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This study investigated the associations between cultural diversity approaches endorsed by teachers and adolescents' positive and negative intergroup contact in schools. Participants were 984 adolescents (Mage=14.66; 62.7% female; 24.8% ethnic minority) involved in a three-wave longitudinal study between 2019 and 2020. Results highlighted that perceived equal treatment by teachers was related to higher positive and lower negative contact over time. However, perceived support for contact and cooperation and interest of teachers in children's cultural background were not related to either positive or negative contact over time. Importantly, the results were replicated across ethnic minority and majority adolescents. This study provides novel insights into the key role that teachers can play in promoting cultural diversity approaches to facilitate harmonious intergroup interactions in schools.

Given that adolescents from migrant families live within at least two cultural contexts (i.e., the heritage and the destination cultures), they generally must negotiate and construct ethnic and national identities. Accordingly, the present three-wave longitudinal study was designed to identify distinct developmental trajectories of ethnic and national identities among adolescents from migrant families ( n = 244, 56.6% female; Mage = 14.90, SDage = 0.84 at Time 1). Multivariate latent class growth analyses indicated that participants could be classified into one of four groups based on their identity profiles: ethnic-oriented identity, national-oriented identity, dual identity, and marginalized identity. Further, social identification with family and classmates was examined as a predictor of memberships in these distinct identity profiles. Results of multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that greater social identification with family increased the probability of being classified into the ethnic-oriented and dual identity profiles rather than into the marginalized identity profile, whereas greater social identification with classmates increased the likelihood of being classified into either national-oriented or dual identity profiles rather than into the marginalized identity profile. These findings provide novel insights into the roles of families and peers as influential socializing agents during the negotiation of ethnic and national identities among immigrant youth.

The Utrecht-Management of Identity Commitments Scale (U-MICS) is a widely applied identity measure. It is used to assess the identity processes encompassed in the three-factor identity model (commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration of commitment). The purpose of this study was to validate the Serbian version of the U-MICS in an adult population. Participants were 375 (73.3% females) Serbian adults aged from 18 to 65years (M age=33.75, SD age=8.92). They completed the U-MICS along with self-reports of self-esteem and life satisfaction. The results of Confirmatory Factor Analyses indicated that the three-factor model fit the data very well and better than alternative one- and two-factor models. Furthermore, hierarchical levels of measurement invariance (configural, metric, and scalar) in sex and age groups could be established. Finally, convergent validity was demonstrated by showing meaningful associations between identity processes and indicators of psychosocial functioning (i.e., self-esteem and life satisfaction). This study documents the psychometric properties of the Serbian version of the U-MICS in a population of adults.

Friendships have important implications for adolescents' psychological and social adjustment. However, there is still limited evidence on how different same-ethnic and cross-ethnic friendships are formed and regarding their role in refugee adjustment. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine the interplay of parents' and adolescents' same-ethnic and cross-ethnic friendships with adolescents' own psychological and social adjustment among refugee adolescents. Participants were 208 Syrian refugees (71.2% female; Mage = 15.35, SDage = 0.95) in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Findings indicated that refugee parents' same-ethnic and cross-ethnic friendships were positively related to their children's same-ethnic and cross-ethnic friendships. Moreover, parents' same-ethnic friendships were negatively linked with adolescents' social well-being, whereas parents' cross-ethnic friendships were positively related to adolescents' social well-being. Furthermore, adolescents' same-ethnic and cross-ethnic friendships were both positively related to adolescents' social well-being, and cross-ethnic friendships were also positively associated with psychological well-being. These findings suggest that adolescents' cross-ethnic friendships mediated the positive associations of parents' cross-ethnic friendships with adolescents' social and psychological well-being. Overall, our study provides novel insights into the protective roles of diverse friendships for refugee adolescents.

The aim of the present study is to test the factor structure and reliability of the Experience of Close Relationships-Relationship Structures Scale (ECR-RS) mother, father, romantic partner, close friend forms among Turkish adolescents. In order to test the structure validity of the ECR-RS, exploratory factor analysis is performed on a sample of 214 participants in Study 1, and to further investigate the structure validity, confirmatory factor analysis is performed on a second sample of 286 participants in Study 2. Within the scope of the reliability studies of the ECR-RS, internal reliability and test–retest reliability of the Turkish ECR-RS are also tested. The results of the explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, and test–retest reliability scores supported the original two-factor structure (attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety) for all forms of the ECR-RS among Turkish adolescents.

