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Obesity is a condition characterized by excessive fat accumulation, leading to metabolic syndrome diseases including hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, and hypertension. Efforts to reduce obesity can minimize the risk of the disease. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the antiobesity activity of Sauropus androgynus L. Merr (SA) and Centella asiatica L.Urban (CA) combination in Swiss Webster obese mice model. A total of 36 mice were randomly grouped into six groups, including the control (receiving drug carriers), positive (receiving drug carriers), and standard (receiving orlistat 15.6 mg/kg BW). A total of three groups received a combination of SA & CA with a dosage ratio of SA:CA namely 25:25 mg/kg BW, 25:50 mg/kg BW, and 50:25 mg/kg. All groups except the normal were induced with obesity using a high-fat and high-fructose (HFHF) diet for 28 days. Subsequently, body weight, feed, feces, organ, fat index, as well as serum triglyceride levels, and percent inhibition of lipid peroxidation using malondialdehyde (MDA) absorbance were measured. The results showed that there were significant differences in parameters of body weight, feed, feces, organ, fat index, serum triglyceride level, lipid-peroxidation inhibition, and histology of adipocytes between groups of animals treated with the combination extract compared to the positive control (p<0.05). Therefore, it was concluded that the combination of SA and CA had antiobesity activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sauropus androgynus (S. androgynus) (2n = 4x = 52) is one of the most popular functional leafy vegetables in South and Southeast Asia. With its rich nutritional and pharmaceutical values, it has traditionally had widespread use for dietary and herbal purposes. Here, the genome of S. androgynus was sequenced and assembled, revealing a genome size of 1.55 Gb with 26 pseudo-chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis traced back the divergence of Sauropus from Phyllanthus to approximately 29.67 million years ago (Mya). Genome analysis revealed that S. androgynus polyploidized around 20.51 Mya and shared a γ event about 132.95 Mya. Gene function analysis suggested that the expansion of pathways related to phloem development, lignin biosynthesis, and photosynthesis tended to result in the morphological differences among species within the Phyllanthaceae family, characterized by varying ploidy levels. The high accumulation of ascorbic acid in S. androgynus was attributed to the high expression of genes associated with the L-galactose pathway and recycling pathway. Moreover, the expanded gene families of S. androgynus exhibited multiple biochemical pathways associated with its comprehensive pharmacological activity, geographic adaptation and distinctive pleasurable flavor. Altogether, our findings represent a crucial genomic asset for S. androgynus, casting light on the intricate ploidy within the Phyllanthaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humic acids (HA) are a popular soil additive to reduce metal availability, but they have the drawbacks of reduced effectiveness over time and a significant reduction in soil pH. An alkaline humic acid fertilizer (AHAF) combining alkaline additives with HA was developed to overcome such drawbacks. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different AHAF application rates on the physicochemical properties, bioavailability, accumulation, and translocation of Cd and Zn heavy metals in Sauropus androgynus grown in acidic soil. Based on our results, the 100AF (100% AHAF) treatment significantly increased soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and organic matter content (OM) after one year of application. Compared with the control treatment (CK), the application of different rates of AHAF resulted in a 37.1–40.3% decrease in soil exchangeable Cd fractions (Exc-Cd) and an increase in the humic acid-bound Cd fractions (HA-Cd) Fe- and Mn-oxide-bound Cd fractions (OX-Cd), and organic matter-bound Cd fractions (OM-Cd) by 9.5–64.6%, 24.8–45.1%, and 158.8–191.2%, respectively (P Stems > Branches > Roots > Edible branches; (Zn) Roots > Stems > Leaves > Branches > Edible branches. The transfer factors (TFs) of Cd and Zn in S. androgynus were classified as follows: TF2 > TF1 > TF3 > TF4. Thus, S. androgynus stems, and roots had a strong ability to transport Cd and Zn to the leaves. Compared with CK, the 100AF treatment significantly increased the BCFs for Zn in all plant parts (except BCFedible branches). In contrast, it significantly decreased all BCFs and TFs for Cd and the TF4 for Zn, effectively reducing Cd and Zn accumulation in the edible branches of S. androgynus. Soil pH, CEC, OM, and HA-M fraction were highly and significantly negatively correlated with Cd and Zn content in edible branches (P

Sauropus androgynus is grown commonly in Vietnam, which has a high content of bioactive substances including chlorophyll, polyphenols, and antioxidant activity. Sauropus androgynus is used as food or a colorant for traditional Vietnamese cakes. Green pigments are employed in various industrial sectors, such as food, drinks, soap, and drug. Chlorophyll can be replaced synthetic green pigments that might be unhealthy. In this study, the effect of chlorophyll extraction efficiency and perceptional green color by extraction condition combinined with physical pretreatment methods was investigated using Sauropus androgynus leave as a model. Fresh raw materials were pre-treated by blanching, freezing and microwave treatment at 55w/g for 3 min and then extracted with 40% (v/v) ethanol solvent. The best chlorophyll recovery efficiency (CRE) from Sauropus androgynus by heat pretreatment methods with and without microwave assistance was 32.035% and 25.784% of chlorophyll content in material; or 1.081 mg/g d. w and 0.862 mg/g d. w of fresh leaves, respectively. The chlorophyll extract is then spray-dried to form a water-dispersible powder. Chlorophyll extracted with microwave-assisted pretreatment having high CRE that has potential applications in food production, but green color is not much more favorable than the non-microwave assisted sample.

