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Four species are recognized in the understorey palm genus Johannesteijsmannia (Arecaceae), all of which occur in close geographical proximity in the Malay Peninsula. We hypothesize that overlapping distributions are maintained by a lack of gene flow among species and that segregation along morphological trait or environmental axes confers ecological divergence and, hence, defines species limits. Although some species have sympatric distributions, differentiation was detected among species in morphological and genetic data, corroborating current species delimitation. Differences in niche breadth were not found to explain the overlapping distribution and coexistence of Johannesteijsmannia spp. Four species formed over the last 3 Mya, showing that diversity accumulated within a short time frame and wide range expansion has not occurred, potentially due to a lack of time for dispersal or the evolution of traits to facilitate movement. An assessment of genetic diversity is presented and, as expected, the widest distribution in the genus harbours the highest genetic diversity. (C) 2016 The Linnean Society of London.

For humans alcohol consumption often has devastating consequences. Wild mammals may also be behaviorally and physiologically challenged by alcohol in their food. Here, we provide a detailed account of chronic alcohol intake by mammals as part of a coevolved relationship with a plant. We discovered that seven mammalian species in a West Malaysian rainforest consume alcoholic nectar daily from flower buds of the bertam palm ( Eugeissona tristis ), which they pollinate. The 3.8% maximum alcohol concentration (mean: 0.6%; median: 0.5%) that we recorded is among the highest ever reported in a natural food. Nectar high in alcohol is facilitated by specialized flower buds that harbor a fermenting yeast community, including several species new to science. Pentailed treeshrews ( Ptilocercus lowii ) frequently consume alcohol doses from the inflorescences that would intoxicate humans. Yet, the flower-visiting mammals showed no signs of intoxication. Analysis of an alcohol metabolite (ethyl glucuronide) in their hair yielded concentrations higher than those in humans with similarly high alcohol intake. The pentailed treeshrew is considered a living model for extinct mammals representing the stock from which all extinct and living treeshrews and primates radiated. Therefore, we hypothesize that moderate to high alcohol intake was present early on in the evolution of these closely related lineages. It is yet unclear to what extent treeshrews benefit from ingested alcohol per se and how they mitigate the risk of continuous high blood alcohol concentrations.

4. Scaphochlamys tahanensis Y.Y. Sam & Saw, sp. nov. (Figs. 7–8) Scaphochlamys tahanensis is most similar to S. concinna but differs in having a channelled petiole compared to the terete petiole in S. concinna. Scaphochlamys tahanensis also differs in its cuneate or attenuate lamina base versus the cordate base in S. concinna. Type: — PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Pahang: Lipis, Taman Negara, Sungai Tanum Basin, Kuala Juram, 31 July 1996, L. G . Saw FRI 44667 (holotype: KEP!, isotypes: AAU!, K!). Rhizomatous herb, 30–50 cm tall, successive shoots clustering close together. Rhizome 2–3 mm diameter when dried. Bladeless sheath 2–3, largest 6.5–13 cm long, brownish purple, persistent. Leaf 1 per shoot, glabrous; sheath 2–3 cm long, thin, base slightly swollen; ligule small, less than 1 mm long; petiole plus sheath 10.5–27.5 cm long, channelled; lamina 18–31 × 3.1–4.3 cm, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, apex attenuate, base cuneate or attenuate. Inflorescence 4.5–10 cm long, glabrous; peduncle 1.2–7 cm long; rachis 2.5–4 cm long, compact, axis not visible, composed of 4–10 red floral bracts, bracts overlapping and closely appressed to axis. Largest floral bracts 21–40 mm long, boatshaped, 9–13 mm width when flattened, glabrous, texture coriaceous, not stiff, margin incurved but not overlapping, apex narrowly acute, pointed upright. Cincinnus with 2–3 flowers in each bract. First bracteole 18–36 mm, near linear with margin inflexed and overlapped, 2-keeled, glabrous, apex narrowly acute; subsequent bracteoles reducing in size. Flowers 50–55 mm long, white, except labellum; exert 