be used in industry. Some of the products are suitable for TSE 32 hydraulic oil and some of them are suitable for TSE 46 hydraulic oil. 75

Introduction. Although pyogenic granulomas (PG) are common and benign vascular proliferations of the skin and mucous membranes, they are relatively rare on the vulva. Case Presentation. A 57-year-old G7P7 postmenopausal woman presented with a 3-year history of a foul smell and bleeding lesions in the genital region. A gynecologic examination revealed multiple large papillomatous, pedunculated, and lobulated lesions that were cherry-red and infective in appearance. There was a 2-cm lesion at the upper intersection of the labia majora, a 2-cm lesion on the right labium majus, and a 4-cm lesion on the clitoris. The patient complained of itching, and the lesions were asymptomatic, except for occasional bleeding. All lesions were excised and sent for histopathological examination, which revealed an ulcerated polypoidal structure with extensive proliferation of vascular channels lined by a single layer of endothelium. The histopathological features were consistent with PG. Conclusion. The present case is the first case of multiple pyogenic granulomas on the vulva in a postmenopausal woman.

Onaltı yaşında bir kız çocuğun sağ memesinde bulunan 4,5x3,5x3 cm boyutlarda kitle eksizyonel olarak çıkarıldı. Kitlenin makroskopik incelemesinde; çevreden çok iyi sınırlı, fakat kapsülsüz tümöral doku izlendi. Tü- mörün mikroskopik görüntüsü belirleyici olup, eozinofilik sekresyonla dolu lümen oluşturan eozinofilik, granüler veya berrak sitoplazmalı hücrelerle döşeli tubuloalveolar ve fokal papiller yapılar vardı. Hücrelerin bazılarında nukleus belirgin nukleol içermekteydi, mitoz nadir olarak izlendi. S-100 protein, östrojen ve progesteron reseptörü, poliklonal karsinoembriyojenik antijen (CEA) antikorları ile yapılan immunhistokimyasal boyamalarda S-100 ile pozitif reaktivite görüldü. Östrojen ve progesteron reseptörü, CEA ile pozitif reaktivite saptanmadı. Bu bulgularla olguya sekretuar karsinom tanısı verildi. Meme tümörlerinin nadir görülen tipi olan sekretuar karsinom, meme kanserlerinin %1’inden azını oluşturur. Prognozu çok iyidir ve bir çok seride 5 yıllık yaşam %100’e yakın olarak bildirilmektedir. 16 year-old girl with a mass measuring 4,5x3,5x3 cms, in the right breast was presented. The patient underwent surgical resection. Grossly, it was a noncapsulated, well circumscribed neoplasm. The microscopic apparence was distinctive. Tubuloalveolar and focally papilary formations, lined by cells with eosinophilic, granular or clear cytoplasm were seen forming lumina filled by an eosinophilic secretion. Some nucleus had prominent nucleoli, but mitoses were very scant. Immunohistochemistry was performed by using the following antibodies: S-100 protein, oestrogen and progesterone receptor and polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The tumor cells were positive for S-100 protein and negative for, oestrogen and progesterone receptor and CEA. Clinical and morphological findings were consisted with a secretory carcinoma. Secretory carcinoma of the breast is a rare varyant of the breast carcinoma. It is accounting less than 1% of all breast neoplasms. The overall prognosis is excellent, most series quoting a 5-year survival rate close to 100%.