Sauropus androgynus is a precious medicinal herb containing a lot of chlorophyll, used to create a characteristic green color for food products. In this study, chlorophyll was extracted from S. androgynus by stirring fresh grinded leaves at 500 rpm at room temperature for 25 min with a solvent of 40% ethanol and added different salts, such as NaCl, Na2CO3, ZnSO4 to compare stability over time. In parallel with this experiment, S. androgynus blanched with 1% NaCl solvent was added with distinct metal salts to compare the effect of blanching solvent on chlorophyll pigment content and stability. The results showed that under normal extraction conditions at room temperature within 25 min with the addition of 1% of Na2CO3 salt based on the dry matter of materials, the chlorophyll content reached the highest value of 1.351 ± 0.032 mg/g dry matter (d.m.). Samples are sealed, protected from light, and stored at room temperature for 54 days and 124 days at 4 °C, toward the application of food color.

Objectives: The use of dried star gooseberry leaf extract (DSGLE) in rations and its effects on the egg internal quality of local ducks were examined. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 9-month-old local ducks weighing 1,406.25 ± 211.32 gm were randomly allocated into 5 treatments and 5 replicates in a completely randomized design. The birds were reared in 25 battery cages (4 birds each) and fed rations containing 0, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% DSGLE. Results: Eggs of ducks fed DSGLE had significantly lower saturated fatty acid (SFA) (30.66%-32.53%) than those of control ducks (36.23%). Egg polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased from 2.29% (control) to 2.61% (2.0% DSGLE) and 2.76% (1.5% DSGLE), while egg monounsatu- rated fatty acid (MUFA) contents were not significantly different. The fatty acids of the whole edible part of eggs (albumen + yolk) were composed mainly of MUFA (40.19%-44.34%), followed by SFA (30.66%-36.22%), and PUFA (2.29%-2.76%). Malondialdehyde contents were reduced from 6.07 to 4.92 µg/gm (19%) in egg yolk and from 1.50 to 0.62 µg/gm (59%) in egg white, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values of the eggs were reduced from 0.93 to 1.65 (77%). The egg cholesterol level of ducks fed 2% DSGLE (21.94 mg/gm) was about 28.5% lower than that of eggs from control ducks (30.67 mg/gm) of eggs of control ducks. The egg white and egg yolk protein contents (12.31% and 16.35%) of treated ducks were lower than those in the control group (13.58% and 17.47%). Conclusion: The inclusion of SGLE in rations could be used to produce healthy duck eggs with no oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sauropus androgynus (S. androgynus) (2n = 4x = 52) is one of the most popular functional leafy vegetables in South and Southeast Asia. With its rich nutritional and pharmaceutical values, it has traditionally had widespread use for dietary and herbal purposes. Here, the genome of S. androgynus was sequenced and assembled, revealing a genome size of 1.55 Gb with 26 pseudo-chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis traced back the divergence of Sauropus from Phyllanthus to approximately 29.67 million years ago (Mya). Genome analysis revealed that S. androgynus polyploidized around 20.51 Mya and shared a γ event about 132.95 Mya. Gene function analysis suggested that the expansion of pathways related to phloem development, lignin biosynthesis, and photosynthesis tended to result in the morphological differences among species within the Phyllanthaceae family, characterized by varying ploidy levels. The high accumulation of ascorbic acid in S. androgynus was attributed to the high expression of genes associated with the L-galactose pathway and recycling pathway. Moreover, the expanded gene families of S. androgynus exhibited multiple biochemical pathways associated with its comprehensive pharmacological activity, geographic adaptation and distinctive pleasurable flavor. Altogether, our findings represent a crucial genomic asset for S. androgynus, casting light on the intricate ploidy within the Phyllanthaceae family.