5–10 mm from floral bracts. Calyx 10–14 mm long, tubular, glabrous, unilaterally split 5–6.5 mm from apex, apex acute. Floral tube 32–38 mm long; dorsal corolla lobe 14–17 mm long, near triangular, edges inflexed, apex hooded and ending with pointed tip; lateral corolla lobes 12–16 mm, edges inflexed, apex acute. Staminodes 10–14 × 5–6 mm, oblanceolate, apex rounded, adaxial surface covered by glandular hairs. Labellum 17–22 × 15–17 mm, obovate, apex bilobed, lobes overlapped, cleft 5–9 mm from apex, abaxial surface covered with glandular hairs, yellow median band with red streaks at both sides. Stamen ca. 7 mm long, covered by glandular hairs on abaxial surface; filament ca. 2 mm long; pollen sacs ca. 4.5–5 mm long, basal spurred, dehiscing longitudinally; anther-crest ca. 1 × 2 mm, not extended and not recurved. Stigma less than 1 × 1 mm, beak-like, ostiole narrow and facing front, ciliate. Ovary 2–3 × ca. 2 mm, glabrous, unilocular, ca. 6 ovules. Epigynous glands filiform, two, 7–10 mm long. Etymology:—The epithet refers to Gunung Tahan where the plants were found. Distribution and habitat:—Endemic to Taman Negara, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Lowland dipterocarp to upper hill forest, 30–1098 m elevation, riverbanks, in shaded areas. Conservation status:—Rare, RA. Healthy and abundant populations are found from the foothills to hill slopes of Gunung Tahan within Taman Negara. The RA category was created under the Malayisan Plant Red List for taxa that are rare but not threatened by extinction (Chua 2012). However, taxa that fall under this classification should be given due attention in conservation decision-making and processes. Additional specimens examined (paratypes):—PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Pahang: Merapoh, near base camp, 22 June 1995, H. C . Ong 633 (KLU!); Lipis, Taman Negara, Gunung Tahan, Kem Koh, ascent from Merapoh, 650 m, 3 August 1996, R . Kiew RK 4034 (KEP!); ascent from Merapoh HQ, 1098 m, 7 August 1996, R . Kiew RK 4120 (KEP!); Kuala Juram, Sungai Tanum, 30 m, 5 May 1997, L. S. L . Chua FRI 38849 (KEP!); Camp Kor, Kor Camp site, 479 m, 6 May 2008, K . Imin FRI 63068 (KEP!, SAN!, SING!). Discussion:— Scaphochlamys tahanensis is close to S. concinna Holttum (1950: 94) with both having long, narrow leaves and red, short and compact inflorescences. In addition, both also have conspicuously large white flowers with red streaks beside the yellow median band on the labellum. Nevertheless, S. tahanensis is easily distinguished by its very narrow lamina with the ratio length to width of 5.6–9.8. The similar looking S. concinna has lower ratio of 2.6–4.3 and its shape is narrowly lanceolate to ovate with strongly cordate base whereas S. tahanensis is narrowly elliptic to lanceolate with cuneate or attenuate base. Other differences are observed in the inflorescence structure. For example, the inflorescence rachis of S. tahanensis is 2.5–4 cm long and it consists of 4–10 floral bracts whereas S. concinna has longer rachis (4–4.5 cm) because it consists of more bracts (about 14 bracts). The difference in the cross section of petiole in S. tahanensis and S. concinna further supports their specific status. The petiole in cross section is characteristic to each species and all the Scaphochlamys species observed so far fall nicely into either one of these two groups (channelled versus terete petiole). Scaphochlamys tahanensis and S. concinna are not sympatric because they occupy different locations. Scaphochlamys tahanensis is found along the trail at the western entry point to Gunung Tahan, the highest peak in Peninsular Malaysia. Gunung Tahan is located in the Tahan Range, a mountainous range disjunct from the Main Range where S. concinna is found., Published as part of Sam, Yen Yen, Ibrahim, Halijah & Saw, Leng Guan, 2015, Four new species of Scaphochlamys (Zingiberaceae) from Peninsular Malaysia, pp. 21-34 in Phytotaxa 221 (1) on pages 30-33, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.221.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4779646, {"references":["Chua, L. S. L. (2012) Conservation. In: Kiew, R., Chung, R. C. K., Saw, L. G. & Soepadmo, E. (Eds.) Flora of Peninsular Malaysia: Series II: Seed Plants. Vol. 3. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, pp. 3 - 10.","Holttum, R. E. (1950) The Zingiberaceae of Malay Peninsula. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 13: 82 - 105."]}

