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Haffsatou Sawadogo,1,2 Issiaka Soulama,3,4 Adama Zida,2,5 Cheikna Zongo,1 Patindoilba Marcel Sawadogo,2,5 Kiswendsida Thierry Guiguemde,5,6 Seni Nikiema,7 Salimata Emilie Badoum,1,8 Salam Sawadogo,7 Aïcha Tou,4 Salif Sombié,4 Chanolle Tchekounou,1,9 Sindié Samuel Sermé,1,8 Rasmata Ouedraogo-Traoré,9 Tinga Robert Guiguemdé,10 Aly Savadogo1 1Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LABIA), Joseph KI - ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 2Parasitology-Mycology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo (CHU-YO), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 3Health Science Research Institute (IRSS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 4National Malaria Research and Training Center (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 5Health Sciences Training and Research Unit (UFR/SDS), Joseph KI - ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 6Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique – Charles de Gaulle (CHU-CDG), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 7Molecular Biology and Genetics Laboratory (LABIOGENE), Joseph KI - ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 8Health Action Research Group (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 9International Institute of Science and Technology (Iistech), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 10Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, National Institute of Health Sciences (INSP), Nazi Boni University, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina FasoCorrespondence: Cheikna Zongo, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LABIA), Joseph KI - ZERBO University, Burkina Faso 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Tel +226 76579605, Fax +226 25307242, Email Cheikna.zongo@ujkz.bfPurpose: Intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is widely used for the prevention of malaria in pregnant women in Africa. Known resistance cases of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine during pregnancy need to be follow up to support IPTp implementation in Burkina Faso. However, data on the development and spread of resistance to this molecule are lacking. This study aimed to investigating the genetic diversity of P. falciparum and the mutation prevalence in the dhfr and dhps genes infected from postpartum infected placentas.Patients and Methods: This was a prospective and cross-sectional study conducted between April 2019 and March 2020 in four health districts of Ouagadougou capital city. From the placentas collected after delivery, P. falciparum detection and mps1 and msp2 polymorphism analysis were performed by nested PCR. The resistance profile was checked after analyzing the mutation point on dhfr and dhps genes.Results: PCR-positive samples were estimated at 96% for msp1 and 98% for msp2. The polymorphism analysis showed that the RO33 and 3D7 allelic families were the most widespread with 62.5% and 91.83%, respectively. Multiple infections by msp1 and msp2 were frequent with 12.50% and 92.92%, respectively. The prevalence of individual dhfr mutation point, 51I, 108A, and 59R, was 1.96, 15.68, and 7.84, respectively, and the dhps mutation point, 437G, was 3.92. There is no detected mutation at the point 164L and 540E. The triple (51I+108A+59R) in dhfr and quadruple (51I+108A+59R+ 437G) mutation were not found.Conclusion: The results showed that Plasmodium falciparum has a high genetic diversity of msp1 and msp2. This suggests that dhfr and dhps mutant genotypes are potential early warning factors in the increase in the sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance.Keywords: sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, Plasmodium falciparum, msp1, msp2, dhfr, dhps, placenta

Arzouma Paul Yooda,1–3 Salam Sawadogo,3 Serge Théophile Soubeiga,1,2 Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah,4 Koumpingnin Nebie,3 Abdoul Karim Ouattara,1,2 Birama Diarra,1,2 Abibou Simpore,3 Yetema Dieudonné Yonli,3 Abdoul-Guaniyi Sawadogo,3 Bia Emile Drabo,3 Seimbou Zalla,3 Anita Pierrette Siritié,3 Rodrigue Sosthène Nana,3 Honorine Dahourou,3 Jacques Simpore1,2 1Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LaBioGene), Training and Research Unit in Life and Earth Sciences, University Ouaga I Professor Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 2Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Center (CERBA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 3National Blood Transfusion Center (NBTC), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 4Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana Introduction: In sub-Saharan Africa, the high endemicity of blood-borne infections is a serious threat to transfusion safety. In order to improve transfusion safety, Burkina Faso has undertaken in recent years a reorganization of its blood-transfusion system through the creation of a National Blood Transfusion Center, which is the only blood operator in the whole country. This study aimed to estimate the residual risk of transmission of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) by blood transfusion at the Regional Blood Transfusion Center (RBTC) of Ouagadougou.Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at the RBTC of Ouagadougou between 2015 and 2017. Prevalence of infectious markers was calculated for first-time donors and incidence rates calculated for repeat donors who had made at least two donations of blood over the study period. Residual risks were estimated for the three viruses (HIV, HBV, and HCV) by multiplying the incidence rate per 100,000 person-years by the respective durations of serological windows.Results: Between 2015 and 2017, of a total of 84,299 blood donors, 68,391 (81.13%) were first-time donors compared to 15,908 (18.87%) repeat donors. The seroprevalence of HBV (8.56%) was twice that of HCV (4.40%) and fourfold that of HIV (1.80%). Incidence rates were 1,215, 2,601, and 1,599 per 100,000 donations for HIV, HCV, and HBV, respectively. In contrast, the estimated residual risk for HCV (1 in 213 donations) was double that of HBV (1 in 408 donations) and four times that of HIV (1 in 1,366).Conclusion: The residual risk of transmission of these viruses by blood transfusion remains high in repeat donors. An effective donor-retention and education policy could help to reduce this residual risk. Keywords: infectious diseases, prevalence, incidence, residual transfusion risk