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of Sauropus androgynus leaves extracted at different methods on performance and carcass quality in broiler chickens. One hundred and eighty broilers aged 20 days were divided into six groups as follows: Broilers were fed a diet containing 5 g commercial feed supplement /kg as the control (P0); Broilers were fed a diet containing 2.5 g commercial feed supplement /kg plus 2.5 g Sauropus androgynus leaf (SAL) extracted at a 90oC/kg (P1); Broilers were fed diet containing 5 g SAL extracted at a 5°C/kg (P2); Broilers were fed diet containing 5 g SAL extracted at a 30°C/kg (P3); Broilers were fed diet containing 5 g SAL extracted at a 60oC/kg (P4); Broilers were fed diet containing 5 g SAL extracted at a 90°C/kg (P5). Sauropus androgynus leaves extracted at different methods significantly (P0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of Sauropus androgynus extracted at 30oC could replace 100% commercial feed supplement. Supplementation of Sauropus androgynus leaf extracted at 60oC or 90°C reduced meat cholesterol. In addition, this extract inclusion resulted in higher meat protein content as compared with the control.

Abstract Various plants form the basis of multiple traditional ethnic cuisines and ethnomedicinal practices across the globe. The ethnic cuisines cater to the nutritional, dietary and medicinal requirements of the tribal and rural communities even today. Using literature from various scholarly databases, this study was conducted to consolidate a comprehensive review on the use of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. in various traditional ethnic cuisines and ethnomedicinal preparations across the globe. The survey shows that it is used in multiple ethnic cuisines and is variously known in different countries and among the communities. Further, it possesses multiple nutritional and ethnomedicinal properties. Considering its importance in ethnic foods and ethnomedicinal preparations, it is important to investigate the nutritional composition, phytochemical constitution and pharmacological basis of ethnomedicinal uses. Therefore, we further compiled this information and found that it is a rich source of both micro- and macronutrients and packed with several bioactive compounds. Survey of pharmacological studies on its traditional medicinal uses supports its ethnomedicinal properties. Despite its importance in traditional food and ethnomedicinal systems, it remains underexplored. Limited information on the toxicity of its various extracts shows that further studies should be conducted to understand its safety aspects. Further clinical studies to prospect possible drug candidates from it should be attempted.

Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. (Phyllanthaceae) is a green vegetable. It is rich in natural antioxidant compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids. The pre-extraction preparation can affect the results of extracting compounds from natural materials. This study aims to determine the effect of pre-extraction procedures, including sample form (fresh/dried), drying process (oven-drying/indirect sunlight-drying/air-drying), and particle size (ground/powdered) on total phenolic and flavonoid levels of ethanolic extracts of S. androgynus leaves and their antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals. S. androgynus leaves were extracted using the cold maceration method. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were determined by the colorimetric method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Antioxidant activity was measured based on the ability of the extracts to reduce DPPH free radicals. The results showed that the pre-extraction preparation influenced the antioxidant components obtained in S. androgynus leaves. According to sample form, fresh leaves contained a higher phenolics and flavonoids (33.66 mg GAE/g and 11.61 mg QE/g, respectively) than dried leaves. Whereas according to particle size, powdered dried leaves have higher phenolics and flavonoids content (45.12 mg GAE/g and 12.54 mg QE/g, respectively) than ground dried leaves. The leaves drying method that produced the highest phenolic content was oven-drying (47.08 mg GAE/g), while the one with the highest flavonoid content was air-drying (8.87 mg QE/g). All extracts had IC50 values against DPPH radicals around 85.71-93.91 ppm. Pre-extraction preparation in optimum condition makes the extraction process more efficient and effective in obtaining the target compounds with antioxidant activities.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Sauropus androgynus leaf extract (SALE), lemuru fish oil and vitamin E supplementation on performance, carcass quality, and amino acid composition of broiler meat. One hundred and ninety-five broilers aged 21 days were distributed into 13 groups as follows: broilers were fed diet with 0.5% commercial supplement feed (P0), 10 g/kg SALE plus 1% lemuru fish oil (LFO) (P1), 10 g SALE/kg and LFO 1% plus 60 mg vitamin E (P2), 10 g SALE/kg and LFO 2% (P3), 10 g SALE/kg and LFO 2% plus 60 mg vitamin E (P4), 10 g SALE/kg and LFO 3% (P5), 10 g SALE/kg and LFO 3% plus 60 mg vitamin E (P6), 18 g SALE/kg and LFO 1% (P7), 18 SALE g/kg and LFO 1 % plus 60 mg vitamin E (P8), 18 g SALE/kg and FLO 2% (P9), 18 SALE g/kg and FLO 2% plus vitamin E (P10), 18 g SALE/kg and LFO 3% (P11 ), and 18 g SALE/kg and LFO 3% plus 60 mg vitamin E. The variables measured were performance, carcass quality, organoleptic properties, protein and amino acid composition of meats. The experimental results showed that the treatment had no significant effect (P 0.05) on body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, carcass weight, meat color, meat odor, meat taste, and cooking losses. However, the treatment had a significant effect (P 0.05) on carcass color, spleen weight, and protein content. In addition, the treatment also changes the amino acid composition of the meat. In conclusion, supplementation of 18 g SALE/kg diet, 3% LFO plus vitamin E resulted in meat with the highest protein and amino acid content. (Pengaruh ekstrak daun katuk, minyak ikan plus vitamin E terhadap performa, kualitas karkas, dan komposisi asam amino pada broiler) ABSTRAK. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh suplementasi ekstrak daun katuk (EDK), minyak ikan lemuru, dan vitamin E terhadap performa, kualitas karkas, dan komposisi asam amino daging broiler. Seratus sembilan puluh lima ekor broiler umur 21 hari didistribusikan ke dalam 13 kelompok sebagai berikut: broiler diberi pakan mengandung 0,5% pakan imbuhan komersial (P0), 10 g/kg EDK plus 1% minyak lemuru (MIL) (P1), EDK 10 g/kg dan MIL 1% plus 60 mg vitamin E (P2), EDK 10 g/kg dan MIL 2% (P3), EDK 10 g/kg dan MIL 2% plus 60 mg vitamin E (P4), EDK 10 g/kg dan MIL 3% (P5), EDK 10 g/kg dan MIL 3% plus 60 mg vitamin E (P6), EDK 18 g/kg dan MIL 1% (P7), EDK 18 g/kg dan MIL 1% plus 60 mg vitamin E (P8), EDK 18 g/kg dan MIL 2% (P9), EDK 18 g/kg dan MIL 2% plus vitamin E (P10), EDK 18 g/kg dan MIL 3% (P11), dan EDK 18 g/kg dan MIL 3% plus 60 mg vitamin E. Variabel yang diukur adalah performa, kualitas karkas, dan sifat organoleptik, protein dan komposisi asam amino daging. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan berpengaruh tidak nyata (P0,05) terhadap berat badan, konsumsi pakan, konversi pakan, berat karkas, warna daging, bau daging, rasa daging, dan susut masak. Akan tetapi perlakuan berpengaruh nyata (P0,05) terhadap warna karkas, berat limfa, kadar protein. Selain itu, perlakuan juga mengubah komposisi asam amino daging. Kesimpulannya, suplementasi 18 g EDK/kg pakan, 3% MIL plus vitamin E menghasilkan daging dengan kandungan protein dan asam amino tertinggi.