1. Scaphochlamys baukensis Y.Y.Sam, sp. nov. (Figs. 1–2) Scaphochlamys baukensis is different from all other species of Scaphochlamys in its broad obovate leaves, small compact rachis and tiny flowers. Type:— PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Terengganu: Bukit Bauk Forest Reserve, Endemic Trail, 93 m, 13 July 2007, Y. Y . Sam FRI 68955 (holotype: KEP!, isotypes: AAU!, E!, KLU!, SAN!, SING!). Rhizomatous herb, 30–40 cm tall. Rhizome 4–5 mm diameter, light brown internally, running horizontally on ground surface, covered by thick leaf litter. Successive shoots emerging from rhizome, 2.5–13.5 cm apart. Bladeless sheathes 2, the largest 5–6.5 cm long, hairy, dark purple brown, not persistent. Leaf 1 per shoot; sheath 1–1.5 cm long, membranous, very narrow, densely hairy, not persistent; petiole plus leaf sheath 6.5–11(19) cm long, channelled, densely covered with woolly hairs, base slightly swollen, whitish or tinged purple; lamina 17.5–20.5(–25) × 10– 11.3(–12.1) cm, obovate, coriaceous, held sub-erect, base long attenuate, apex rounded, adaxial surface dark green and glabrous, abaxial surface pale green and hairy, tip usually tinged purple. Inflorescence 7.5–10 cm long; peduncle 4.5– 6.5 cm long; rachis (2.5)3.2–4.1 × (1–1.6) 2–2.5 cm, compact, composed of (5–6)12–16 floral bracts, spirally arranged, closely overlapping. Floral bract 20–24 × 13–15 mm, boat-shaped, light green, some with purple tinge at base, sparsely hairy, more dense at the tip, margin crisped, lower half of the margin slightly inflexed but not overlapping, apex acute, open and slightly recurved. Cincinnus with at least 7 flowers in the axil of each bract. First bracteole 18–20 mm long, shorter than bract, margin involute and overlapped, 2-keeled, hairy, apex acute; subsequent bracteoles reducing in size. Flowers ca. 33 mm long, white except labellum. Calyx ca. 7 mm long, tubular, unilaterally split ca. 4 mm from apex, apex incised, glabrous except the apex. Corolla tube ca. 21 mm long; corolla lobes 7–8 × ca. 3 mm, near triangular when flattened, apex acute, margin incurved. Staminodes ca. 3.5 × 1 mm, half the length of corolla lobes, linear, apex obtuse, covered by glandular hairs on adaxial surface. Labellum ca. 10 × 8 mm, obovate, apex bilobed, cleft 2 mm from apex, covered by glandular hairs on adaxial surface, white with yellow median band and red streaks on both sides. Stamen ca. 7 mm long; covered by glandular hairs on abaxial surface; filament ca. 2 mm long, tinged red; pollen sacs ca. 4 mm long, basal spurred, dehiscing longitudinally; anther crest ca. 1 × 1 mm, extended but not recurved, trilobed, midlobe pointed. Stigma less than 0.5 mm long, funnel-shaped, hairy. Ovary ca. 2 × 1 mm, covered by long fine hairs, unilocular with 2 ovules. Epigynous glands filiform, two, ca. 4 mm long. Etymology:—The epithet refers to the location where the species is found. Distribution and ecology:—Endemic in Peninsular Malaysia, so far known only from one location: Bukit Bauk Forest Reserve, Terengganu. It occurs in lowland dipterocarp forest, 93–135 m elevation, on forest floor near streams, level terrain, under small canopy gaps with sparse ground vegetation. Conservation status:—Critically Endangered, CR B2ab(iii). The area of occupancy for S. baukensis is 4 km 2 and it is only known from one location, Bukit Bauk Forest Reserve. As a result, these criteria qualify the species to be listed under the CR category (IUCN 2012). Furthermore, the population on forest trail called “Endemic Trail” is threatened by disturbance because the site is a favourite recreation spot for local people. The clearing of undergrowth is a common practice in most recreation areas. Another population that is near to the road leading to the telecommunication tower on the summit is small and scattered. The possible disturbance is due to the clearing of an adjacent compartment of the forest reserve for the construction of a school that caused deterioration in the forest condition where the plants were found. Additional specimen examined (paratype):— PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Terengganu: Bukit Bauk Forest Reserve, road leading to the telecommunication tower, 135 m, 19 October 2002, Y. Y . Sam FRI 47168 (KEP!). Discussion:— Scaphochlamys baukensis is unique in the