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Green synthesis of nanoparticles is receiving more attention these days since it is simple to use and prepare, uses fewer harsh chemicals and chemical reactions, and is environmentally benign. A novel strategy aims to recycle poisonous plant chemicals and use them as natural stabilizing capping agents for nanoparticles. In this investigation, silver nanoparticles loaded with latex from

In this study, the decolorization efficiency of seven microalgae isolates; Nostoc muscorum, Nostoc humifusum, Spirulina platensis, Anabaena oryzae, Wollea saccata, Oscillatoria sp. and Chlorella vu...

Kombucha has become a flavored tea drink fermented with a symbiotic community of fungi, yeast, and bacteria. Kombucha has been reported to show functional medicinal importance attributed to the presence of some critical metabolites and bioactive compounds. We developed kombucha on three different substrates like black tea, green tea, and Psidium guajava (guava) juice extract. Kombucha enriched with guava extract showed maximal growth in terms of weight (fresh and dry) and moisture percentage. Further, the total phenol, total flavonoid, and characterization of different phenolic compounds like gallic acid, catechin, guaiacol and coumaric acid with guava juice extract fermented kombucha exhibiting maximal production. Also, the high DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) radical scavenging activity over the control. The kombucha tea fermented on guava extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against eleven human pathogenic bacterial strains and four pathogenic fungi. From the current study, we conclude that the preparation of kombucha tea using guava juice extract might be used as a supplementary food product due to its high nutritional value.

The potential usage of cyanobacteria and microalgae as a promising and alternative source for new and safe therapeutic compounds is recently caught the attention, due to its versatile properties as antitumor, antioxidant, antifungal, and antiviral agents. Primarily, the cyanobacteria and microalgae from fresh and marine water are previously studied, however those isolated from soil and agriculture drain water were poorly investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to screen and characterize the antioxidant profile, as well as the potential anticancer assessment of 12 species of cyanobacteria and two species of microalgae strains isolated from soil and agriculture drain water. The data showed that total phenol contents were highest in Anabaena oryzae and Aphanizomenon gracile (27.39 and 26.83 mg GAE/g, respectively), followed by Leptolyngbya fragilis (22.96 mg GAE/g). Out of the 14 species identified, the cyanobacterium Dolichospermum flos-aquae HSSASE2 exhibited the most elevated antioxidant activity in terms of NO scavenging activity and anti-lipid peroxidation potential (IC50 = 28.7 ± 0.1 and 11.9 ± 0.2 μg/ml, respectively) and the lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity (467.7 μg/ml). Screening of the anticancer potential of all studied strains against four different human cancer cell lines (Caco-2, MCF-7, PC3, and HepG-2) demonstrated that Dolichospermum crassum HSSASE20 has the highest anticancer effect among all tested species against colon and prostate cancer cell lines (IC50 = 57.9 ± 0.4 and 44.1 ± 0.2 μg/ml, respectively), while Oscillatoria sancta HSSASE19 recorded the most anticancer effect against MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell line (IC50 = 15.1 ± 0.7 μg/ml). Dolichospermum spiroides HSSASE18 obtained the highest anticancer effect HepG-2 (hepatic cancer) cell line (IC50 = 48.8 ± 0.7 μg/ml). Additionally, cytotoxicity against healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells was studied and revealed that Oscillatoria sancta was the safest one among all studied strains. Data obtained from the sensitivity index demonstrated that Dolichospermum crassum was the most sensitive strain against the four cancerous cell lines. Cyanobacteria and microalgae from the soil and drain water sources are efficient free radical scavengers, containing apoptogens capable of stimulating apoptotic cascades and overcoming chemo-resistance in cancer therapy. Thus, these novel secondary metabolites are an excellent alternative, safe, and low-cost antioxidant and anticancer therapeutic compounds.