Burkina Faso relies on its substantial bovine population for meat and milk production, ensuring food security. The country hosts three primary taurine cattle populations: Lobi, Gourounsi Nahouri, and Gourounsi Ténado. These cattle are adapted to local conditions and exhibit valuable trypan tolerant traits, playing a crucial role in sustaining local communities and holding cultural and socioeconomic significance. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and structure of Burkina's primary taurine cattle populations using 27 microsatellite markers. Blood samples from 143 cattle representing these populations were genotyped. The analysis included assessing genetic diversity, deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculating genetic distances, and population structure. The results revealed that all loci were polymorphic, indicating high allelic diversity. The overall mean FIS was moderate (0.028), ranging from -0.36 (CSRM60) to 0.73 (INRA035). Genetic differentiation between populations was moderate, accounting for 4% of the total differences. The highest pairwise FST was observed between Lobi and Gourounsi Ténado. The neighbor-joining tree displayed high admixture levels between Gourounsi populations, while Lobi cattle clustered as a distinct population. The population structure analysis indicated significant zebu gene introgression in Burkina taurine populations with relatively higher levels of admixtures in Gourounsi cattle compared to Lobi. The study provided a thorough genetic analysis of Burkina Faso's taurine cattle populations, uncovering the diversity and population structure. The study also revealed the differences in the prevalence of tsetse flies and associated trypanosomosis across the native tracts of Burkinabe taurine cattle populations had shaped the level of zebu introgression in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Burkina Faso, beekeeping is practised throughout the country. It has many potentialities, but it faced many constraints. Sanitary constraints are less investigated and need to be elucidate for a better management of bee colonies and improvement of beekeeping. A descriptive study was conducted in Cascades region to assess the prevalence and the density of Varroa mite infestation. The method of sugar shake on adult bees was used. The overall prevalence found was 91.7% [95% CI: 83.8% - 99.5%] and the density varied from 0.3 mite/100 bees to 12.3 mites/100 bees. These results show that the Varroa mite is widespread in bee colonies and its monitoring should be considered for bee health management, which is essential for sustainable beekeeping. Advanced research is needed in a large sample area to further investigate the epidemiological aspects and the potential impact of the mite on honeybee production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toussaint Rouamba,1,* Houreratou Barry,2,* Esperance Ouédraogo,1 Marc Christian Tahita,1 Nobila Valentin Yaméogo,3 Armel Poda,4 Arnaud Eric Diendéré,5 Abdoul-Salam Ouedraogo,4 Innocent Valea,1 Amariane M Koné,2 Cherileila Thiombiano,2 Isidore Traoré,2 Zekiba Tarnagda,1 Serge A Sawadogo,6 Zakaria Gansané,7 Yibar Kambiré,8 Idrissa Sanou,8 Fatou Barro-Traoré,8 Maxime K Drabo,1 Halidou Tinto1 On behalf of the CHLORAZ Study Group1Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (CNRST-IRSS), Nanoro, Burkina Faso; 2Institut National de Santé Publique, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; 3Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 4Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sourou Sanon, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; 5Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bogodogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 6Centre PrïmO Nelson Mandela (Promotion de la Recherche et de l’Innovation en Immunologie Médicale de Ouagadougou), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 7Clinical Monitoring in Africa-Clinical Research Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 8Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tengandogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Toussaint RouambaInstitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (CNRST-IRSS), 528, Avenue Kumda-Yoore, BP 218 Ouagadougou CMS 11, Ouagadougou, Nanoro, Burkina FasoTel +226 666 532 04Email rouambatoussaint@gmail.comIntroduction: Though chloroquine derivatives are used in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in many countries worldwide, doubts remain about the safety and efficacy of these drugs, especially in African communities where published data are scarce.Methods: We conducted an observational prospective cohort study from April 24 to September 03, 2020, in Burkina Faso to assess (as primary outcome) the clinical, biological, and cardiac (electrocardiographic) safety of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin administered to COVID-19 patients. The main secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality and median time of viral clearance.Results: A total of 153 patients were enrolled and followed for 21 days. Among patients who took at least one dose of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine (90.1% [138/153]), few clinical adverse events were reported and were mainly rash/pruritus, diarrhea, chest pain, and palpitations. No statistically significant increase in hepatic, renal, and hematological parameters or electrolyte disorders were reported. However, there was a significant increase in the QTc value without exceeding 500ms, especially in those who received chloroquine phosphate. Three adverse events of special interest classified as serious (known from chloroquine derivatives) were recorded namely pruritus, paresthesia, and drowsiness. One case of death occurred. The average onset of SARS-CoV-2 PCR negativity was estimated at 7.0 (95% CI: 5.0– 10.0) days.Conclusion: Hydroxychloroquine appeared to be well tolerated in treated COVID-19 patients in Burkina Faso. In the absence of a robust methodological approach that could generate a high level of scientific evidence, our results could at least contribute to guide health decisions that should be made based on different sources of scientific evidence including those from our study.Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, safety, virus shedding