genus. Its broad obovate leaves, compact rachis and tiny flowers easily distinguish it from other species. Other species with such dainty flowers and small, compact rachis are S. pennipicta Holttum (1950: 93), S. petiolata Smith (1987: 210), S. pusilla Sam (2010: 675) and S. reticosa Smith (1987: 209). Both S. petiolata and S. reticosa are endemic in Bornean Sarawak whereas S. pennipicta and S. pusilla are from Peninsular Malaysia. Besides broadly obovate lamina and crisped floral bracts, there are other morphological differences that separate S. baukensis from its similar looking taxa. For example, both S. petiolata and S. reticosa have scarious floral bracts and light purple labellum as opposed to the coriaceous bracts and white labellum in S. baukensis. Scaphochlamys baukensis has red streaks beside the yellow median band on its labellum but there is no such variegation on the labellum of S. petiolata and S. reticosa. For S. pennipicta, it has distinct leaf variegation and floral bract texture readily distinguishable from S. baukensis. Its lamina upper surface has 2 white bands while the underneath is coloured entirely red that persisted with age. In S. baukensis, there is no such variegation on the lamina upper surface and only a slight red tinge on the lamina lower surface that disappears with age. Furthermore, the coriaceous floral bracts, yellow median band and red streaks on the labellum of S. baukensis differ from the thin bracts and completely white flowers of S. pennipicta. At first glance, the small sized S. baukensis resembled S. pusilla from which it differs in the lamina shape. Closer examination of the inflorescence revealed many differences, especially in the floral characters. The floral bracts of S. baukensis is much larger than S. pusilla (20–24 × 13–15 versus 12–19 × 5–9 mm) and the cincinnus within consists of only 1–2 flowers compared to S. pusilla which has at least 7 flowers in each cincinnus. Two other distinct characters to separate S. baukensis from S. pusilla are the size of staminodes and the structure of stigma. The length of the staminodes of S. baukensis is only half of its corolla lobes whereas the size of staminodes and corolla lobes of S. pusilla is similar. Scaphochlamys baukensis has a funnel-shaped and densely hairy stigma whilst S. pusilla has a beak-like and ciliated stigma., Published as part of Sam, Yen Yen, Ibrahim, Halijah & Saw, Leng Guan, 2015, Four new species of Scaphochlamys (Zingiberaceae) from Peninsular Malaysia, pp. 21-34 in Phytotaxa 221 (1) on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.221.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4779646, {"references":["IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second Edition, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN, iv + 32 pp.","Holttum, R. E. (1950) The Zingiberaceae of Malay Peninsula. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 13: 82 - 105.","Smith, R. M. (1987) A review of Bornean Zingiberaceae: III (Hedychieae). Notes of the Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh 44: 203 - 232.","Sam, Y. Y., Ibrahim, H. & Saw, L. G. (2010) Scaphochlamys krauensis and S. pusilla spp. nov. (Zingiberaceae) from Krau Wildlife Reserve, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Nordic Journal of Botany 28: 673 - 679. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.2010.00733. x"]}

Esser, Hans-Joachim, Saw, Leng Guan (2015): A new species of Polyosma (Escalloniaceae / Polyosmaceae) from Thailand and new synonyms. Phytotaxa 221 (1): 89-92, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.221.1.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.221.1.10

2. Scaphochlamys endauensis Y. Y. Sam & H. Ibrahim, sp. nov. (Figs. 3–4) Scaphochlamys endauensis resembles S. breviscapa but it differs in having a channelled petiole compared to the terete petiole in S. breviscapa. It also has a shorter bladeless sheath than S. breviscapa (6.5–10.5 cm versus 11.5–18 cm long). Type:— PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Johor: Endau Rompin State Park, Kuala Jasin, trail to Gunung Janing Barat, 30–60 m, 9 August 2006, Y. Y . Sam, K. Apok & H. L. Kueh FRI 50204 (holotype: KEP!, isotypes: KLU!, SAN!, SING!). Rhizomatous herb, (20–)30–50(–70) cm tall. Rhizome 3–5 mm diameter when dried, creeping horizontally on or below ground surface. Successive shoots