Recent developments in the acculturation literature have emphasized the importance of adopting intergroup perspectives that provide a valuable background for investigating how acculturation orientations (i.e., maintenance of the culture of origin and the adoption of the destination culture) of adolescents from migrant families are embedded in their proximal socialization contexts. Accordingly, we sought to understand the combined effects of the perceived parents' acculturation orientations and classmates' acculturation preferences on adolescents' own acculturation orientations in two independent cultural contexts, namely North-East of Italy (Study I) and South-East of Turkey (Study II). Participants were 269 (53.2% female; Mage = 14.77) and 211 (71.1% female; Mage = 15.37) adolescents from migrant families in Italy and in Turkey, respectively. Findings indicated that adolescents' acculturation orientations were influenced by their perceptions of both parents' acculturation orientations and classmates' acculturation preferences. In addition, the effects of parents' adoption of the destination culture were stronger than the effects of classmates' preferences for adoption of the destination culture in both countries. However, the effects of parents' maintenance of the culture of origin were stronger than the effects of classmates' preferences for maintaining the culture of origin in Turkey, but not in Italy.

With this study, it is aimed to present data about the important effects of losing a spouse among elders, especially to the related areas which provide services for elderly people such as healthcare, nursing and psychological counseling. Three sub-objectives were examined within the scope of the current study, namely, (1) emotional, cognitive, social and physical influences caused by the loss of a spouse in the elderly, (2) coping strategies used by the elders to cope with the loss of a spouse, and (3) the future expectations of elders after loss of a spouse. In the research, phenomenological approach is used from qualitative research methods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten participants (5 males, 5 females) who were were 65 years old or older, have lost their spouses, and were not in the nursing home. The gathered data was analyzed with frequency and categorical analysis. The results of the analysis demonstrated that the loss of a spouse in the elderly can be classified in five main general area namely, “cognitive, emotional, social and physical effects of losing of a spouse”, “methods used to cope with loss of a spouse”, “future expectations of the elders”, “expressions related the loss of a spouse”, and “other expressions”. When the statements on the effects of the losing a spouse were examined, it was seen that “cognitive effects” were the most frequent, and “physical effects” were the least frequent subcategories. Besides, “lifestyle habits” were the most frequent and “receiving psychological support from an expert” was the least frequent subcategories of the second main general category which is called as the coping strategies after loss of a spouse among elders. Lastly, “expectations, plans and objectives” were the oftenest subcategory in the future expectations category of the current study. The findings of the study were discussed in comparison to the relevant information in the field of psychology, and suggestions were provided in the context of guidance and psychological counseling. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file . Ozet Bu calisma ile yaslilik doneminde onemli etkileri olan es kaybi hakkinda ozellikle yaslilara saglik, bakim, psikolojik danisma gibi hizmet veren ilgi gruplarina veri sunulmasi amaclanmistir. Calisma kapsaminda; (1) yaslilarda es kaybetmenin yarattigi duygusal, bilissel, sosyal ve fiziksel etkilerin (2) yaslilarin es kaybiyla bas etmede kullandiklari stratejilerin ve (3) yaslilarda es kaybi sonrasi gelecege iliskin beklentilerin neler oldugu alt amac olarak incelenmistir. Arastirmada nitel arastirma yontemlerinden fenomenolojik yaklasim kullanilmistir. Belirlenen amaclar dogrultusunda 65 yas ve uzeri esini kaybetmis ve bakim evinde olmayan on katilimci (5 erkek, 5 kadin) ile yari yapilandirilmis gorusmeler gerceklestirilmistir. Gorusmelerde toplanan veriler frekans analizi ve kategorisel analiz yontemleri kullanilarak incelenmistir. Yapilan analizler sonucunda “ ya s lilarda e s kaybetmenin bili s sel, sosyal, duygusal ve fiziksel etkileri”, “e s kaybiyla ba s etmede kullanilan stratejiler”, “gelece g e ili s kin beklentiler”, “e s kaybina ili s kin soylemler ” ve “ di g er ifad eler” seklinde siralanan bes genel alan kategorisi olusturulmustur. Yaslilarda es kaybetmenin yarattigi etkilere iliskin ifadeler incelendiginde en sik “ bili s sel etkilerden ” en az ise, “ fiziksel etkilerden ” bahsedildigi gorulmustur. Bununla birlikte yaslilarin es kaybi ve bu kaybin ortaya cikardigi durumlarla bas etmede en sik “ ya s am ali s kanliklari ” en az da “ uzmandan destek alma ” alt alanina iliskin soylemleri oldugu belirlenmistir. Yaslilarin gelecege iliskin beklentilerine yonelik soylemleri incelendiginde en sik “ beklentiler, planlar ve hedefler” alt alanina iliskin ifadelerin yer aldigi gorulmustur. Calismanin bulgulari alan yazindaki bilgilerle karsilastirilarak tartisilmis, bulgular dogrultusunda psikolojik danisma ve rehberlik alaninda yaslilara verilecek hizmetler cercevesinde oneriler sunulmustur.

