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1. Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies

Author

Mason, James Paul, Werth, Alexandra, West, Colin G., Youngblood, Allison A., Woodraska, Donald L., Peck, Courtney, Lacjak, Kevin, Frick, Florian G., Gabir, Moutamen, Alsinan, Reema A., Jacobsen, Thomas, Alrubaie, Mohammad, Chizmar, Kayla M., Lau, Benjamin P., Dominguez, Lizbeth Montoya, Price, David, Butler, Dylan R., Biron, Connor J., Feoktistov, Nikita, Dewey, Kai, Loomis, N. E., Bodzianowski, Michal, Kuybus, Connor, Dietrick, Henry, Wolfe, Aubrey M., Guerrero, Matt, Vinson, Jessica, Starbuck, Peter, Litton, Shelby D, Beck, M. G., Fisch, Jean-Paul, West, Ayana, Muniz, Alexis A., Chavez, Luis, Upthegrove, Zachary T., Runyon, Brenton M., Salazar, J., Kritzberg, Jake E., Murrel, Tyler, Ho, Ella, LaFemina, Quintin Y., Elbashir, Sara I., Chang, Ethan C., Hudson, Zachary A., Nussbaum, Rosemary O., Kennedy, Kellen, Kim, Kevin, Arango, Camila Villamil, Albakr, Mohammed A., Rotter, Michael, Garscadden, A. J., Salcido-Alcontar JR, Antonio, Pearl, Harrison M., Stepaniak, Tyler, Marquez, Josie A., Marsh, Lauren, Andringa, Jesse C, Osogwin, Austin, Shields, Amanda M., Brookins, Sarah, Hach, Grace K., Clausi, Alexis R., Millican, Emily B., Jaimes, Alan A, Graham, Alaina S., Burritt, John J., Perez, J. S., Ramirez, Nathaniel, Suri, Rohan, Myer, Michael S., Kresek, Zoe M., Goldsberry, C. A., Payne, Genevieve K., Jourabchi, Tara, Hu, J., Lucca, Jeffrey, Feng, Zitian, Gilpatrick, Connor B., Khan, Ibraheem A., Warble, Keenan, Sweeney, Joshua D., Dorricott, Philip, Meyer, Ethan, Kothamdi, Yash S., Sohail, Arman S., Grell, Kristyn, Floyd, Aidan, Bard, Titus, Mathieson, Randi M., Reed, Joseph, Cisneros, Alexis, Payne, Matthew P., Jarriel, J. R., Mora, Jacqueline Rodriguez, Sundell, M. E., Patel, Kajal, Alesmail, Mohammad, Alnasrallah, Yousef A, Abdullah, Jumana T., Molina-Saenz, Luis, Tayman, K. E., Brown, Gabriel T., Kerr-Layton, Liana, Berriman-Rozen, Zachary D., Hiatt, Quinn, Kalra, Etash, Ong, Jason, Vadayar, Shreenija, Shannahan, Callie D., Benke, Evan, zhang, Jinhua, Geisman, Jane, Martyr, Cara, Ameijenda, Federico, Akruwala, Ushmi H., Nehring, Molly, Kissner, Natalie, Rule, Ian C., Learned, Tyler, Smith, Alexandra N., Mazzotta, Liam, Rounsefell, Tyndall, Eyeson, Elizabeth A., Shelby, Arlee K., Moll, Tyler S, Menke, Riley, Shahba, Hannan, House Jr., Tony A., Clark, David B., Burns, Annemarie C., de La Beaujardiere, Tristan, Trautwein, Emily D., Plantz, Will, Reeves, Justin, Faber, Ian, Buxton, B. W., Highhouse, Nigel, Landrey, Kalin, Hansen, Connor M, Chen, Kevin, Hales, Ryder Buchanan, Borgerding, Luke R., Guo, Mutian, Crow, Christian J., Whittall, Lloyd C., Simmons, Conor, Folarin, Adeduni, Parkinson, Evan J., Rahn, Anna L., Blevins, Olivia, Morelock, Annalise M., Kelly, Nicholas, Parker, Nathan L., Smith, Kelly, Plzak, Audrey E., Saeb, David, Hares, Cameron T., Parker, Sasha R., McCoy, Andrew, Pham, Alexander V., Lauzon, Megan, Kennedy, Cayla J., Reyna, Andrea B., Acosta, Daniela M. Meza, Cool, Destiny J., Steinbarth, Sheen L., Mendoza-Anselmi, Patricia, Plutt, Kaitlyn E., Kipp, Isabel M, Rakhmonova, M., Brown, Cameron L., Van Anne, Gabreece, Moss, Alexander P., Golden, Olivia, Kirkpatrick, Hunter B., Colleran, Jake R., Sullivan, Brandon J, Tran, Kevin, Carpender, Michael Andrew, Mundy, Aria T., Koenig, Greta, Oudakker, Jessica, Engelhardt, Rasce, Ales, Nolan, Wexler, Ethan Benjamin, Beato, Quinn I, Chen, Lily, Cochran, Brooke, Hill, Paula, Hamilton, Sean R., Hashiro, Kyle, Khan, Usman, Martinez, Alexa M., Brockman, Jennifer L., Mallory, Macguire, Reed, Charlie, Terrile, Richard, Singh, Savi, Watson, James Adam, Creany, Joshua B., Price, Nicholas K., Miften, Aya M., Tran, Bryn, Kamenetskiy, Margaret, Martinez, Jose R., Opp, Elena N., Huang, Jianyang, Fails, Avery M., Belei, Brennan J., Slocum, Ryan, Astalos, Justin, East, Andrew, Nguyen, Lena P., Pherigo, Callie C, East, Andrew N., Li, David Y., Nelson, Maya LI, Taylor, Nicole, Odbayar, Anand, Rives, Anna Linnea, Mathur, Kabir P., Billingsley, Jacob, Polikoff, Hyden, Driscoll, Michael, Wilson, Orion K., Lahmers, Kyle, Toon, Nathaniel J., Lippincott, Sam, Musgrave, Andrew J., Gregory, Alannah H., Pitsuean-Meier, Sedique, Jesse, Trevor, Smith, Corey, Miles, Ethan J., Kainz, Sabrina J. H. T., Ji, Soo Yeun, Nguyen, Lena, Aryan, Maryam, Dinser, Alexis M., Shortman, Jadon, Bastias, Catalina S, Umbricht, Thomas D, Cage, Breonna, Randolph, Parker, Pollard, Matthew, Simone, Dylan M., Aramians, Andrew, Brecl, Ariana E., Robert, Amanda M., Zenner, Thomas, Saldi, Maxwell, Morales, Gavin, Mendez, Citlali, Syed, Konner, Vogel, Connor Maklain, Cone, Rebecca A., Berhanu, Naomi, Carpenter, Emily, Leoni, Cecilia, Bryan, Samuel, Ramachandra, Nidhi, Shaw, Timothy, Lee, E. C., Monyek, Eli, Wegner, Aidan B., Sharma, Shajesh, Lister, Barrett, White, Jamison R., Willard, John S., Sulaiman, S. A, Blandon, Guillermo, Narayan, Anoothi, Ruger, Ryan, Kelley, Morgan A., Moreno, Angel J., Balcer, Leo M, Ward-Chene, N. R. D., Shelby, Emma, Reagan, Brian D., Marsh, Toni, Sarkar, Sucheta, Kelley, Michael P., Fell, Kevin, Balaji, Sahana, Hildebrand, Annalise K., Shoha, Dominick, Nandu, Kshmya, Tucker, Julia, Cancio, Alejandro R., Wang, Jiawei, Rapaport, Sarah Grace, Maravi, Aimee S., Mayer, Victoria A., Miller, Andrew, Bence, Caden, Koke, Emily, Fauntleroy, John T, Doermer, Timothy, Al-Ghazwi, Adel, Morgan, Remy, Alahmed, Mohammed S., Mathavan, Adam Izz Khan Mohd Reduan, Silvester, H. K., Weiner, Amanda M., Liu, Nianzi, Iovan, Taro, Jensen, Alexander V., AlHarbi, Yazeed A., Jiang, Yufan, Zhang, Jiaqi, Jones, Olivia M., Huang, Chenqi, Reh, Eileen N., Alhamli, Dania, Pettine, Joshua, Zhou, Chongrui, Kriegman, Dylan, Yang, Jianing, Ash, Kevin, Savage, Carl, Kaiser, Emily, Augenstein, Dakota N., Padilla, Jacqueline, Stark, Ethan K., Hansen, Joshua A., Kokes, Thomas, Huynh, Leslie, Sanchez-Sanchez, Gustavo, Jeseritz, Luke A., Carillion, Emma L., Vepa, Aditya V., Khanal, Sapriya, Behr, Braden, Martin, Logan S., McMullan, Jesse J., Zhao, Tianwei, Williams, Abigail K., Alqabani, Emeen, Prinster, Gale H., Horne, Linda, Ruggles-Delgado, Kendall, Otto, Grant, Gomez, Angel R., Nguyen, Leonardo, Brumley, Preston J., Venegas, Nancy Ortiz, Varela, Ilian, Brownlow, Jordi, Cruz, Avril, Leiker, Linzhi, Batra, Jasleen, Hutabarat, Abigail P., Nunes-Valdes, Dario, Jameson, Connor, Naqi, Abdulaziz, Adams, Dante Q., Biediger, Blaine B., Borelli, William T, Cisne, Nicholas A., Collins, Nathaniel A., Curnow, Tyler L., Gopalakrishnan, Sean, Griffin, Nicholas F., Herrera, Emanuel, McGarvey, Meaghan V., Mellett, Sarah, Overchuk, Igor, Shaver, Nathan, Stratmeyer, Cooper N., Vess, Marcus T., Juels, Parker, Alyami, Saleh A., Gale, Skylar, Wallace, Steven P., Hunter, Samuel C, Lonergan, Mia C., Stewart, Trey, Maksimuk, Tiffany E., Lam, Antonia, Tressler, Judah, Napoletano, Elena R., Miller, Joshua B., Roy, Marc G., Chanders, Jasey, Fischer, Emmalee, Croteau, A. J., Kuiper, Nicolas A., Hoffman, Alex, DeBarros, Elyse, Curry, Riley T., Brzostowicz, A., Courtney, Jonas, Zhao, Tiannie, Szabo, Emi, Ghaith, Bandar Abu, Slyne, Colin, Beck, Lily, Quinonez, Oliver, Collins, Sarah, Madonna, Claire A., Morency, Cora, Palizzi, Mallory, Herwig, Tim, Beauprez, Jacob N., Ghiassi, Dorsa, Doran, Caroline R., Yang, Zhanchao, Padgette, Hannah M., Dicken, Cyrus A., Austin, Bryce W., Phalen, Ethan J., Xiao, Catherine, Palos, Adler, Gerhardstein, Phillip, Altenbern, Ava L., Orbidan, Dan, Dorr, Jackson A., Rivas, Guillermo A., Ewing, Calvin A, Giebner, B. C., McEntee, Kelleen, Kite, Emily R., Crocker, K. A., Haley, Mark S., Lezak, Adrienne R., McQuaid, Ella, Jeong, Jacob, Albaum, Jonathan, Hrudka, E. 