clustering together and forming loose clump of 1–3 leafy shoots. Bladeless sheathes 2–3, the largest 6.5–10.5 cm long, dark purple red or green, hairy, not persistent. Leaf 1 per shoot, base slightly swollen; sheath 1.5–1.8 cm long, edges thin, hairy or glabrous, not persistent; ligule small, densely hairy; petiole plus sheath 10–36 cm long, channelled, dark purple red or green, glabrous or hairy; lamina 15–26.5(–33) × 7.3–12 cm, narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, base cuneate to attenuate, apex broadly acute to obtuse, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface glabrous or sparsely hairy, densely hairy along midrib, hairs fine, long and appressed, pale green with reddish tinge on apex. Inflorescence 4.5–16.5(–19) cm long, green or red; peduncle 1–10(–12.5) cm long, hairy; rachis 2–7.5 cm long, compact, axis not visible, consisted of (4)6–13 floral bracts, bracts overlapping and closely appressed to axis. Largest floral bract (23–26)30–35 × 11–13 mm, boat-shaped, dark purple red or green, sparsely hairy, more dense along the edges and apex, thick fleshy, margin incurved but not overlapped, apex acute, pointed upright. Cincinnus with (3)4–7 flowers in each bract. First bracteole 12–21 mm long, narrow, 8–10 mm width when flattened, 2-keeled, hairy or sparsely hairy on upper half, apex acute or blunt; subsequent bracteoles reducing in size. Flowers (40) 46–55 mm long, white, except labellum. Calyx 8–12 mm long, ca. 2 mm width, tubular, hairy, split 3–5 mm unilaterally from apex, apex truncate or acute. Floral tube 28–32 mm long; dorsal corolla lobe 11–15 mm long, near triangular, edges inflexed, apex hooded, tip pointed; lateral corolla lobes 10–14 mm, edges inflexed, apex acute. Staminodes 8–12 × 3–5 mm, oblanceolate, apex broadly acute or near rounded, abaxial surface covered by glandular hairs. Labellum 13–20 × 10–17 mm, obovate, apex bilobed, cleft 3–5 mm from apex, abaxial surface covered by glandular hairs, yellow median band with or without purple streaks at both sides. Stamen 6–9 mm long, covered by glandular hairs on abaxial surface; filament 2–4 mm long; pollen sacs 3–3.5 mm long, basal spurred, dehiscing longitudinally; anther-crest 1–3 × 2.5–4 mm, apex trilobed or entire, extended and recurved. Stigma ca. 1 × 1 mm, funnel-shaped, hairy. Ovary 1–2 × ca. 1 mm, hairy, unilocular, ca. 2 ovules. Epigynous glands 2, filiform, ca. 5 mm long. Fruit ellipsoid, ca. 11 × 7 mm, wall thin, fleshy, near transparent, enclosed 2–3 seeds. Seed kidney-shaped, ca. 7 × 3 mm, covered with aril. Etymology:—The epithet ‘Endau’ refers to the Endau River and its tributaries that flow through the state park where the plants are most commonly found and abundant. Distribution and habitat:—Endemic in Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. Lowland dipterocarp forest, 25–370 m elevation, forest floor, level and undulating terrain, in shaded areas. Conservation status:—Near Threatened, NT. The species meets the area requirements under criterion B for Endangered (extent of occurence = 262 km 2 and area of occupancy = 16 km 2). However, the plants are commonly found and well protected in Endau Rompin State Park, a Totally Protected Area. Among all the known locations, only the populations in the Lenggor Forest Reserve are threatened by logging but this is unlikely to cause the species to extinct or becoming critically endangered in the future. Therefore, the listing is justified under the NT category (IUCN, 2012). Additional specimens examined (paratypes):—PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Johor: Mersing, Gunung Janing, 20 October 1892, H. W . Lake & H. Kelsall s. n. (SING!); Gunung Janing Barat, base of sandstone rock face, 15 May 1985, R . Kiew RK 1727 (SING!); 27 August 1985, R . Kiew RK 1909 (KEP!); Island at Kuala Kemapan, downstream end, bank of Sungai Endau, downstream from Kuala Kemapan, 5 September 1985, K. M . Wong FRI 30894 (KEP!); Endau Rompin State Park, Kuala Jasin, trail to Gunung Janing Barat, 103° 22.13’ E, 2° 31.83’ N, 370 m, 9 August 2006, Y. Y . Sam FRI 50205 (KEP!); Endau Rompin State Park, NERC, trail to dam, 25 m, 10 August 2006, Y. Y . Sam FRI 50210 (KEP!); Segamat, Endau Rompin State Park, Sungai Selai, across Sungai Selai, on the ridge, 200 m, 16 August 2002, Y. Y . Sam FRI 47096 (KEP!); Sam Y. Y. FRI 47097 (KEP!); 60 m, 3 April 2007, Y. Y . Sam FRI 