The current research work focuses on the identification of cardioprotective effect of the ethanolic extract of Sauropus androgynus (EESA) leaves. Sauropus androgynus leaves are being utilized in folk and ayurvedic medicines in India to treat cardiovascular diseases like myocardial infraction, atherosclerosis, and venous thrombosis. However, the cardioprotective effects associated with the leaf extract of this plant has not yet been established. Methods: The identification of cardioprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of Sauropus androgynus (EESA) leaves was performed using in vitro and in vivo models. The cell culture studies were performed using cardio myoblast cells (H9C2) and in vivo cardioprotective effects of EESA was assessed in albino wistar rats employing isoproterenol (ISO) as cardiotoxic agent. The animals were divided into six treatment groups and myocardial infraction was induced at 14th day followed by the treatment with therapeutic doses of EESA (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) for next two days. Various biochemical and histopathological parameters were evaluated in animals kept under control and treatment groups. Results: The in vitro cell line studies revealed a positive impact on H9C2 cells. The ethanolic extract of Sauropus androgynus depicted low toxicity on cardiomyoblast cells and significant proliferation was observed after treatment. The results from animal studies have shown 1.7 times reduction in serum LDH (151.9 ± 1.302) and CPK (237.6 ± 5.781) levels with EESA treated groups compared to toxic control. EESA also significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme levels, which are responsible for cardioprotective effects in animals. Conclusion: This research study reveals that EESA possess antioxidant activity and also provides a protective role against myocardial infarction induced by ISO. We conclude that EESA could be a potential candidate to prevent and treat cardiotoxic consequences of high catecholamine levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Escherichia coli infection produces an adverse effect on the erythrocyte lineage and hormone levels during pregnancy. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Elephantopus scaber (ES) and Sauropus androgynus (SA) in combination on circulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and erythropoiesis changes in E. coli-infected pregnant mice. Materials and Methods: Female Balb/c mice were mated with normal male mice and pregnancies were identified by the formation of vaginal plugs. Twenty-eight pregnant mice were divided randomly into seven groups: A control group (N), E. coli-infected pregnant mice (K+), and infected pregnant mice received the following five treatments: (1) Only ES; (2) ESSA1 (75:25); (3) ESSA2 (50:50); (4) ESSA3 (25:75); and (5) only SA, beginning from the 1st to the 16th day of pregnancy. Pregnant mice were infected with 107 CFU/mL of E. coli on day 4. Blood serum was collected on days 8, 12, and 16 of pregnancy and LH and FSH levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone marrow was isolated to determine the relative number of TER-119+VLA4+ and TER-119+CD34+ using flow cytometry. Results: The ESSA1 and SA groups exhibited a marked increase in LH levels. The combination of ES and SA administered at a 25:75 ratio (ESSA3) altered FSH levels and the relative number of TER-119+VLA4+ in infected pregnant mice. Combined with SA at an equal ratio (50:50), ESSA2 group exhibited a significant increase in the expression of TER119+CD34+ compared with the other treatment groups. Conclusion: ES and SA combined at a ratio of 25:75 exhibited optimal results in altering hormonal and erythropoiesis in infected pregnant mice.

Various plants form the basis of multiple traditional ethnic cuisines and ethnomedicinal practices across the globe. The ethnic cuisines cater to the nutritional, dietary and medicinal requirements of the tribal and rural communities even today. Using literature from various scholarly databases, this study was conducted to consolidate a comprehensive review on the use of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. in various traditional ethnic cuisines and ethnomedicinal preparations across the globe. The survey shows that it is used in multiple ethnic cuisines and is variously known in different countries and among the communities. Further, it possesses multiple nutritional and ethnomedicinal properties. Considering its importance in ethnic foods and ethnomedicinal preparations, it is important to investigate the nutritional composition, phytochemical constitution and pharmacological basis of ethnomedicinal uses. Therefore, we further compiled this information and found that it is a rich source of both micro- and macronutrients and packed with several bioactive compounds. Survey of pharmacological studies on its traditional medicinal uses supports its ethnomedicinal properties. Despite its importance in traditional food and ethnomedicinal systems, it remains underexplored. Limited information on the toxicity of its various extracts shows that further studies should be conducted to understand its safety aspects. Further clinical studies to prospect possible drug candidates from it should be attempted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sauropus androgynus and Solanum torvum are known to possess antioxidant, anti-cancerous, anti-fungal and antiseptic properties. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of ethanol extracts of Sauropus androgynus leaves and Solanum torvum fruit in prevention of biofilm formation by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The study also assessed the presence of bioactive compounds and their ability to modify the cell surface hydrophobicity of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. In this study, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from tertiary care hospitals in Coimbatore were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing and biofilm formation. Among the 20 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates, all were found to be 100 % sensitive to vancomycin and 100 % resistant to cotrimoxazole and tetracycline. Two methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates were observed to be strong biofilm producers confirmed by microtiter plate method and only one methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate was used for further studies. Phytochemical screening of plant materials was carried out to identify the bioactive compounds potentially responsible for the biological properties. Among the plant extracts tested, extracts of Sauropus androgynus leaves showed a maximum zone of inhibition (18 mm), whereas the zone of inhibition exhibited by Solanum torvum fruit extracts was 16 mm at 200 µg/ml against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration testing of extracts of Sauropus androgynus leaves and Solanum torvum fruit were also carried out against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, in which each extract at a concentration of 5 mg/ml was found to inhibit methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus growth and biofilm formation via the microtiter plate method. Moreover, there was an increase in cell surface hydrophobicity of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm from 33.96 to 61.90 % at 150 µg/ml of extracts of Sauropus androgynus leaves, while Solanum torvum fruit extracts showed 46.80 % hydrophobicity. Similarly, anti-adhesive activity was found to be higher in extracts of Sauropus androgynus leaves (0.008) when compared to Solanum torvum fruit extracts (0.016) at 50 µg/ml. The current study reports for the first time the efficacy of Sauropus androgynus and Solanum torvum extracts as a promising source of anti-biofilm agents, especially against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The massive utilization of antibiotics has increased resistant genes produced by bacteria. Many bacteria, including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), have become resistant against ampicillin (AMP). The combination of an herbal extract with AMP is expected to generate synergistic effects and may restore the susceptibility of MRSA against AMP. This study aimed to analyze the potency of Sauropus androgynous extract (SAE) as a single extract and combination with AMP against MRSA. Materials and Methods: Sauropus androgynous was extracted using 60% ethanol. SAE biochemical compounds were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. SAE, AMP, and SAE+AMP were tested against MRSA isolates to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and fractional inhibitory concentration. The inhibition of penicillin-binding proteins 2a (PBP2a) was analyzed using a latex agglutination test. Further, the disruptive membrane effects of SAE, AMP, and SAE+AMP were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The analysis of data was conducted using SPSS version 16 with p=0.01. Results: SAE contained bioactive compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids. Further, 2 mg/mL of SAE could be used as the potential concentration against MRSA isolates in vitro. In addition, the utilization of SAE+AMP generated synergistic effects, restored the susceptibility of isolates against AMP, decreased the synthesis of PBP2a by the MRSA, and induced ultrastructural changes in the bacterial membrane. Conclusion: This study indicated that the utilization of SAE potentially inhibits the growth of MRSA through decreasing of PBP2a expression, disruption of the MRSA membrane, while the combination of SAE+AMP showed synergistic effects against MRSA.

Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. or katuk is one of the medicinal plants broadly used in Indonesia as it has active compounds that can, among others, stimulate reproductive hormones. This study was aimed to determine which active fraction of S. androgynus leaves that have the potential to improve the sperm quality of male rats based on three parameters, namely sperm count, viability, and motility. It employed fractionation using the liquid-liquid technique with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water solvents to obtain the fractions. Twenty-four mature Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into four equal groups: the normal group (untreated group) received 0.5% Na-CMC suspense, and the three fraction groups were given the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fraction p.o., respectively, at the dose of 11.85 mg.Kg-1 BW daily for seven days. Sperm count, viability, and motility were measured on Day 8 (after treatment) from the sperm samples collected at the cauda epididymis of the sacrificed test rats. The results showed that compared with the normal group, the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions significantly increased the three parameters (p

Background and Aim: One of the complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic ulcer. Diabetic ulcer is commonly infected by infectious agents, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of alcoholic extracts of Aloe vera, Apium graveolens, and Sauropus androgynus on promoting wound healing in a diabetic wound infected with MRSA. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 months old, weighing 250-300 g) were injected with 65 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin to induce diabetes. On day 7, the backs of the rats were shaved, and two circular wounds (4 mm in diameter) were created on their back, which were infected with MRSA. The rats were divided into six groups: Group I = control, Group II = treated with cream base without extract, Group III = treated with 2% A. vera cream, Group IV = treated with 2% A. graveolens cream, Group V = treated with 2% S. androgynus cream, and Group VI = treated with 2% A. vera + 2% A. graveolens + 2% S. androgynus cream. The wounds were treated twice a day for 14 days. The data were collected on days 7 and 14. Results: The results showed that all three herbal extracts and their combination decreased wound area and percentage of the wound, increased tensile strength of skin, collagen deposition, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and skin thickness, and depressed the C-reactive protein profile and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Conclusion: A. vera, A. graveolens, and S. androgynus creams can be used as herbal therapies against diabetic wounds infected with MRSA, both as a single and combination treatment.