The first aim of the present study was to test the construct validity of the Turkish version of the Individuation Test for Emerging Adults – Short Form (ITEA-S) in relation to mother and father. Furthermore, we investigated the associations of gender, age, and perceived individuation in relation to mother and father with attachment dimensions in Turkish emerging adults’ romantic relationships. The data was gathered from two independent samples. The first group of participants completed the demographic information form and the ITEA-S, while the second group responded to demographic information form, ITEA-S, and the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R). The results of the first part of the study showed that the Turkish version of the ITEA-S has satisfactory metric characteristics. The hierarchical regression analyses done in the second part of the study indicated that age, gender, and individuation dimensions are important predictors of romantic attachment dimensions. Younger Turkish emerging adults reported more attachment anxiety in their romantic relationships than older emerging adults, and the females reported more attachment avoidance in their romantic relationships than males. Connectedness with mother and self-reliance in relation to both parents were negatively associated with attachment avoidance. Higher perceived maternal intrusiveness, lower connectedness with father and higher fear of disappointing both parents were related to higher attachment anxiety in romantic relationships. © 2017 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Bu çalışmanın amacı, ergenlerin ebeveynleriyle olan ilişkilerine dair deneyimlerini ve görüşlerini incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda altı farklı odak grup tartışması İstanbul ilinde altı lisede yürütülmüştür. Odak grup tartışmalarına yaşları 15 ile 17 arasında değişen, 22 kız 25 erkek olmak üzere toplam 47 öğrenci katılmıştır. Amaçlı örnekleme türlerinden tipik durum örneklemesine dayanarak, katılımcılar odak grup tartışmalarına dâhil edilmişlerdir. Odak grup tartışmalarında yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Görüşmelerde toplanmış olan veriler nitel içerik analizi yoluyla analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan analiz sonucunda ergen-ebeveyn ilişkileri, ebeveynle olumlu ilişkiler ve ebeveynle çatışmalı ilişkiler olmak üzere iki temel kategoride toplanmıştır. Ebeveynle olumlu ilişkiler, ebeveynin anlayışlı, destekleyici yönüne vurgu yaparken, ilişkinin çatışan yönü ise kuralların ebeveyn tarafından konmasıyla ve ebeveynin gence aşırı müdahalesi ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Ayrıca her iki kategori kapsamında da ergenlerin ebeveynleriyle ilişkilerini empatik bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirdikleri görülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda ergen ebeveyn ilişkilerine yönelik olarak ortaya çıkan araştırma bulguları, ergenlik dönemine ilişkin kuramsal bilgiler ve geçmiş araştırma sonuçları ile karşılaştırılarak tartışılmıştır., The aim of the current study is to examine the experiences and thoughts of adolescents’ about their relationships with parents. In accordance with the purpose of the study, six focus group discussions were conducted in six high schools in Istanbul. The participants were 22 girls and 25 boys, totally 47 adolescents. The participants’ ages were between 15 and 17. The participants were determined by typical case sampling of purposeful sampling. A semi structured interview schedule was used to gather the data in the all focus group discussions. The data was analyzed by way of qualitative content analysis. The results of the analysis indicate that adolescent-parent relationships can be classified in two categories namely, positive relationships with parents and conflicting relationships with parents. Positive relationship with parents emphasizes the indulgent and supportive aspects of parents while conflicting relationships with parents indicates high intrusiveness of parents and establishment of rules by parents. Besides, adolescents evaluated their relationships with parents with an empathic perspective in both categories. The findings are discussed within theoretical background about adolescence and results of the previous studies