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Myiasis which is a parasitic disease of humans and vertebrates, is caused by dipterous fly larvae feeding on the host's necrotic or living tissue. Entry of the larvae occurs through skin wounds or mouth, ears, eyes and urogenital tract. The infestation is endemic in some areas and travel-related in other areas. The reported predisposing risk factors for human myiasis include poor hygiene, advanced age, diabetes mellitus, pyschiatric illness, low socio-economic status and homelessness. Psychoda albipennis which can thrive in an environment of a moist bathroom may cause urogenital myiasis in humans. Here, we reported a rare case of urogenital myiasis caused by P. albipennis in a 16 year-old female patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus. In conclusion, urogenital myiasis should be kept in mind in patients who are living in rural areas, having poor hygienic conditions and see worms in their urine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to use the classification criteria suggested by the Acute Kidney Injury Network in order to define the etiology, clinical features, prognostic factors and results of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in pediatric patients and to support the routine application of pediatric-modified RIFLE (pRIFLE) criteria for the classification of AKI. Material and Methods: The patient group comprised 72 patients (42 males, 30 females) of whom 25% were newborns and 75% were children aged >1 month, who were either hospitalized due to a diagnosis of AKI or in whom AKI had developed during hospitalization between May 2008 and July 2010. Results: The median age at the time of AKI was 9.11 months (minimum 0, maximum 216.56 months). The etiology of AKI was dehydration in 30.6%, hypoxia in 19.4%, sepsis in 16.7%, drug-induced in 12.5% and hemolytic uremic syndrome in 9.7%. AKI patients were classified according to the staging system as follows: 15.3% of the patients were in the risk, 25% in the injury, and 59.7% in the failure category. The mortality rate was 26.4%. Male sex, mechanical ventilation, nephrotoxic drugs, hospitalization before the development of AKI, oliguria/anuria and delay in nephrology consultation were found to be associated with increased mortality (p<0.05). Mortality rate was 10.7% for the risk, 31.5% for the injury and 57.8 % for the failure categories. Conclusion: The pRIFLE classification was an effective method in predicting the need for dialysis and hospital mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 5-year-old male patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma developed haemorrhagic cystitisgrade IV due to cyclophosphamide. Intravesical prostaglandin E1was administered safely and successfully. This case demonstrates that intravesical prostaglandin E1 is a safe, easyand effective treatment method in resistant grade IV haemorrhagic cystitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptosporidium spp. is one of the leading causes of parasitic diarrhea. It is the most common parasite in humans all over the world with Giardia. Cryptosporidium is an important cause of chronic diarrhea in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients. Patients with normal immune system may have an asymptomatic course or clinical presentation such as acute watery diarrhea without blood and persistent diarrhea. The severity and duration of the disease may be a reflection of the immune deficiency. Children under two years of age and children with malnutrition may have a risk of prolonged Cryptosporidium spp. infection, even if immunodeficiency work-up is normal, as they may have defects in the natural immune system and lymphocyte functions. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts contaminate water sources, swimming pools, vegetables and fruits because oocysts are partially resistant to chlorination. So it may be problem for public health. Pets, livestock and humans can be carriers of Cryptosporidium spp. Factors such as developmental level of the countries, immune system, nutritional status, living in crowded environments, contact with contaminated water, close contact with animals, working at a hospital and hot and humid climate affect the incidence of Cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium spp. may cause asymptomatic infection, mild diarrheal disease or severe diarrhea with high volume, which may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and fever, following a 1-7 day incubation period. Diarrhea may be acute or chronic, transient, intermittent, or continuous; loss of fluid can be up to 25 L/day in severe diarrhea. Cryptosporidium spp. are mainly located in intestines, but non-intestinal (bile ducts, pancreas, stomach, respiratory system, kidney) involvement may occur in immunocompromised patients. Hepatobiliary system involvement occurs in 10-30% of patients with AIDS; stone-free cholecystitis can lead to sclerosing cholangitis and pancreatitis. Hepatobiliary involvement is not expected in patients without immunodeficiency. In this article, we present a case of Cryptosporodiosis with hepatobiliary system involvement who were admitted to the pediatric emergency clinic with the complaints of severe diarrhea and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in parasitological examination of the stool specimen. Immunodeficiency was not considered with her resume and laboratuary examinations. We would like to emphasize that Cryptosporodium spp. may be the cause of severe acute diarrhea in non-immunocompromised patients and may also involve hepatobiliary system involvement.