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H., Vassilyev, Alexandr, Witkoff, Briahn, Wolle, Jackson R., Dice, Kenzie A., Behrer, Timothy A., Bowen, Troy, Campbell, Andrew J, Clarkson, Peter C, Duong, Tien Q., Hawat, Elijah, Lopez, Christian, Olson, Nathaniel P., Osborn, Matthew, Peou, Munisettha E., Vaver, Nicholas J., Husted, Troy, Kallemeyn, Nicolas Ian, Spangler, Ava A, Mccurry, Kyle, Schultze, Courtney, Troisi, Thomas, Thomas, Daniel, Ort, Althea E., Singh, Maya A., Soon, Caitlin, Patton, Catherine, Billman, Jayce A., Jarvis, Sam, Hitt, Travis, Masri, Mirna, Albalushi, Yusef J., Schofer, Matthew J, Linnane, Katherine B., Knott, Philip Whiting, Valencia, Whitney, Arias-Robles, Brian A., Ryder, Diana, Simone, Anna, Abrams, Jonathan M., Belknap, Annelene L., Rouse, Charlotte, Reynolds, Alexander, Petric, Romeo S. L., Gomez, Angel A., Meiselman-Ashen, Jonah B., Carey, Luke, Dias, John S., Fischer-White, Jules, Forbes, Aidan E., Galarraga, Gabriela, Kennedy, Forrest, Lawlor, Rian, Murphy, Maxwell J., Norris, Cooper, Quarderer, Josh, Waller, Caroline, Weber, Robert J., Gunderson, Nicole, Boyne, Tom, Gregory, Joshua A., Propper, Henry Austin, von Peccoz, Charles B. Beck, Branch, Donovan, Clarke, Evelyn, Cutler, Libby, Dabberdt, Frederick M., Das, Swagatam, Figueirinhas, John Alfred D., Fougere, Benjamin L., Roy, Zoe A., Zhao, Noah Y., Cox, Corben L., Barnhart, Logan D. W., Craig, Wilmsen B., Moll, Hayden, Pohle, Kyle, Mueller, Alexander, Smith, Elena K., Spicer, Benjamin C., Aycock, Matthew C., Bat-Ulzii, Batchimeg, Murphy, Madalyn C., Altokhais, Abdullah, Thornally, Noah R., Kleinhaus, Olivia R., Sarfaraz, Darian, Barnes, Grant M., Beard, Sara, Banda, David J, Davis, Emma A. B., Huebsch, Tyler J., Wagoner, Michaela, Griego, Justus, Hale, Jack J. 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S., Stribling, Jordin L., Gentile, Julia G, Boeyink, Taylor A., Kwiatkowski, Daniel, Dupeyron, Tomi Oshima, Crews, Anastasia, Shuttleworth, Mitchell, Dresdner, Danielle C., Flackett, Lydia, Haratsaris, Nicholas, Linger, Morgan I, Misener, Jay H., Patti, Samuel, Pine, Tawanchai P., Marikar, Nasreen, Matessi, Giorgio, Routledge, Allie C., Alkaabi, Suhail, Bartman, Jessica L., Bisacca, Gabrielle E., Busch, Celeste, Edwards, Bree, Staudenmier, Caitlyn, Starling, Travis, McVey, Caden, Montano, Maximus, Contizano, Charles J., Taylor, Eleanor, McIntyre, James K., Victory, Andrew, McCammon, Glen S., Kimlicko, Aspen, Sheldrake, Tucker, Shelchuk, Grace, Von Reich, Ferin J., Hicks, Andrew J., O'neill, Ian, Rossman, Beth, Taylor, Liam C., MacDonald, William, Becker, Simone E., Han, Soonhee, O'Sullivan, Cian, Wilcove, Isaac, Brennan, David J., Hanley, Luke C., Hull, Owen, Wilson, Timothy R., Kalmus, Madison H., Berv, Owen A., Harris, Logan Swous, Doan, Chris H, Londres, Nathan, Parulekar, Anish, Adam, Megan M., Angwin, Abigail, Cabbage, Carter C., Colleran, Zachary, Pietras, Alex, Seux, Octave, Oros, Ryan, Wilkinson, Blake C., Nguyen, Khoa D, Trank-Greene, Maedee, Barone, Kevin M., Snyder, G. L., Biehle, Samuel J, Billig, Brennen, Almquist, Justin Thomas, Dixon, Alyssa M., Erickson, Benjamin, Evans, Nathan, Genne, SL, Kelly, Christopher M, Marcus, Serafima M., Ogle, Caleb, Patel, Akhil, Vendetti, Evan, Courtney, Olivia, Deel, Sean, Del Foco, Leonardo, Gjini, Michael, Haines, Jessica, Hoff, Isabelle J., Jones, M. R., Killian, Dominic, Kuehl, Kirsten, Kuester, Chrisanne, Lantz, Maxwell B., Lee, Christian J, Mauer, Graham, McKemey, Finbar K., Millican, Sarah J., Rosasco, Ryan, Stewart, T. C., VanEtten, Eleanor, Derwin, Zachary, Serio, Lauren, Sickler, Molly G., Blake, Cassidy A., Patel, Neil S., Fox, Margaret, Gray, Michael J, Ziegler, Lucas J., Kumar, Aman Priyadarshi, Polly, Madelyn, Mesgina, Sarah, McMorris, Zane, Griffin, Kyle J., Haile, L. N., Bassel, Claire, Dixon, Thomas J., Beattie, Ryan, Houck, Timothy J, Rodgers, Maeve, Trofino, Tyson R., Lukianow, Dax, Smart, Korben, Hall, Jacqueline L., Bone, Lauren, Baldwin, James O., Doane, Connor, Almohsen, Yousef A., Stamos, Emily, Acha, Iker, Kim, Jake, Samour II, Antonio E., Chavali, S., Kanokthippayakun, Jeerakit, Gotlib, Nicholas, Murphy, Ryan C., Archibald, Jack. W., Brimhall, Alexander J, Boyer, Aidan, Chapman, Logan T., Chadda, Shivank, Sibrell, Lisa, Vallery, Mia M., Conroy, Thomas C., Pan, Luke J., Balajonda, Brian, Fuhrman, Bethany E. S., Alkubaisi, Mohamed, Engelstad, Jacob, Dodrill, Joshua, Fuchs, Calvin R., Bullard-Connor, Gigi, Alhuseini, Isehaq, Zygmunt, James C., Sipowicz, Leo, Hayrynen, Griffin A., McGill, Riley M., Keating, Caden J., Hart, Omer, Cyr, Aidan St., Steinsberger, Christopher H., Thoman, Gerig, Wood, Travis M., Ingram, Julia A., Dominguez, J., Georgiades, Nathaniel James, Johnson, Matthew, Johnson, Sawyer, Pedersen, Alexander J., Ralapanawe, Anoush K, Thomas, Jeffrey J., Sato, Ginn A., Reynolds, Hope, Nasser, Liebe, Mizzi, Alexander Z., Damgaard, Olivia, Baflah, Abdulrahman A., Liu, Steven Y., Salindeho, Adam D., Norden, Kelso, Gearhart, Emily E., Krajnak, Zack, Szeremeta, Philip, Amos, Meggan, Shin, Kyungeun, Muckenthaler, Brandon A., Medialdea, Melissa, Beach, Simone, Wilson, Connor B., Adams, Elena R, Aldhamen, Ahmed, Harris, Coyle M., Hesse, Troy M., Golding, Nathan T., Larter, Zachary, Hernandez, Angel, Morales, Genaro, Traxler, Robert B., Alosaimi, Meshal, Fitton, Aidan F., Aaron, James Holland, Lee, Nathaniel F., Liao, Ryan Z., Chen, Judy, French, Katherine V., Loring, Justin, Colter, Aurora, McConvey, Rowan, Colozzi, Michael, Vann, John D., Scheck, Benjamin T., Weigand, Anthony A, Alhabeeb, Abdulelah, Idoine, Yolande, Woodard, Aiden L., Medellin, Mateo M., Ratajczyk, Nicholas O, Tobin, Darien P., Collins, Jack C., Horning, Thomas M., Pellatz, Nick, Pitten, John, Lordi, Noah, Patterson, Alyx, Hoang, Thi D, Zimmermann, Ingrid H, Wang, Hongda, Steckhahn, Daniel, Aradhya, Arvind J., Oliver, Kristin A., Cai, Yijian, Wang, Chaoran, Yegovtsev, Nikolay, Wu, Mengyu, Ganesan, Koushik, Osborne, Andrew, Wickenden, Evan, Meyer, Josephine C., Chaparro, David, Visal, Aseem, Liu, Haixin, Menon, Thanmay S., Jin, Yan, Wilson, John, Erikson, James W., Luo, Zheng, Shitara, Nanako, Nelson, Emma E, Geerdts, T. R., Ortiz, Jorge L Ramirez, and Lewandowski, H. J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counter-intuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms that could explain it: nanoflares or Alfv\'en waves. To date, neither can be directly observed. Nanoflares are, by definition, extremely small, but their aggregate energy release could represent a substantial heating mechanism, presuming they are sufficiently abundant. One way to test this presumption is via the flare frequency distribution, which describes how often flares of various energies occur. If the slope of the power law fitting the flare frequency distribution is above a critical threshold, $\alpha=2$ as established in prior literature, then there should be a sufficient abundance of nanoflares to explain coronal heating. We performed $>$600 case studies of solar flares, made possible by an unprecedented number of data analysts via three semesters of an undergraduate physics laboratory course. This allowed us to include two crucial, but nontrivial, analysis methods: pre-flare baseline subtraction and computation of the flare energy, which requires determining flare start and stop times. We aggregated the results of these analyses into a statistical study to determine that $\alpha = 1.63 \pm 0.03$. This is below the critical threshold, suggesting that Alfv\'en waves are an important driver of coronal heating., Comment: 1,002 authors, 14 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, published by The Astrophysical Journal on 2023-05-09, volume 948, page 71