The use of alkaline protease as commercial catalysts has increased significantly in recent years. Often main industrial and commercial uses, like the food fabric and medical diagnostics industries depend heavily on the protease enzyme. The free movement of enzymes is constrained in the cell immobilization technique and a continuous fermentation method can be used. The procedure was usually used with different carriers, such as chitosan, agar and alginate, to create alkaline proteases. In conjunction to the encapsulation of an enzyme using an Encapsulator instrument, we attempted to use this technique to examine the implementation of individual matrices to immobilize the protease enzyme. This enzyme was previously recovered from Bacillus Pseudofirmus Mn6 EU315248. Some physical characteristics of the immobilized enzyme such as activity temperature, pH effect and operational stability were assessed. Results revealed that the maximum pH stability attained throughout the chitosan matrix-entrapped enzyme, when incubated at pH of 10.5 for 15min. is nearly 200%. The protease enzyme immobilized in chitosan, displayed excellent stability when incubated at 50oC for 1h with a local detergent. The enzyme retained its maximal activity even after 1h of incubation with the majority of the tested detergents. Washing performance of the immobilized alkaline protease was also applied on two types of dirty cloth spots, i.e. blood and chocolate spots. Results confirmed that the immobilized protease enzyme must be used as one of the ingredients in the detergents industry.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is important food in daily human diets. Root rot disease by Fusarium oxysporum caused huge losses in tomato quality and yield annually. The extensive use of synthetic and chemical fungicides has environmental risks and health problems. Recent studies have pointed out the use of medicinal plant essential oils (EOs) and extracts for controlling fungal diseases. In the current research, Mentha spicata and Mentha longifolia EOs were used in different concentrations to control F. oxysporum. Many active compounds are present in these two EOs such as: thymol, adapic acid, menthol and menthyl acetate. These compounds possess antifungal effect through malformation and degradation of the fungal cell wall. The relative expression levels of distinctly upregulated defense-related WRKY genes (WRKY1, WRKY4, WRKY33 and WRKY53) in seedling root were evaluated as a plant-specific transcription factor (TF) group in different response pathways of abiotic stress. Results showed significant expression levels of WRKY, WRKY53, WRKY33, WRKY1 and WRKY4 genes. An upregulation was observed in defense-related genes such as chitinase and defensin in roots by application EOs under pathogen condition. In conclusion, M. spicata and M. longifolia EOs can be used effectively to control this plant pathogen as sustainable and eco-friendly botanical fungicides.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is important food in daily human diets. Root rot disease by Fusarium oxysporum caused huge losses in tomato quality and yield annually. The extensive use of synthetic and chemical fungicides has environmental risks and health problems. Recent studies have pointed out the use of medicinal plant essential oils (EOs) and extracts for controlling fungal diseases. In the current research, Mentha spicata and Mentha longifolia EOs were used in different concentrations to control F. oxysporum. Many active compounds are present in these two EOs such as: thymol, adapic acid, menthol and menthyl acetate. These compounds possess antifungal effect through malformation and degradation of the fungal cell wall. The relative expression levels of distinctly upregulated defense-related WRKY genes (WRKY1, WRKY4, WRKY33 and WRKY53) in seedling root were evaluated as a plant-specific transcription factor (TF) group in different response pathways of abiotic stress. Results showed significant expression levels of WRKY, WRKY53, WRKY33, WRKY1 and WRKY4 genes. An upregulation was observed in defense-related genes such as chitinase and defensin in roots by application EOs under pathogen condition. In conclusion, M. spicata and M. longifolia EOs can be used effectively to control this plant pathogen as sustainable and eco-friendly botanical fungicides.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form obligate symbiotic associations with most of plant families. This limits their in vitro culturing and large-scale production. In vitro root organ culture is very useful for studying these symbiotic relationships and for mass production of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculants. This research aimed to study the effect of different phenolic compounds on the growth of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora gigantea using in vitro tomato root organ culture. Eight phenolic compounds were used against control without phenolic compounds. The phenolic compounds used in this research were cinnamic acid, catechin anhydrous, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, tannic acid, coumarin, esculetin and catechol. The experiments were done at two different pHs (5.7 and 6.5) in both solid and liquid media. Phenolic compounds exhibited different effects including stimulatory, inhibitory or no effects. Catechin anhydrous (which is a flavonoid compound) showed the most significant increase in both mycorrhizal root colonization and arbuscular abundance with moderate growth of root hairs at pH 6.5. Tannic acid inhibited the growth of root hairs, mycorrhizal colonization and formation of arbuscules at pH 5.7. Solid media were superior to liquid media in both mycorrhizal colonization and arbuscular formation.

