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This paper demonstrates the role of the Courts in lending currency to the politics of Hindutva in the 1990s. It focuses on some of the significant and connected cases of the Ayodhya dispute and the infamous Hindutva judgments to illustrate how the court legitimised, perhaps inadvertently, a jingoistic and intolerant ideology as an acceptable political strategy. The rise and electoral successes of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) post-emergency accompanied the party's reliance on the judicial instruments to make its Hindu nationalist ideology palatable to a larger audience and the 'secular' citizen. Contrary to the stance of Hindu nationalist organisations against codification of Hindu law and any state interference in matters of religion at the time of independence, in the 1990s the movement relied significantly on judicial instruments for its own legitimacy and for expanding the domain of religion by seeking the patronage of 'law'. The Court, in what came to be known as the Hindutva judgments, attempted to separate 'Hindutva' from 'Hinduism', thereby aiding the launch of a new dawn of Hindutva which could then become synonymous with democracy and development. Most significantly, it also opened the doors for electoral promises to be routed through the courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sudden deaths of cardiac origin are usually caused by unexpected loss of heart function. One of the causes may be Infective endocarditis (IE) which refers to the microbial infection of the heart valves or mural endocardium that leads to the formation of thrombotic vegetations that cause calcification and destruction of underlying cardiac tissue. The vegetations are typically friable and embolize easily causing abscesses (Ring abscess), septic infarcts and mycotic aneurysms. Left untreated, IE may lead to congestive heart failure (CHF). Hence, it is important to discuss cases where IE was the main cause for death. Case suggested of a 67-year-old female who developed breathlessness, was taken to a local hospital and later brought to a multi-speciality hospital on the advice of doctors where she was declared brought dead. Internal Examination revealed the brain to be soft, congested and oedematous. There was coning of the orbital part of the frontal lobe, uncal part of the hippocampal gyrus of the temporal lobe and the cerebellar tonsil bilaterally. Tracheal lumen contained blood stained mucoid fluid. White patch was present on the anterior surface of the right ventricle 4 cm above apex. Right coronary artery showed 50% occlusion in its entire course. Left anterior descending artery showed 75% occlusion for 4cm from its origin. Multiple atheromatous streaks and plaques were present over the aortic intima at several places. Histopathology suggested chronic myocardial infarct with left coronary artery atherosclerosis. Pseudo hyphae were noticed in the vegetation's on the heart valve which were confirmed to be belonging to the genus Candida. Final opinion as to the cause of death after hospital records, autopsy findings, histopathology report and RFSL reports-due to sequelae of fungal infective endocarditis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The experimental studies of the dielectric response in liquid crystal at different temperatures have been done by using a microwave cavity spectrometer. The Microwave Cavity Spectrometer has been used to measure and compare the relative shift, width and amplitude of the resonance profile for the sample loaded in the cavity operated in TM010 mode at two different frequencies 20.900GHz and 29.867GHz. The comparative study of dielectric loss, and relaxation time of above liquid crystal at different frequencies has also been done at different temperatures. The method is used for its inherent accuracy and requirement of minute quantity of sample. Importance of nematic liquid crystal for infiltrating photonic crystal fibers for modification of their properties is indicated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Microwave cavity spectrometer and time domain reflectometer is used to measure the permittivity and dielectric loss at different temperatures in 2,4-dimethyl substituted pyridine. The observed data of the width of resonance profile and the shift in the resonance frequency have been analyzed using Slater perturbation equations for cavity spectrometer. The dielectric parameters measured from the time domain reflectometer as a function of time at different temperatures have been transformed to frequency domain to obtain the permittivity and dielectric loss. The observed values of the permittivity and dielectric loss at 9.0 GHz are fitted in Slater's perturbation equations to obtain the form factor, which represents interactions. The relaxation time has been evaluated at different temperatures using the ratio of width and twice of frequency shift and thermodynamical parameters have been determined. This experimental study