Published
2023
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8. Deep Learning Architectures for Vector Representations of Patients and Exploring Predictors of 30-Day Hospital Readmissions in Patients with Multiple Chronic Conditions

Author

Rafiq, Muhammad, Keel, George, Mazzocato, Pamela, Spaak, Jonas, Savage, Carl, Guttmann, Christian, Hutchison, David, Series Editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series Editor, Kittler, Josef, Series Editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series Editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series Editor, Mitchell, John C., Series Editor, Naor, Moni, Series Editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series Editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series Editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series Editor, Tygar, Doug, Series Editor, Koch, Fernando, editor, Koster, Andrew, editor, Riaño, David, editor, Montagna, Sara, editor, Schumacher, Michael, editor, ten Teije, Annette, editor, Guttmann, Christian, editor, Reichert, Manfred, editor, Bichindaritz, Isabelle, editor, Herrero, Pau, editor, Lenz, Richard, editor, López, Beatriz, editor, Marling, Cindy, editor, Martin, Clare, editor, Montani, Stefania, editor, and Wiratunga, Nirmalie, editor

Published
2019
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9. Hume Village and Castle

Author

Hill, Ian, primary, Gamble, Michelle, primary, Hall, Derek, primary, Haggarty, George, primary, Murdoch, K Robin, primary, Hunter, Fraser, primary, Robertson, Calum, primary, Savage, Carl E, primary, Thoms, Jennifer, primary, Pringle, Iain, primary, and Lucas, Leilani, primary

Published
2023
Full Text
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15. Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies

Author

Mason, James Paul, primary, Werth, Alexandra, additional, West, Colin G., additional, Youngblood, Allison, additional, Woodraska, Donald L., additional, Peck, Courtney L., additional, Aradhya, Arvind J., additional, Cai, Yijian, additional, Chaparro, David, additional, Erikson, James W., additional, Ganesan, Koushik, additional, Geerdts, T. R., additional, Hoang, Thi D, additional, Horning, Thomas M., additional, Jin, Yan, additional, Liu, Haixin, additional, Lordi, Noah, additional, Luo, Zheng, additional, Menon, Thanmay S., additional, Meyer, Josephine C., additional, Nelson, Emma E, additional, Oliver, Kristin A., additional, Ramirez Ortiz, Jorge L, additional, Osborne, Andrew, additional, Patterson, Alyx, additional, Pellatz, Nick, additional, Pitten, John, additional, Shitara, Nanako, additional, Steckhahn, Daniel, additional, Visal, Aseem, additional, Wang, Hongda, additional, Wang, Chaoran, additional, Wickenden, Evan, additional, Wilson, John, additional, Wu, Mengyu, additional, Yegovtsev, Nikolay, additional, Zimmermann, Ingrid H, additional, Aaron, James Holland, additional, Abdullah, Jumana T., additional, Abrams, Jonathan M., additional, Abrashoff, Riley, additional, Acevedo, Andres B., additional, Acha, Iker, additional, Meza Acosta, Daniela M., additional, Adam, Megan M., additional, Adams, Dante Q., additional, Adams, Kalvyn N, additional, Adams, Elena R, additional, Akbar, Zainab A., additional, Akruwala, Ushmi H., additional, Al-Ghazwi, Adel, additional, Alabbas, Batool H., additional, Alawadhi, Areej A., additional, Alharbi, Yazeed A., additional, Alahmed, Mohammed S., additional, Albakr, Mohammed A., additional, Albalushi, Yusef J., additional, Albaum, Jonathan, additional, Aldhamen, Ahmed, additional, Ales, Nolan, additional, Alesmail, Mohammad, additional, Alhabeeb, Abdulelah, additional, Alhamli, Dania, additional, Alhuseini, Isehaq, additional, Alkaabi, Suhail, additional, Alkhezzi, Tameem, additional, Alkubaisi, Mohamed, additional, Allanqawi, Nasser, additional, Allsbrook, Martin, additional, Almohsen, Yousef A., additional, Almquist, Justin Thomas, additional, Alnaji, Teeb, additional, Alnasrallah, Yousef A, additional, Alonzi, Nicholas, additional, Alosaimi, Meshal, additional, Alqabani, Emeen, additional, Alrubaie, Mohammad, additional, Alsinan, Reema A., additional, Altenbern, Ava L., additional, Altokhais, Abdullah, additional, Alyami, Saleh A., additional, Ameijenda, Federico, additional, Amer, Hamzi, additional, Amos, Meggan, additional, Anderson, Hunter J., additional, Andrew, Carter, additional, Andringa, Jesse C, additional, Angwin, Abigail, additional, Van Anne, Gabreece, additional, Aramians, Andrew, additional, Arango, Camila Villamil, additional, Archibald, Jack. W., additional, Arias-Robles, Brian A., additional, Aryan, Maryam, additional, Ash, Kevin, additional, Astalos, Justin, additional, Atchley-Rivers, N. S., additional, Augenstein, Dakota N., additional, Austin, Bryce W., additional, Avula, Abhinav, additional, Aycock, Matthew C., additional, Baflah, Abdulrahman A., additional, Balaji, Sahana, additional, Balajonda, Brian, additional, Balcer, Leo M, additional, Baldwin, James O., additional, Banda, David J, additional, Bard, Titus, additional, Barmore, Abby, additional, Barnes, Grant M., additional, Barnhart, Logan D. W., additional, Barone, Kevin M., additional, Bartman, Jessica L., additional, Bassel, Claire, additional, Bastias, Catalina S, additional, Bat-Ulzii, Batchimeg, additional, Batra, Jasleen, additional, Battist, Lexi, additional, Bay, Joshua, additional, Beach, Simone, additional, Beard, Sara, additional, Beato, Quinn I, additional, Beattie, Ryan, additional, Beatty, Thomas, additional, De La Beaujardiere, Tristan, additional, Beauprez, Jacob N., additional, Beck, M. G., additional, Beck, Lily, additional, Becker, Simone E., additional, Behr, Braden, additional, Behrer, Timothy A., additional, Beijer, Joshua, additional, Belei, Brennan J., additional, Belknap, Annelene L., additional, Bell, Aislyn, additional, Bence, Caden, additional, Benke, Evan, additional, Berhanu, Naomi, additional, Berriman-Rozen, Zachary D., additional, Bertuccio, Chrisanna, additional, Berv, Owen A., additional, Biediger, Blaine B., additional, Biehle, Samuel J, additional, Billig, Brennen, additional, Billingsley, Jacob, additional, Billman, Jayce A., additional, Biron, Connor J., additional, Bisacca, Gabrielle E., additional, Blake, Cassidy A., additional, Blandon, Guillermo, additional, Blevins, Olivia, additional, Blouin, Ethan, additional, Bodzianowski, Michal, additional, Boeyink, Taylor A., additional, Bondar, Matthew, additional, Bone, Lauren, additional, De Los Monteros Bonilla, Alberto Espinosa, additional, Borelli, William T, additional, Borgerding, Luke R., additional, Bowen, Troy, additional, Boyer, Christine, additional, Boyer, Aidan, additional, Boyle, Aidan P., additional, Boyne, Tom, additional, Branch, Donovan, additional, Brecl, Ariana E., additional, Brennan, David J., additional, Brimhall, Alexander J, additional, Brockman, Jennifer L., additional, Brookins, Sarah, additional, Brown, Gabriel T., additional, Brown, Cameron L., additional, Brown, Ryan, additional, Brownlow, Jordi, additional, Brumage-Heller, Grant, additional, Brumley, Preston J., additional, Bryan, Samuel, additional, Brzostowicz, A., additional, Buhamad, Maryam, additional, Bullard-Connor, Gigi, additional, Bunsow, J. R. Ramirez, additional, Burns, Annemarie C., additional, Burritt, John J., additional, Burton, Nicholas David, additional, Burton, Taylor, additional, Busch, Celeste, additional, Butler, Dylan R., additional, Buxton, B. W., additional, C. Toups, Malena, additional, Cabbage, Carter C., additional, Cage, Breonna, additional, Cahn, Jackson R., additional, Campbell, Andrew J, additional, Canales, Braden P., additional, Cancio, Alejandro R., additional, Carey, Luke, additional, Carillion, Emma L., additional, Carpender, Michael Andrew, additional, Carpenter, Emily, additional, Chadda, Shivank, additional, Chambers, Paige, additional, Chanders, Jasey, additional, Chandler, Olivia M., additional, Chang, Ethan C., additional, Chapman, Mitchell G., additional, Chapman, Logan T., additional, Chavali, S., additional, Chavez, Luis, additional, Chen, Kevin, additional, Chen, Lily, additional, Chen, Sam, additional, Chen, Judy, additional, Chhetri, Jenisha, additional, Chiles, Bradyn, additional, Chizmar, Kayla M., additional, Christiansen, Katherine E, additional, Cisne, Nicholas A., additional, Cisneros, Alexis, additional, Clark, David B., additional, Clarke, Evelyn, additional, Clarkson, Peter C, additional, Clausi, Alexis R., additional, Cochran, Brooke, additional, Coe, Ryan W., additional, Coleman-Plante, Aislinn, additional, Colleran, Jake R., additional, Colleran, Zachary, additional, Collier, Curran, additional, Collins, Nathaniel A., additional, Collins, Sarah, additional, Collins, Jack C., additional, Colozzi, Michael, additional, Colter, Aurora, additional, Cone, Rebecca A., additional, Conroy, Thomas C., additional, Conti, Reese, additional, Contizano, Charles J., additional, Cool, Destiny J., additional, Cooper, Nicholas M., additional, Corbitt, Jessica S, additional, Courtney, Jonas, additional, Courtney, Olivia, additional, Cox, Corben L., additional, Craig, Wilmsen B., additional, Creany, Joshua B., additional, Crews, Anastasia, additional, Crocker, K. A., additional, Croteau, A. J., additional, Crow, Christian J., additional, Cruse, Zoe, additional, Cruz, Avril, additional, Curnow, Tyler L., additional, Current, Hayden, additional, Curry, Riley T., additional, Cutler, Libby, additional, Cyr, Aidan St., additional, Dabberdt, Frederick M., additional, Daboub, Johnston, additional, Damgaard, Olivia, additional, Das, Swagatam, additional, Davis, Emma A. B., additional, Debarros, Elyse, additional, Deel, Sean, additional, Delasantos, Megan E., additional, Deng, Tianyue, additional, Derwin, Zachary, additional, Desai, Om, additional, Dewey, Kai, additional, Dias, John S., additional, Dice, Kenzie A., additional, Dick, R., additional, Dicken, Cyrus A., additional, Dietrick, Henry, additional, Dinser, Alexis M., additional, Dixon, Alyssa M., additional, Dixon, Thomas J., additional, Do, Helen C., additional, Doan, Chris H, additional, Doane, Connor, additional, Dodrill, Joshua, additional, Doermer, Timothy, additional, Dominguez, Lizbeth Montoya, additional, Dominguez, J., additional, Domke, Emerson N., additional, Doran, Caroline R., additional, Dorr, Jackson A., additional, Dorricott, Philip, additional, Dresdner, Danielle C., additional, Driscoll, Michael, additional, Driscoll, Kailer H., additional, Duncan, Sheridan J., additional, Dunlap, Christian, additional, Dunn, Gabrielle M., additional, Duong, Tien Q., additional, Dupeyron, Tomi Oshima, additional, Dvorak, Peter, additional, East, Andrew, additional, East, Andrew N., additional, Edwards, Bree, additional, Ehrlich, Lauren, additional, Elbashir, Sara I., additional, Engelhardt, Rasce, additional, Engelstad, Jacob, additional, England, Colin, additional, Enrich, Andrew, additional, Erickson, Abbey, additional, Erickson, Benjamin, additional, Evans, Nathan, additional, Ewing, Calvin A, additional, Eyeson, Elizabeth A., additional, Faber, Ian, additional, Fails, Avery M., additional, Fauntleroy, John T, additional, Fell, Kevin, additional, Feng, Zitian, additional, Fenwick, Logan D., additional, Feoktistov, Nikita, additional, Fife, Ryann, additional, D. Figueirinhas, John Alfred, additional, Fisch, Jean-Paul, additional, Fischer, Emmalee, additional, Fischer-White, Jules, additional, Fitton, Aidan F., additional, Fix, Alexander, additional, Flackett, Lydia, additional, Flores, Fernando, additional, Floyd, Aidan, additional, Del Foco, Leonardo, additional, Folarin, Adeduni, additional, Forbes, Aidan E., additional, Fortino, Elise, additional, Fougere, Benjamin L., additional, Fowler, Alexandra