50218 (KEP!); Kluang, Lenggor Forest Reserve, 7 December 2006, Y. Y . Sam FRI 50243 (KEP!). Discussion:— Scaphochlamys endauensis is common on the forest floor of Endau Rompin State Park. Previously, the plant was wrongly identified as S. oculata Holttum (1950: 92). However, both are very different upon close examination, differing in the number of flowers in each cincinnus (S. oculata has 1–3 flowers in each cincinnus compared to 4–7 flowers in S. endauensis) and the distinctive coloured streaks beside the yellow median band on the labellum (S. oculata has bright red streaks but they are purple in S. endauensis). Scaphochlamys endauensis Holttum (1950: 95) is actually more similar to S. breviscapa. However, these two species are different principally in the cross section of petiole (channelled in S. endauensis versus terete in S. breviscapa) and the size of bladeless sheath (6.5–10.5 cm long in S. endauensis versus 11.5–18 cm long in S. breviscapa). In addition, the leaf sheath of S. endauensis (1.5–1.8 cm) is consistently longer than S. breviscapa (0.7–1 cm). Its lamina is elliptic to oblanceolate with broadly acute to obtuse apex and cuneate to attenuate base whereas S. breviscapa has elliptic to broadly ovate lamina with acute apex and rounded or cuneate base. Furthermore, S. endauensis has larger floral bracts (30–35 × 11–13 mm) as compared to S. breviscapa (20–30 × 7–17 mm). The staminodes of S. endauensis is oblanceolate with broadly acute to near rounded apex which differ from the linear ones with truncate apex in S. breviscapa. Both S. endauensis and S. breviscapa are found on the East Coast Range of Peninsular Malaysia. The mountainous range extends from northeast to south of the peninsula and at the central part, it is intercepted by large swamps (Raj, 2009). Scaphochlamys breviscapa is distributed in the Terengganu Highlands in Terengganu and Pahang whilst S. endauensis is found at the south of Peninsular Malaysia., Published as part of Sam, Yen Yen, Ibrahim, Halijah & Saw, Leng Guan, 2015, Four new species of Scaphochlamys (Zingiberaceae) from Peninsular Malaysia, pp. 21-34 in Phytotaxa 221 (1) on pages 24-27, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.221.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4779646, {"references":["IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second Edition, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN, iv + 32 pp.","Holttum, R. E. (1950) The Zingiberaceae of Malay Peninsula. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 13: 82 - 105.","Raj, J. K. (2009) Geomorphology. In: Hutchison, C. S. & Tan, D. N. K. (Eds.) Geology of Peninsular Malaysia. The University of Malaya and Geological Society of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 5 - 28."]}

3. Scaphochlamys johorensis Y.Y.Sam, sp. nov. (Figs. 5–6) Scaphochlamys johorensis is similar to S. burkillii but differs in the number of leaves in each leafy shoot; S. johorensis is unifoliate whereas S. burkillii has 3–4 leaves in each shoot. Type:— PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Johor: Kluang Forest Reserve, Gunung Belumut, 23 July 2009, S . Syahida-Emiza FRI 66566 (holotype: KEP!, isotypes: KLU!, SING!). Rhizomatous herb, 30–50 cm tall. Rhizome 4–7 mm diameter, creeping horizontally near ground surface. Successive shoots clustering and forming loose clumps of 2–5 leafy shoots, usually less than 1.5 cm apart. Bladeless sheath 1–2, largest 6.5–9 cm long, covered densely with long fine hairs, light purple red when young, turning to green, persistent till flowering, enclosing the young inflorescence and leaf petiole. Leaf 1 per shoot, rarely 2; sheath 2.5–4 cm long, broad to 5 mm width, membranous, hairy; ligule ca. 5 mm long, triangular, membranous, hairy; petiole plus sheath 6.5–21 cm long, channelled, densely covered with bronze woolly hairs especially when young; lamina 14.3–22 (26–32) × 6.8–8.5 (10.5–12.5) cm, elliptic to broadly elliptic, thickly coriaceous, held horizontally, base cuneate or long attenuate, apex acute, adaxial surface glossy dark green or green with 2 white bands along the edges, glabrous, abaxial surface pale green, some tinged purple when young, densely covered with long fine appressed hairs especially along midrib. Inflorescence 7.5–16.5 cm long, hairy throughout; peduncle 2–3(7.5–10.5) cm long; rachis 5.5–6.5 cm long, axis visible, floral