In Egypt, sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) has become a major sugar manufacturing plant in latest years. It is recognized that sugar beet damaged by different pathogens, including root rot disease caused by Sclerotium rollsii, in terms of quantity and quality. The aim of the current study was to control the disease of the root rot sugar beet and determine the sucrose content during two successive cropping seasons. Trichoderma harzianum kj831197 produced b- glucanase enzymes that play a key role in fungal disease biocontrol. Twenty two bioactive isolates were tested for the activity of b- glucanases, ten of which are Trichoderma spp strains. Sclerotium rolfsii radial growth has been suppressed with efficiency ranging from 77.77 to 91.11% in dual culture technique. The Vitavax200 fungicide increased control of the disease under greenhouse conditions followed by a combination of b- glucanase enzyme with Trichoderma harzianum kj831197 spore suspension. The use of b- glucanase enzyme mixed with Trichoderma harizianum kj831197 cells leads to an increase above other treatments in the total soluble solid and sucrose content of the sugar beet. Despite the fungicide Vitavax200, the overall soluble solid and sucrose content were significantly affected by disease control but the sugar beets yield was lowered.

The present research is a trial to extract antimicrobial and anticancer substance(s) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacterial isolate S1B20 exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity and is identified on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence as Pseudomonas aeruginosa MG429777. Extraction of various antimicrobial substance(s) (both proteinous and non-proteinous substances) were carried out. About applying the extract of antimicrobial substances from Pseudomonas aeruginosa MG 429777, chloroform established to be the strongest solvent for extraction of the antimicrobial substance, while 60% ammonium sulfate saturation stage was the brightest to obtain active bacteriocin fraction. The molecular weight of the refined bacteriocins estimated as 124 kDa. Quantitative results of GC-mass spectral analysis and IR spectroscopy of nonproteinaceous and proteinous antimicrobial agent delivered by Pseudomonas aeruginosa MG429777 was Oxime methoxy phenyl and Glycine, N-(m-anisoyl)-methyl ester. The research concern mainly on the application of Glycine, N-(m-anisoyl)-methyl ester that proved to have a distinct antibacterial and antitumor force against three carcinoma cell lines.

LACCASE (EC 1.10.3.2, p-diphenol: dioxygen oxidoreductases) is an extracellular enzyme found mainly in bacteria, fungi and plants. It has the ability to decolorize the hazardous synthetic dyes. Our study aimed to produce, purify, characterize and immobilize laccase from the fungus Phoma betae and its application in decolorization of synthetic dyes. Laccase was produced using both submerged and solid-state fermentations. Some inducers (ferulic acid, vertyl alcohol and CuSO4) for laccase production were used singly and in mixture. Significant increase in laccase production with all tested compounds was detected. Submerged fermentation induced laccase production than solid-state fermentation. Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) used for laccase purification and through Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS/PAGE) the molecular mass of the purified laccase was 37 kDa. Optimum temperature for lacasse activity was determined at 30°C using guaiacol assay. Enzyme was more stable at -4oC than at -20 and -80oC. Maximum laccase activity was found at pH 8. Effect of metal ions and inhibitors on laccase activity was studied. Ni2+ and K1+ induced laccase activity, while Na1+, Ag1+, Hg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, EDTA and SDS decreased laccase activity with different ratios. Laccase was immobilized in alginate beads. Both free and immobilized laccase were used to decolorize five synthetic dyes (Eriochrome Cyanine R, Merantine Brilliant Yellow 8G, Rhodamine 123, Solvent Orange 20 and Solvent Yellow 47) at concentration 0.2 g dye/L. Immobilized laccase decolorized dyes with higher yields than free one in all tested dyes. Phoma betae laccase is an efficient biocatalyst for synthetic dye decolorization.