A., additional, Fox, Margaret, additional, French, James M., additional, French, Katherine V., additional, Frick, Florian G., additional, Fuchs, Calvin R., additional, Fuhrman, Bethany E. S., additional, Furney, Sebastian, additional, Gabir, Moutamen, additional, Galarraga, Gabriela, additional, Gale, Skylar, additional, Gapin, Keala C., additional, Garscadden, A. J., additional, Gasser, Rachel, additional, Gayou, Lily, additional, Gearhart, Emily E., additional, Geisman, Jane, additional, Geneser, Julianne R., additional, Genne, Sl, additional, Gentile, Julia G, additional, Gentry, Eleanor, additional, George, Jacob D., additional, Georgiades, Nathaniel James, additional, Gerhardstein, Phillip, additional, Gersabeck, Clint, additional, Ghaith, Bandar Abu, additional, Ghiassi, Dorsa, additional, Giebner, B. C., additional, Gilmartin, Dalton, additional, Gilpatrick, Connor B., additional, Gjini, Michael, additional, Golden, Olivia, additional, Golding, Nathan T., additional, Goldsberry, C. A., additional, Gomez, Angel R., additional, Gomez, Angel A., additional, Gopalakrishnan, Sean, additional, Gopalani, Mariam, additional, Gotlib, Nicholas, additional, Graham, Alaina S., additional, Gray, Michael J, additional, Gregory, Alannah H., additional, Gregory, Joshua A., additional, Grell, Kristyn, additional, Griego, Justus, additional, Griffin, Nicholas F., additional, Griffin, Kyle J., additional, Guerrero, Matt, additional, Gunderson, Nicole, additional, Guo, Mutian, additional, Gustavsson, E. R., additional, Hach, Grace K., additional, Haile, L. N., additional, Haines, Jessica, additional, Mc Hale, Jack J., additional, Hales, Ryder Buchanan, additional, Haley, Mark S., additional, Hall, Jacqueline L., additional, Hamilton, Sean R., additional, Han, Soonhee, additional, Hand, Tyler, additional, Hanley, Luke C., additional, Hansen, Connor M, additional, Hansen, Joshua A., additional, Hansson, Jonathan, additional, Hao, Tony Yunfei, additional, Haratsaris, Nicholas, additional, Hardie, Isabelle, additional, Hardwick, Dillon F., additional, Hares, Cameron T., additional, Harris, Logan Swous, additional, Harris, Coyle M., additional, Hart, Omer, additional, Hashiro, Kyle, additional, Hattendorf, Elsie, additional, Haubrich, Calder, additional, Hawat, Elijah, additional, Hayrynen, Griffin A., additional, Heintz, Danielle A., additional, Hellweg, Tim, additional, Hernandez, Angel, additional, Herrera, Emanuel, additional, Herrington, Robert N., additional, Herwig, Tim, additional, Hesse, Troy M., additional, Hiatt, Quinn, additional, Hibbard, Lea Pearl, additional, Hicks, Imari R., additional, Hicks, Andrew J., additional, Highhouse, Nigel, additional, Hildebrand, Annalise K., additional, Hill, Paula, additional, Hill, Hallie, additional, Hintsa, Evan, additional, Hirschmann, Anna E., additional, Hitt, Travis, additional, Ho, Ella, additional, Hoff, Isabelle J., additional, Hoffman, Alex, additional, Hogen, Blake A., additional, Horne, Linda, additional, Houck, Timothy J, additional, Howell, Noah H., additional, Hrudka, E. M., additional, Hu, J., additional, Huang, Jianyang, additional, Huang, Chenqi, additional, Huang, Shancheng, additional, Hudson, Zachary A., additional, Hudson, Nathan C., additional, Huebsch, Tyler J., additional, Hull, Owen, additional, Hunter, Samuel C, additional, Husted, Troy, additional, Hutabarat, Abigail P., additional, Huynh, Leslie, additional, Samour Ii, Antonio E., additional, Idoine, Yolande, additional, Ingram, Julia A., additional, Iovan, Taro, additional, Isert, Samuel A., additional, Salcido-Alcontar, Antonio, additional, Jacobsen, Thomas, additional, Jaimes, Alan A, additional, Jameson, Connor, additional, Jarriel, J. R., additional, Jarvis, Sam, additional, Jenkins, Josh, additional, Jensen, Alexander V., additional, Jeong, Jacob, additional, Jeseritz, Luke A., additional, Jesse, Trevor, additional, Ji, Soo Yeun, additional, Jiang, Yufan, additional, Johnson, Owen, additional, Johnson, Matthew, additional, Johnson, Sawyer, additional, Johnston, Julia, additional, Johnston, Braedon Y., additional, Jones, Olivia M., additional, Jones, M. R., additional, Jourabchi, Tara, additional, House, Tony A., additional, Juels, Parker, additional, T. Kainz, Sabrina J. H., additional, Kaiser, Emily, additional, Kallemeyn, Nicolas Ian, additional, Kalmus, Madison H., additional, Kalra, Etash, additional, Kamenetskiy, Margaret, additional, Kanokthippayakun, Jeerakit, additional, Kapla, Shaun D., additional, Karsh, Brennan J., additional, Keating, Caden J., additional, Kelley, Morgan A., additional, Kelley, Michael P., additional, Kelly, Nicholas, additional, Kelly, James, additional, Kelly, Teagan, additional, Kelly, Christopher M, additional, Kennedy, Kellen, additional, Kennedy, Cayla J., additional, Kennedy, Forrest, additional, Kennedy, Abigail, additional, Kerr-Layton, Liana, additional, Ketterer, Marilyn, additional, Khan, Ibraheem A., additional, Khan, Usman, additional, Khanal, Sapriya, additional, Kiechlin, Jack L., additional, Killian, Dominic, additional, Kim, Kevin, additional, Kim, Brian T., additional, Kim, Matthew M., additional, Kim, Jake, additional, Kimlicko, Aspen, additional, Kipp, Isabel M, additional, Kirkpatrick, Hunter B., additional, Kissner, Natalie, additional, Kite, Emily R., additional, Kleinhaus, Olivia R., additional, Knott, Philip Whiting, additional, Koch, Will, additional, Koenig, Greta, additional, Koke, Emily, additional, Kokes, Thomas, additional, Kothamdi, Yash S., additional, Krajnak, Zack, additional, Kresek, Zoe M., additional, Kriegman, Dylan, additional, Kritzberg, Jake E., additional, Krueger, Davis J., additional, Kubiak, Bartlomiej, additional, Kuehl, Kirsten, additional, Kuester, Chrisanne, additional, Kuiper, Nicolas A., additional, Kumar, Aman Priyadarshi, additional, Kuybus, Connor, additional, Kwiatkowski, Daniel, additional, Lafemina, Quintin Y., additional, Lacjak, Kevin, additional, Lahmers, Kyle, additional, Lam, Antonia, additional, Landrey, Kalin, additional, Lantz, Maxwell B., additional, Larter, Zachary, additional, Lau, Benjamin P., additional, Lauzon, Megan, additional, Lawlor, Rian, additional, Learned, Tyler, additional, Lee, E. C., additional, Lee, Junwon, additional, Lee, Adrianna J., additional, Lee, Justin, additional, Lee, Alexis Ying-Shan, additional, Lee, Christian J, additional, Lee, Nathaniel F., additional, Leiker, Linzhi, additional, Lengerich, Dylan, additional, Leoni, Cecilia, additional, Lezak, Adrienne R., additional, Li, David Y., additional, Li, Isaac, additional, Liao, Ryan Z., additional, Linders, Bridget, additional, Linger, Morgan I, additional, Linnane, Katherine B., additional, Lippincott, Sam, additional, Lister, Barrett, additional, Litton, Shelby D, additional, Liu, Nianzi, additional, Liu, Steven Y., additional, Logan, Timothy W., additional, Londres, Nathan, additional, Lonergan, Mia C., additional, Lookhoff, Emily, additional, Loomis, N. E., additional, Lopez, Christian, additional, Loring, Justin, additional, Lucca, Jeffrey, additional, Lukianow, Dax, additional, M. Cheang, Nathan, additional, Macdonald, William, additional, Madonna, Claire A., additional, Madsen, Kasey O., additional, Maksimuk, Tiffany E., additional, Mallory, Macguire, additional, Malone, Ryan A., additional, Maly, Blake, additional, Manzanares, Xander R., additional, Maravi, Aimee S., additional, Marcus, Serafima M., additional, Marikar, Nasreen, additional, Marquez, Josie A., additional, Marquez, Mathew J., additional, Marsh, Lauren, additional, Marsh, Toni, additional, Martin, Logan S., additional, Martinez, Alexa M., additional, Martinez, Jose R., additional, Martinez, Hazelia K., additional, Martyr, Cara, additional, Masri, Mirna, additional, Matessi, Giorgio, additional, Khan Mohd Reduan Mathavan, Adam Izz, additional, Mathieson, Randi M., additional, Mathur, Kabir P., additional, Mauer, Graham, additional, Mayer, Victoria A., additional, Mazzotta, Liam, additional, Mccammon, Glen S., additional, Mcconvey, Rowan, additional, Mccormick, Tyler, additional, Mccoy, Andrew, additional, Mcentee, Kelleen, additional, Mcgarvey, Meaghan V., additional, Mcgill, Riley M., additional, Mcintyre, James K., additional, Mckemey, Finbar K., additional, Mcmorris, Zane, additional, Mcmullan, Jesse J., additional, Mcquaid, Ella, additional, Mcvey, Caden, additional, Mccurry, Kyle, additional, Medellin, Mateo M., additional, Medialdea, Melissa, additional, Mehidic, Amar, additional, Meillon, Stella, additional, Meiselman-Ashen, Jonah B., additional, Mellett, Sarah, additional, Menassa, Dominic, additional, Mendez, Citlali, additional, Mendoza-Anselmi, Patricia, additional, Menke, Riley, additional, Mesgina, Sarah, additional, Mewhirter, William J., additional, Meyer, Ethan, additional, Miften, Aya M., additional, Miles, Ethan J., additional, Miller, Andrew, additional, Miller, Joshua B., additional, Millican, Emily B., additional, Millican, Sarah J., additional, Mills, Dylan P., additional, Minimo, Josh, additional, Misener, Jay H., additional, Mitchell, Alexander J., additional, Mizzi, Alexander Z., additional, Molina-Saenz, Luis, additional, Moll, Tyler S, additional, Moll, Hayden, additional, Montano, Maximus, additional, Montoya, Michael, additional, Monyek, Eli, additional, Mora, Jacqueline Rodriguez, additional, Morales, Gavin, additional, Morales, Genaro, additional, Morelock, Annalise M., additional, Morency, Cora, additional, Moreno, Angel J., additional, Morgan, Remy, additional, Moss, Alexander P., additional, Muckenthaler, Brandon A., additional, Mueller, Alexander, additional, Mulcahy, Owen T., additional, Mundy, Aria T., additional, Muniz, Alexis A., additional, Murphy, Maxwell J., additional, Murphy, Madalyn C., additional, Murphy, Ryan C., additional, Murrel, Tyler, additional, Musgrave, Andrew J., additional, Myer, Michael S., additional, Nandu, Kshmya, additional, Napoletano, Elena