bracts 4–7(–10), lax. Floral bract 23–25 mm long, boat-shaped with margin inflexed but not overlapped, stiff, coriaceous, green or purple red, densely covered with woolly hairs, apex acute and pointed upright. First bracteole 12–13 mm long, near triangular when flattened, 2-keeled, margin inflexed but not overlapped, densely woolly hairy, apex acute; subsequent bracteoles 5–6 × 3–4 mm, about half the length of first bracteole, broadly triangular when flattened, 2-keeled, hairy. Flowers 43–45 mm long, white, except labellum; at least 12 flowers in each cincinnus. Calyx ca. 10 mm long, tubular, hairy, split ca. 4 mm unilaterally from apex. Floral tube ca. 24 mm long; dorsal corolla lobe 14–18 × ca. 4 mm, linear, margin inflexed, apex hooded and ending with ca. 2 mm pointed tip that bent forward, lateral corolla lobes 12–15 × ca. 4 mm, linear, apex acute and hooded, ending with short pointed tip. Staminodes ca. 12 × 4 mm, oblanceolate, apex obtuse, adaxial surface covered by glandular hairs. Labellum 17–20 × 15–16 mm, obovate, apex bilobed, cleft ca. 7 mm from apex, abaxial surface covered with glandular hairs, yellow median band with violet streaks at the base. Stamen ca. 7 mm long, covered by glandular hairs on abaxial surface; filament less than 1 mm long; pollen sacs ca. 3 mm long, basal spurred, dehiscing longitudinally; anther-crest ca. 2 × 4 mm, extended and trilobed, midlobe largest. Stigma ca. 1 × 1 mm, funnel-shaped, hairy. Ovary ca. 2 × 2 mm, hairy, unilocular. Epigynous glands filiform, two, ca. 3 mm long. Etymology:—The epithet refers to the state where the plants are found. Distribution and habitat:—Endemic in Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. Lowland to upper hill dipterocarp forest, 100–946 m elevation, riverbanks, in shaded areas. Conservation status:—Endangered, EN B2ab(iii). The species has an area of occupancy of 12 km 2 and it is recorded from only 3 locations. Furthermore, the continuing decline arising from timber harvesting in Lenggor Forest Reserve is projected to affect the quality of the habitat. The population on Gunung Belumut occurs near the trail to the summit which is frequently used by climbers. Based on the criteria in IUCN (2012), the species is justified to be listed as Endangered. Additional specimens examined (paratypes):—PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Johor: Kluang, Kluang Forest Reserve, Gunung Belumut, 25 July 1939, F . Walker FMS 33828 (KEP!), path to Gunung Belumut, 23 September 1970, M. N. Mohd. Shah & A. Sanusi MS 2164 (SING!); Lenggor Forest Reserve, Bukit Tinggi, P. T . Ong FRI 70839 (KEP!). Discussion:— Scaphochlamys johorensis resembles S. burkillii Holttum (1950: 102) in having dense hairs on most parts of the plant. In addition, both have green, boat-shaped floral bracts with involute edges. However, they can be distinguished by the number of leaves on each leafy shoot. Scaphochlamys johorensis has only one leaf in each shoot while S. burkillii has 3–4 leaves. Scaphochlamys burkillii has a very long distinct leaf sheath, sometimes almost reaching the lamina base, a characteristic not observed in S. johorensis. The inflorescence structure of S. johorensis also differs from S. burkillii. Scaphochlamys johorensis has a very compact rachis consisting of 8–22 floral bracts which closely overlap and completely hiding the axis. On the contrary, S. burkillii has a lax rachis and fewer floral bracts (4–7) which are spaced apart showing the axis. The floral bracts of S. johorensis are smaller (23–25 versus 33–39 mm) but it consists of more flowers (more than 12 versus 4–7) in each cincinnus compared to S. burkilli. Both S. johorensis and S. burkillii are found on the East Coast Range of Peninsular Malaysia but their distribution is not sympatric. Scaphochlamys johorensis is recorded from the south of Peninsular Malaysia but S. burkillii is distributed northerly in Pahang, separated by large swamps (Raj, 2009) in between them., Published as part of Sam, Yen Yen, Ibrahim, Halijah & Saw, Leng Guan, 2015, Four new species of Scaphochlamys (Zingiberaceae) from Peninsular Malaysia, pp. 21-34 in Phytotaxa 221 (1) on pages 27-30, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.221.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4779646, {"references":["IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second Edition, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN, iv + 32 pp.","Holttum, R. E. (1950) The Zingiberaceae of Malay Peninsula. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 13: 82 - 105.","Raj, J. K. (2009) Geomorphology. In: Hutchison, C. S. & Tan, D. N. K. (Eds.) Geology of Peninsular Malaysia. The University of Malaya and Geological Society of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 5 - 28."]}