provides fruitful information about the bulk properties of 2,4-dimethyl substituted pyridine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanisms of the overlapping of gaps due to a refractive index difference minimum and Anderson localization for photonic band gap (PBG) have been used and they give a refractive index contrast difference of less than two percent for X-, L-, and W-points of the Brillouin zone for the pseudogap. Another physical process for the existence of PBG is the use of scattering strength (∈[sub r] ≥ 1) for fcc lattice structure. We have found refractive index contrast in the range 2.41-14.21 for the existence of the complete photonic band gap for bound photons (∈[sub r] ≥ 1). The lowest limit to yield a gap is 2.41 for valence photons (∈[sub r] = 1) at volume filling fraction 85.5% for spherical air atoms and at 14.5% for dielectric spheres. This work is reported for the first time and it is useful for maintaining connectivity and for easier fabrication of photonic crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Dielectric response of Pentyl Cyano Biphenyl (PCB) nematic liquid crystals was done for two frequencies 9.0 GHz and 20.9 GHz. • Microwave cavity spectrometer is used to measure the width of the resonance profile and shift of the resonance frequency. • The theory of perturbation is used for computation of Activation energy and Relaxation time. • The thermo-dynamical parameters calculated for a suitable temperature range. • This method is well known in scientific community for its requirement of small quantity of sample and inherent accuracy. A comparable study of the dielectric response of PentylCyano Biphenyl (PCB) nematic liquid crystals over the temperature range 297–316°K is reported for two frequencies i.e. 9.0 GHz and 20.9 GHz. The loaded resonant microwave cavity operated in TM 010 mode at two different frequencies mentioned above. The theory of perturbation is used to analyze the data. The computation of Activation energy and Relaxation time was done. Calculation for the thermo-dynamical parameters such as ΔG, ΔH and ΔS was done for a suitable temperature range. It has been observed that the change in temperature and the change in frequency both effects the properties such as relaxation time, activation energy, entropy and enthalpy. This method is well known in scientific community for its requirement of small quantity of sample and inherent accuracy. The possible applications are reversible optical memories, beam steering antenna, and fabricating frequency agile components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tobacco use is the leading global cause of preventable death. There is estimation that three quarters of these deaths will be in low and middle income countries. Very few studies were available on the tobacco habit of transport staff from India. Aims and Objectives: Prevalence of habits for various tobacco products and initiating/ quitting patterns of these habits in Drivers and conductors. Material and Methods: Cross sectional survey was conducted on the staff of drivers conductors, technicians of government bus depot. Out of total 903 staff 702 could be contacted and surveyed. Results: The mean age was 36.4 ± 10.3 years. The mean age of initiation was 10-15 years. This have very high rate (77.9%) of tobacco and alcohol use. As a single habit chewing was more popular compared to smoking followed by alcohol. More than half of the chewers consume more than 4 pkts (20-25 grams in weight) of Gutka per day an even 30 to 40 pkts of Gutka consumption in a single day was reported by some staff. Addiction was a common feature for tobacco habit in this community for tobacco use (97%). Peer group pressure was the most important single cause of initiation of tobacco habits. Nearly half (44.3%) tobacco users want to quit the habit. Most common symptoms which tobacco users have were burning sensation in stomach or acidity. Conclusions: Repeated awareness programmes about the ill effect of tobacco and counselling/ de-addiction programmes are very much needed from the transport department and government are needed to improve the situation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which examined the effect of temperature variation on the dielectric response of pure dimethyl substituted pyridines. Calculation for the permittivity and dielectric loss; Discussion on the equations used to analyze the measured data; Factor attributed to the significant effect in the dielectric response and interaction.

An expression for the effective exponent of the size in the quantum confinement model to understand the mechanism of photoluminescence for various surface geometries in nanocrystalline semiconductor is formulated. An optimal size of the nanocrystalline semiconductor passivated with hydrogen is given in the range of 2.89 to 4.89 nm for all surface geometries. The lowest limit of the optimal size is reasonably closer to the experimental value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]