R., additional, Naqi, Abdulaziz, additional, Narayan, Anoothi, additional, Nasser, Liebe, additional, Neeland, Brenna K, additional, Nehring, Molly, additional, Nelson, Maya Li, additional, Nguyen, Lena P., additional, Nguyen, Lena, additional, Nguyen, Leonardo, additional, Nguyen, Valerie A., additional, Nguyen, Khoa D, additional, Norden, Kelso, additional, Norris, Cooper, additional, Nunes-Valdes, Dario, additional, Nussbaum, Rosemary O., additional, O’Sullivan, Cian, additional, O’Neill, Ian, additional, Oakes, S. H., additional, Odbayar, Anand, additional, Ogle, Caleb, additional, Oishi-Holder, Sean, additional, Olguin, Nicholas, additional, Olson, Nathaniel P., additional, Ong, Jason, additional, Opp, Elena N., additional, Orbidan, Dan, additional, Oros, Ryan, additional, Ort, Althea E., additional, Osborn, Matthew, additional, Osogwin, Austin, additional, Otto, Grant, additional, Oudakker, Jessica, additional, Overchuk, Igor, additional, Padgette, Hannah M., additional, Padilla, Jacqueline, additional, Palizzi, Mallory, additional, Palmgren, Madeleine L., additional, Palos, Adler, additional, Pan, Luke J., additional, Parker, Nathan L., additional, Parker, Sasha R., additional, Parkinson, Evan J., additional, Parulekar, Anish, additional, Pastor, Paige J., additional, Patel, Kajal, additional, Patel, Akhil, additional, Patel, Neil S., additional, Patti, Samuel, additional, Patton, Catherine, additional, Payne, Genevieve K., additional, Payne, Matthew P., additional, Pearl, Harrison M., additional, Beck Von Peccoz, Charles B., additional, Pedersen, Alexander J., additional, Pelster, Lily M., additional, Peou, Munisettha E., additional, Perez, J. S., additional, Perez, Freddy, additional, Pesce, Anneliese, additional, Petersen, Audrey J., additional, Peterson, B., additional, Petric, Romeo S. L., additional, Pettine, Joshua, additional, Phalen, Ethan J., additional, Pham, Alexander V., additional, Phan, Denise M., additional, Pherigo, Callie C, additional, Phillips, Lance, additional, Phillips, Justin, additional, Phommatha, Krista, additional, Pietras, Alex, additional, Pine, Tawanchai P., additional, Pitsuean-Meier, Sedique, additional, Pixley, Andrew M., additional, Plantz, Will, additional, Plummer, William C., additional, Plutt, Kaitlyn E., additional, Plzak, Audrey E., additional, Pohle, Kyle, additional, Polikoff, Hyden, additional, Pollard, Matthew, additional, Polly, Madelyn, additional, Porter, Trevor J., additional, Price, David, additional, Price, Nicholas K., additional, Prinster, Gale H., additional, Propper, Henry Austin, additional, Quarderer, Josh, additional, Quinn, Megan S., additional, Quinonez, Oliver, additional, Quispe, Devon, additional, Ragsdale, Cameron, additional, Rahn, Anna L., additional, Rakhmonova, M., additional, Ralapanawe, Anoush K, additional, Ramachandra, Nidhi, additional, Ramirez, Nathaniel, additional, Ramirez, Ariana C., additional, Ramirez, Sacha, additional, Randolph, Parker, additional, Ranjan, Anurag, additional, Rankin, Frederick C, additional, Rapaport, Sarah Grace, additional, Ratajczyk, Nicholas O, additional, Ray, Mia G. V., additional, Reagan, Brian D., additional, Recchia, John C., additional, Reddy, Brooklyn J., additional, Reed, Joseph, additional, Reed, Charlie, additional, Reeves, Justin, additional, Reh, Eileen N., additional, Von Reich, Ferin J., additional, Reyna, Andrea B., additional, Reynolds, Alexander, additional, Reynolds, Hope, additional, Rippel, Matthew, additional, Rivas, Guillermo A., additional, Rives, Anna Linnea, additional, Robert, Amanda M., additional, Robertson, Samuel M., additional, Rodgers, Maeve, additional, Rojec, Stewart, additional, Romero, Andres C., additional, Rosasco, Ryan, additional, Rossman, Beth, additional, Rotter, Michael, additional, Rounsefell, Tyndall, additional, Rouse, Charlotte, additional, Routledge, Allie C., additional, Roy, Marc G., additional, Roy, Zoe A., additional, Ruger, Ryan, additional, Ruggles-Delgado, Kendall, additional, Rule, Ian C., additional, Rumley, Madigan, additional, Runyon, Brenton M., additional, Ruprecht, Collin, additional, Russell, Bowman, additional, Russell, Sloan, additional, Ryder, Diana, additional, Saeb, David, additional, Salazar, J., additional, Salazar, Violeta, additional, Saldi, Maxwell, additional, Salgado, Jose A., additional, Salindeho, Adam D., additional, Sanchez, Ethan S., additional, Sanchez-Sanchez, Gustavo, additional, Sarfaraz, Darian, additional, Sarkar, Sucheta, additional, Sato, Ginn A., additional, Savage, Carl, additional, Schaller, Marcus T., additional, Scheck, Benjamin T., additional, Schlenker, Jared A. W., additional, Schofer, Matthew J, additional, Schubert, Stephanie H., additional, Schultze, Courtney, additional, Schumacher, Grace K, additional, Seglem, Kasper, additional, Serio, Lauren, additional, Seux, Octave, additional, Shahba, Hannan, additional, Shannahan, Callie D., additional, Sharma, Shajesh, additional, Shaver, Nathan, additional, Shaw, Timothy, additional, Shelby, Arlee K., additional, Shelby, Emma, additional, Shelchuk, Grace, additional, Sheldrake, Tucker, additional, Sherry, Daniel P., additional, Shi, Kyle Z., additional, Shields, Amanda M., additional, Shin, Kyungeun, additional, Shockley, Michael C., additional, Shoha, Dominick, additional, Shortman, Jadon, additional, Shuttleworth, Mitchell, additional, Sibrell, Lisa, additional, Sickler, Molly G., additional, Siles, Nathan, additional, Silvester, H. K., additional, Simmons, Conor, additional, Simone, Dylan M., additional, Simone, Anna, additional, Singh, Savi, additional, Singh, Maya A., additional, Sinkovic, Madeline, additional, Sipowicz, Leo, additional, Sjoroos, Chris, additional, Slocum, Ryan, additional, Slyne, Colin, additional, Smart, Korben, additional, Smith, Alexandra N., additional, Smith, Kelly, additional, Smith, Corey, additional, Smith, Elena K., additional, Smith, Samantha M., additional, Smith, Percy, additional, Smith, Trevor J, additional, Snyder, G. L., additional, Soby, Daniel A., additional, Sohail, Arman S., additional, Solorio, William J., additional, Solt, Lincoln, additional, Soon, Caitlin, additional, Spangler, Ava A, additional, Spicer, Benjamin C., additional, Srivastava, Ashish, additional, Stamos, Emily, additional, Starbuck, Peter, additional, Stark, Ethan K., additional, Starling, Travis, additional, Staudenmier, Caitlyn, additional, Steinbarth, Sheen L., additional, Steinsberger, Christopher H., additional, Stepaniak, Tyler, additional, Steward, Ellie N., additional, Stewart, Trey, additional, Stewart, T. C., additional, Stratmeyer, Cooper N., additional, Stratton, Grant L., additional, Stribling, Jordin L., additional, Sulaiman, S. A, additional, Sullivan, Brandon J, additional, Sundell, M. E., additional, Sur, Sohan N., additional, Suri, Rohan, additional, Swartz, Jason R., additional, Sweeney, Joshua D., additional, Syed, Konner, additional, Szabo, Emi, additional, Szeremeta, Philip, additional, Ta, Michael-Tan D., additional, Tanguma, Nolan C., additional, Taulman, Kyle, additional, Taylor, Nicole, additional, Taylor, Eleanor, additional, Taylor, Liam C., additional, Tayman, K. E., additional, Tellez, Yesica, additional, Terrile, Richard, additional, Tesdahl, Corey D, additional, Thielmann, Quinn N., additional, Thoman, Gerig, additional, Thomas, Daniel, additional, Thomas, Jeffrey J., additional, Thompson, William N., additional, Thornally, Noah R., additional, Tobin, Darien P., additional, Ton, Kelly, additional, Toon, Nathaniel J., additional, Tran, Kevin, additional, Tran, Bryn, additional, Trank-Greene, Maedee, additional, Trautwein, Emily D., additional, Traxler, Robert B., additional, Tressler, Judah, additional, Trofino, Tyson R., additional, Troisi, Thomas, additional, Trunko, Benjamin L., additional, Truong, Joshua K., additional, Tucker, Julia, additional, Umbricht, Thomas D, additional, Uphoff, C. H., additional, Upthegrove, Zachary T., additional, Vadayar, Shreenija, additional, Valencia, Whitney, additional, Vallery, Mia M., additional, Vanetten, Eleanor, additional, Vann, John D., additional, Varela, Ilian, additional, Vassilyev, Alexandr, additional, Vaver, Nicholas J., additional, Velamala, Anjali A., additional, Vendetti, Evan, additional, Venegas, Nancy Ortiz, additional, Vepa, Aditya V., additional, Vess, Marcus T., additional, Veta, Jenna S., additional, Victory, Andrew, additional, Vinson, Jessica, additional, Vogel, Connor Maklain, additional, Wagoner, Michaela, additional, Wallace, Steven P., additional, Wallace, Logan, additional, Waller, Caroline, additional, Wang, Jiawei, additional, Warble, Keenan, additional, Ward-Chene, N. R. D., additional, Watson, James Adam, additional, Weber, Robert J., additional, Wegner, Aidan B., additional, Weigand, Anthony A, additional, Weiner, Amanda M., additional, West, Ayana, additional, Wexler, Ethan Benjamin, additional, Wheeler, Nicola H., additional, White, Jamison R., additional, White, Zachary, additional, White, Oliver S., additional, Whittall, Lloyd C., additional, Wilcove, Isaac, additional, Wilkinson, Blake C., additional, Willard, John S., additional, Williams, Abigail K., additional, Williams, Sajan, additional, Wilson, Orion K., additional, Wilson, Evan M., additional, Wilson, Timothy R., additional, Wilson, Connor B., additional, Witkoff, Briahn, additional, Wolfe, Aubrey M., additional, Wolle, Jackson R., additional, Wood, Travis M., additional, Woodard, Aiden L., additional, Wootten, Katelynn, additional, Xiao, Catherine, additional, Yang, Jianing, additional, Yang, Zhanchao, additional, Young, Trenton J., additional, Young, Isabel, additional, Zenner, Thomas, additional, Zhang, Jiaqi, additional, Zhao, Tianwei, additional, Zhao, Tiannie, additional, Zhao, Noah Y., additional, Zhou, Chongrui, additional, Ziebold, Josh J, additional, Ziegler, Lucas J., additional, Zygmunt, James C., additional, Zhang, Jinhua, additional, and Lewandowski, H. J., additional