Associations of ants with plants can be regarded as one reason for the high abundance and diversity of ants in the tropics. A full spectrum of ant-plant partnerships is realised in the tropical forests, ranging from loose, opportunistically changing associations to obligate symbioses. In the simplest case the plant offers nutrient-rich nectar from special glands (extrafloral nectaries) which attracts ants. These associations are characterised by very different intensities of use of the plants resources and, therefore, also varying mutual dependence of the partners. From Southeast Asia almost no information on plants with extrafloral nectaries (EFN) and visiting ants existed, this is especially true for primary forests. Therefore the species richness and frequency of woody angiosperm plants with EFN were studied in the lowland dipterocarp forest of Pasoh Forest Reserve (Pasoh FR) which has a well-known tree-flora. EFN were present on 12.3% of the 741 species surveyed and comprised 19.7% of all tree individuals of the Pasoh Forest 50 ha plot. Ninetyone plant species belonging to 47 genera and 16 families were found to have EFN. Euphorbiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Rosaceae, Leguminosae and Ebenaceae were the families most frequently bearing EFN. Most common were flattened glands associated with the leaf blade. We found an increase in the number of species as well as in the percentage of individuals from the understorey to the canopy emergents. EFN were found more often among the abundant species (species with N > 500 trees). The interactions between ants and EFN-bearing plants appeared to be rather facultative and non-specific. In Pasoh FR 38 ant species from 18 genera of 5 subfamilies were collected at EFN. The majority of the EFN-associated ants belonged to the subfamily Formicinae while Ponerines were rare. Most species rich were members of the genera Polyrhachis, Camponotus and Crematogaster. The overlap in ant fauna composition between the different sites was low, suggesting a rather mosaic-like pattern of ant colonisation. In comparison to disturbed habitats less ants were found on EFN in primary forests. Data of diversity and abundance of EFN and associated ant fauna are also presented from 3 other forest areas in Malaysia. In addition, ant fauna on the lower vegetation in general was studied with transect surveys and baiting experiments. In general, ant species richness and activity was lower in the vegetation than on the ground. Baits were detected faster and to a higher percentage in more open areas in Ulu Gombak than in Pasoh. Details on ant diversity, abundance and species interactions at baits are reported. All ants found at EFN were also collected on honey as well as protein baits suggesting a rather generalised use of food resources. Long-term functional studies are needed to begin to reveal the role of non-specific ant-plant interactions in undisturbed compared with secondary habitats.

The overview of ant-plants in Peninsular Malaysia presented here covers: (i) diversity of participating ant and plant taxa; (ii) specificity of associations; (iii) morphological diversity of plant structures used for ant-housing; (iv) plant growth habit; and (v) food type of ants directly or indirectly derived from host plants. Included are unpublished observations both from field and herbarium studies and records of ant-plants obtained from a literature survey. It is the first comprehensive account of Malayan ant-plants on species level since many decades. At least 45 ‘true’ myrmecophytic species belonging to 20 genera and 14 families are recognized. Twenty-two additional species (from 17 genera) are looked upon as potential myrmecophytes but evidence is still anecdotal and incomplete. The review presented here allows a conservative estimate of ‘true’ ant-plants in Pasoh Forest Reserve (Pasoh FR). The reserve is home to at least one third of the known myrmecophytes occurring on the peninsula.