Published
2023
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18. Decision-making on the fly : a qualitative study of physicians in out-of-hospital emergency medical services

Author

Karmelić, Ema, Lindlöf, Henrik, Luckhaus, Jamie Linnea, Castillo, Moa Malmqvist, Vicente, Veronica, Härenstam, Karin Pukk, and Savage, Carl

Subjects
Hälso- och sjukvårdsorganisation, hälsopolitik och hälsoekonomi, Patient safety, Healthcare management, Clinical judgment, Pre-hospital, Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy, Guidelines, Ambulance services
Abstract

Background Out-of-hospital Emergency Medical Services (OHEMS) require fast and accurate assessment of patients and efficient clinical judgment in the face of uncertainty and ambiguity. Guidelines and protocols can support staff in these situations, but there is significant variability in their use. Therefore, the aim of this study was to increase our understanding of physician decision-making in OHEMS, in particular, to characterize the types of decisions made and to explore potential facilitating and hindering factors. Methods Qualitative interview study of 21 physicians in a large, publicly-owned and operated OHEMS in Croatia. Data was subjected to an inductive content analysis. Results Physicians (mostly young, female, and early in their career), made three decisions (transport, treat, and if yes on either, how) after an initial patient assessment. Decisions were influenced by patient needs but to a greater extent by factors related to themselves and patients (microsystem), their organization (mesosystem), and the larger health system (macrosystem). This generated a high variability in quality and outcomes. Participants desired support through further training, improved guidelines, formalized feedback, supportive management, and health system process redesign to better coordinate and align care across organizational boundaries. Conclusions The three decisions were made complex by contextual factors that largely lay outside physician control at the mesosystem level. However, physicians still took personal responsibility for concerns more suitably addressed at the organizational level. This negatively impacted care quality and staff well-being. If managers instead adopt a learning orientation, the path from novice to expert physician could be more ably supported through organizational demands and practices aligned with real-world practice. Questions remain on how managers can better support the learning needed to improve quality, safety, and physicians’ journey from novice to expert (2) (PDF) Decision-making on the fly: a qualitative study of physicians in out-of-hospital emergency medical services.

Published
2023

24. Who counts when health counts? A case-study of multi-stakeholder initiative to promote value-creation in Swedish healthcare.

Author

Tragl, Leonard, Savage, Carl, Andreen-Sachs, Magna, and Brommels, Mats

Subjects
STAKEHOLDER analysis, MEDICAL care, CONCEPTUAL structures, HEALTH insurance reimbursement, INTERPROFESSIONAL relations, RESEARCH funding, CASE studies, LONGITUDINAL method, ALGORITHMS
Abstract

A European initiative to design a "medical information framework" conceptualised how multiple stakeholders join in collaborative networks to create innovations. It conveyed the ways in which value is created and captured by stakeholders. We applied those insights to analyse a multi-stakeholder initiative to promote improvement of Swedish healthcare. Our longitudinal case study covered totally fifty stakeholders involved in a national project, aiming at designing a system to support value-based evaluation and reimbursement. During the project the focus changed from reimbursement to benchmarking. Sophisticated case-mix adjusting algorithms were designed to make outcome comparisons valid and incorporated in a software platform enabling detailed analysis of eight patient groups across seven regional health authorities. Those were deliverables demonstrating value created. However, the project was unable to transfer the system into routine use in the regions, a failed value-capture. The initial success was promoted by collaborative processes in diagnosis-specific working groups of well-informed and engaged professionals. The change of focus away from reimbursement decreased the involvement among health authorities, leaving no centrally placed persons to push for implementation. It highlights the importance of health professionals as the key stakeholder, who has both the know-how instrumental to creating an innovation, and the local involvement guaranteeing its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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35. The Wigton and Maryport medieval coin hoards

Author

Savage, Carl

Abstract

Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society, 15, 15-27, This article looks at two medieval coin hoards discovered in the Wigton and Maryport areas of Cumbria. It examines the contents of both hoards and compares denominations and mints represented with other hoards of similar date in England. It will be seen that both hoards follow a national pattern and there is no variation between hoards deposited in the south of England and the north. The article also puts the hoards in the context of medieval Cumberland.

Published
2021
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36. An early 13th century coin hoard from Yealand Redmayne, Lancashire

Author

Savage, Carl

Abstract

Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society, 19, 271-275, This note discusses a recently discovered 13th century coin hoard from Yealand Redmayne, Lancashire. It summarises the contents of the hoard and places the coins in their historical context. The coin hoard was discovered in spring 2017 by two metal detectorists near Yealand Redmayne and contained 32 silver coins. The hoard was reported to Dr Dot Boughton, former Finds Liason Offi cer (FLO) for Lancashire and Cumbria and logged with the Treasure Number 2017T511. It was subsequently declared Treasure at the coroner's inquest. Lancashire County Museum Service has expressed an interested in acquiring the hoard.

Published
2021
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38. Medical leadership: boon or barrier to organisational performance? A thematic synthesis of the literature

Author

Savage, Mairi, Savage, Carl, Brommels, Mats, and Mazzocato, Pamela

Subjects
organisational development, lcsh:R, lcsh:Medicine, Quality Improvement, Medical Management, quality in health care, Leadership, human resource management, medical education and training, Humans, Delivery of Health Care, qualitative research, health services administration and management
Abstract

Objective The influx of management ideas into healthcare has triggered considerable debate about if and how managerial and medical logics can coexist. Recent reviews suggest that clinician involvement in hospital management can lead to superior performance. We, therefore, sought to systematically explore conditions that can either facilitate or impede the influence of medical leadership on organisational performance. Design Systematic review using thematic synthesis guided by the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the synthesis of Qualitative research statement. Data sources We searched PubMed, Web of Science and PsycINFO from 1 January 2006 to 21 January 2020. Eligibility criteria We included peer-reviewed, empirical, English language articles and literature reviews that focused on physicians in the leadership and management of healthcare. Data extraction and synthesis Data extraction and thematic synthesis followed an inductive approach. The results sections of the included studies were subjected to line-by-line coding to identify relevant meaning units. These were organised into descriptive themes and further synthesised into analytic themes presented as a model. Results The search yielded 2176 publications, of which 73 were included. The descriptive themes illustrated a movement from 1. medical protectionism to management through medicine; 2. command and control to participatory leadership practices; and 3. organisational practices that form either incidental or willing leaders. Based on the synthesis, the authors propose a model that describes a virtuous cycle of management through medicine or a vicious cycle of medical protectionism. Conclusions This review helps individuals, organisations, educators and trainers better understand how medical leadership can be both a boon and a barrier to organisational performance. In contrast to the conventional view of conflicting logics, medical leadership would benefit from a more integrative model of management and medicine. Nurturing medical engagement requires participatory leadership enabled through long-term investments at the individual, organisational and system levels.

Published
2020

39. Time-driven activity-based costing for patients with multiple chronic conditions: a mixed-method study to cost care in a multidisciplinary and integrated care delivery centre at a university-affiliated tertiary teaching hospital in Stockholm, Sweden

Author

Keel, George, Muhammad, Rafiq, Savage, Carl, Spaak, Jonas, Gonzalez, Ismael, Lindgren, Peter, Guttmann, Christian, and Mazzocato, Pamela

Subjects
Aged, 80 and over, Male, Sweden, organisational development, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated, health services administration & management, Multimorbidity, health policy, Medical Management, Tertiary Care Centers, Models, Economic, Chronic Disease, Costs and Cost Analysis, health economics, Humans, Female, Hospitals, Teaching
Abstract

Objective This study can be applied to cost the complex non-standardised processes used to treat patients with multiple chronic conditions. Design A mixed-method approach to cost analysis, following a modified healthcare-specific version of the seven-step Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) approach. Setting A multidisciplinary integrated and person-centred care delivery centre at a university-affiliated tertiary teaching hospital in Stockholm, Sweden, designed to improve care coordination for patients with multiple chronic conditions, specifically diabetes, cardiovascular disease and kidney disease. Participants 314 patients (248 men and 66 women) fit inclusion criteria. Average age was 80 years. Results This modified TDABC analysis costed outpatient care for patients with multiple chronic conditions. The approach accounted for the difficulty of conceptualising care cycles. The estimated total cost, stratified by resources, can be reviewed together with existing managerial accounting statements to inform management decisions regarding the multidisciplinary centre. Conclusions This article demonstrates that the healthcare-specific seven-step approach to TDABC can be applied to cost care for patients with multiple chronic conditions, where pathways are not yet discernable. It became clear that there was a need for slight methodological adaptations for this particular patient group to make it possible to cost these pathways, stratified by activity and resource. The value of this approach can be discerned from the way management incorporated the results of this analysis into the development of their hospital strategy. In the absence of integrated data infrastructures that can link patients and resources across financial, clinical and process data sets, the scalability of this method will be difficult.

Published
2020

41. How to design, implement and evaluate organizational interventions for maximum impact: the Sigtuna Principles

Author

von Thiele Schwarz, Ulrica, primary, Nielsen, Karina, additional, Edwards, Kasper, additional, Hasson, Henna, additional, Ipsen, Christine, additional, Savage, Carl, additional, Simonsen Abildgaard, Johan, additional, Richter, Anne, additional, Lornudd, Caroline, additional, Mazzocato, Pamela, additional, and Reed, Julie E., additional

Published
2020
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46. Geoarchaeology of the Qumran archaeological site, Israel

Author

Reeder, Philip, Jol, Harrry, Freund, Richard, and Savage, Carl

Subjects
Excavations (Archaeology) -- Discovery and exploration, Excavations (Archaeology) -- Analysis, Excavations (Archaeology) -- Israel, Geoarchaeology, Qumran Site -- Discovery and exploration, Qumran Site -- Analysis
Abstract

Introduction Geoarchaeology combines archaeological research with methods and concepts of the earth sciences (Butzer 1982). Geography (both physical and human), geology, geomorphology and geophysics have been melded with archaeology to […]

Published
2004

47. How to design, implement and evaluate organizational interventions for maximum impact: the Sigtuna Principles.

Author

von Thiele Schwarz, Ulrica, Nielsen, Karina, Edwards, Kasper, Hasson, Henna, Ipsen, Christine, Savage, Carl, Simonsen Abildgaard, Johan, Richter, Anne, Lornudd, Caroline, Mazzocato, Pamela, and Reed, Julie E.

Subjects
ORGANIZATIONAL learning, ORGANIZATIONAL goals, KNOWLEDGE transfer, ORGANIZATIONAL research, GROUNDED theory
Abstract

Research on organizational interventions needs to meet the objectives of both researchers and participating organizations. This duality means that real-world impact has to be considered throughout the research process, simultaneously addressing both scientific rigour and practical relevance. This discussion paper aims to offer a set of principles, grounded in knowledge from various disciplines that can guide researchers in designing, implementing, and evaluating organizational interventions. Inspired by Mode 2 knowledge production, the principles were developed through a transdisciplinary, participatory and iterative process where practitioners and academics were invited to develop, refine and validate the principles. The process resulted in 10 principles: 1) Ensure active engagement and participation among key stakeholders; 2) Understand the situation (starting points and objectives); 3) Align the intervention with existing organizational objectives; 4) Explicate the program logic; 5) Prioritize intervention activities based on effort-gain balance; 6) Work with existing practices, processes, and mindsets; 7) Iteratively observe, reflect, and adapt; 8) Develop organizational learning capabilities; 9) Evaluate the interaction between intervention, process, and context; and 10) Transfer knowledge beyond the specific organization. The principles suggest how the design, implementation, and evaluation of organizational interventions can be researched in a way that maximizes both practical and scientific impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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49. Identifying outcome-based indicators and developing a curriculum for a continuing medical education programme on rational prescribing using a modified Delphi process

Author

Vahidi Rezagoli, Savage Carl, Esmaily Hamideh M, Amini Abolghasem, Zarrintan Mohammad, and Wahlstrom Rolf

Subjects
Special aspects of education, LC8-6691, Medicine
Abstract

Abstract Background Continuing medical education (CME) is compulsory for physicians in Iran. Recent studies in Iran show that modifications of CME elements are necessary to improve the effectiveness of the educational programmes. Other studies point to an inappropriate, even irrational drug prescribing. Based on a needs assessment study regarding CME for general physicians in the East Azerbaijan province in Iran, rational prescribing practice was recognized as a high priority issue. Considering different educational methods, outcome-based education has been proposed as a suitable approach for CME. The purpose of the study was to obtain experts' consensus about appropriate educational outcomes of rational prescribing for general physicians in CME and developing curricular contents for this education. Methods The study consisted of two phases: The first phase was conducted using a two-round Delphi consensus process to identify the outcome-based educational indicators regarding rational prescribing for general physicians in primary care (GPs). In the second phase the agreed indicators were submitted to panels of experts for assessment and determination of content for a CME program in the field. Results Twenty one learning outcomes were identified through a modified Delphi process. The indicators were used by the panels of experts and six educational topics were determined for the CME programme and the curricular content of each was defined. The topics were 1) Principles of prescription writing, 2) Adverse drug reactions, 3) Drug interactions, 4) Injections, 5) Antibiotic therapy, and 6) Anti-inflammatory agents therapy. One of the topics was not directly related to any outcome, raising a question about the need for a discussion on constructive alignment. Conclusions Consensus on learning outcomes was achieved and an educational guideline was designed. Before suggesting widespread use in the country the educational package should be tested in the CME context.

Published
2008
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50. Identifying Medieval Coins .

Author

Savage, Carl

Abstract

The Berwick coins of Edward I and II will not be covered by these articles as these coins were produced using local dies and, in most cases, don't correspond to the main Edwardian series. Part 1 will focus on the coinage of Edward I from 1279 until 1301 (classes 1 to 9) and Part 2 will focus on the later Edward I coins and the coinage of Edward II (classes 10 to 15). 44 www.treasurehunting.co.uk June 2021 This is the third article in my English medieval coin identification series, which follows on from the voided Long Cross coinage of Henry III and early issues of Edward I and focuses on the single Long Cross coinages of Edward I and II. The Edwardian coinage can be one of the trickiest of the medieval coinage series to identify and is also the most common type of medieval coin found in the UK. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2021

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