A factorial design was used to analyzethe influenceofSauropus androgynusleaf extract (SALE) and turmeric powder (TP) on fat deposition in broilers fed high-fat diet. The first factor was the source of fat (6% beef fat and 6% palm oil), and the second factor was SALE plus TP [0 g SALE plus 0 g TP (G1), 9 g SALE plus 0.5 g TP (G2), 18 g SALE plus 0.5 g TP (G3), 9 g SALE plus 1 g TP (G4), 18 g SALE plus 1 g TP (G5)]. SALE plus TP affected cholesterol,lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid contents (p

Background and Aim: Escherichia coli infection produces an adverse effect on the erythrocyte lineage and hormone levels during pregnancy. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Elephantopus scaber (ES) and Sauropus androgynus (SA) in combination on circulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and erythropoiesis changes in E. coli-infected pregnant mice. Materials and Methods: Female Balb/c mice were mated with normal male mice and pregnancies were identified by the formation of vaginal plugs. Twenty-eight pregnant mice were divided randomly into seven groups: A control group (N), E. coli-infected pregnant mice (K+), and infected pregnant mice received the following five treatments: (1) Only ES; (2) ESSA1 (75:25); (3) ESSA2 (50:50); (4) ESSA3 (25:75); and (5) only SA, beginning from the 1st to the 16th day of pregnancy. Pregnant mice were infected with 107 CFU/mL of E. coli on day 4. Blood serum was collected on days 8, 12, and 16 of pregnancy and LH and FSH levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone marrow was isolated to determine the relative number of TER-119+VLA4+ and TER-119+CD34+ using flow cytometry. Results: The ESSA1 and SA groups exhibited a marked increase in LH levels. The combination of ES and SA administered at a 25:75 ratio (ESSA3) altered FSH levels and the relative number of TER-119+VLA4+ in infected pregnant mice. Combined with SA at an equal ratio (50:50), ESSA2 group exhibited a significant increase in the expression of TER119+CD34+ compared with the other treatment groups. Conclusion: ES and SA combined at a ratio of 25:75 exhibited optimal results in altering hormonal and erythropoiesis in infected pregnant mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A factorial design was used to analyze the influence of Sauropus androgynus leaf extract (SALE) and turmeric powder (TP) on fat deposition in broilers fed high-fat diet. The first factor was the source of fat (6% beef fat and 6% palm oil), and the second factor was SALE plus TP [0 g SALE plus 0 g TP (G1), 9 g SALE plus 0.5 g TP (G2), 18 g SALE plus 0.5 g TP (G3), 9 g SALE plus 1 g TP (G4), 18 g SALE plus 1 g TP (G5)]. SALE plus TP affected cholesterol, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid contents (p<0.01). Fat sources affected fat, cholesterol, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (p<0.01). There was a significant interaction between the two factors on fat, cholesterol, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid contents. In conclusion, 18 g SALE plus 1 g TP supplementation to high-fat diet resulted in lower stearic acid, but it resulted in higher eicosapentaenoic acid. Supplementation of SALE plus TP to a high-fat diet lowered cholesterol content and changed fatty acids composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humic acids (HA) are a popular soil additive to reduce metal availability, but they have the drawbacks of reduced effectiveness over time and a significant reduction in soil pH. An alkaline humic acid fertilizer (AHAF) combining alkaline additives with HA was developed to overcome such drawbacks. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different AHAF application rates on the physicochemical properties, bioavailability, accumulation, and translocation of Cd and Zn heavy metals in Sauropus androgynus grown in acidic soil. Based on our results, the 100AF (100% AHAF) treatment significantly increased soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and organic matter content (OM) after one year of application. Compared with the control treatment (CK), the application of different rates of AHAF resulted in a 37.1–40.3% decrease in soil exchangeable Cd fractions (Exc-Cd) and an increase in the humic acid-bound Cd fractions (HA-Cd) Fe- and Mn-oxide-bound Cd fractions (OX-Cd), and organic matter-bound Cd fractions (OM-Cd) by 9.5–64.6%, 24.8–45.1%, and 158.8–191.2%, respectively (P < 0.05). The different AHAF treatments decreased the Res-Zn, Exc-Zn, and OM-Zn fractions by 69.6–73.0%, 7.4–23.9%, and 18.1–23.2%, respectively (P < 0.05), and increased the HA-Zn fraction by 8.4–28.1%. In the control treatment, the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for Cd and Zn in different S. androgynus plant organs were in the following order: (Cd) Leaves > Stems > Branches > Roots > Edible branches; (Zn) Roots > Stems > Leaves > Branches > Edible branches. The transfer factors (TFs) of Cd and Zn in S. androgynus were classified as follows: TF2 > TF1 > TF3 > TF4. Thus, S. androgynus stems, and roots had a strong ability to transport Cd and Zn to the leaves. Compared with CK, the 100AF treatment significantly increased the BCFs for Zn in all plant parts (except BCF edible branches). In contrast, it significantly decreased all BCFs and TFs for Cd and the TF4 for Zn, effectively reducing Cd and Zn accumulation in the edible branches of S. androgynus. Soil pH, CEC, OM, and HA-M fraction were highly and significantly negatively correlated with Cd and Zn content in edible branches (P < 0.001). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the soil HA-M fraction was the key contributing factor for Zn accumulation and translocation in S. androgynus. Moreover, based on our findings, the absorption, uptake, and translocation of Cd and Zn were mainly determined by metal speciation and the pH in the soil. Moreover, the competitive antagonistic mechanisms between Zn and Cd absorption also affected their accumulation in S. androgynus. Thus, AHAF can be used as a soil amendment to sustainably improve acidic soils and effectively reduce Cd and Zn accumulation in edible branches of S. androgynus. • AHAF raised pH and HA-metal fraction and decreased Cd and Zn availability in soils. • AHAF decreased the accumulation of Cd and Zn in edible branches of S. androgynus. • AHAF restrained the translocation of Cd and Zn from roots to edible branches. • Cd was shown to be competitive in Zn uptake by S. androgynus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA sequence analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was exploited for its applications in the authentication of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. as raw-material herbal medicine and supplement. Leaf samples from 12 different geographic locations in Indonesia were collected. Twelve DNA sequences from the samples were analysed. The sequences were trimmed before sequence alignment. The sequences ranged from 626 to 664 bp in length after trimming. Based on the multiple sequence alignment, a phylogenetic tree was generated using the MrBayes program. It consisted of two groups: one group comprised sequences from Trawas and the other one comprised sequences from Batu, Trawas and Surabaya. These results strongly suggest that ITS sequence analysis is a valuable tool for distinguishing intraspecific differences among S. androgynus cultivars from Indonesia.

Sauropus androgynus ( S. androgynus ) (2 n = 4 x = 52) is one of the most popular functional leafy vegetables in South and Southeast Asia. With its rich nutritional and pharmaceutical values, it has traditionally had widespread use for dietary and herbal purposes. Here, the genome of S. androgynus was sequenced and assembled, revealing a genome size of 1.55 Gb with 26 pseudo-chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis traced back the divergence of Sauropus from Phyllanthus to approximately 29.67 million years ago (Mya). Genome analysis revealed that S. androgynus polyploidized around 20.51 Mya and shared a γ event about 132.95 Mya. Gene function analysis suggested that the expansion of pathways related to phloem development, lignin biosynthesis, and photosynthesis tended to result in the morphological differences among species within the Phyllanthaceae family, characterized by varying ploidy levels. The high accumulation of ascorbic acid in S. androgynus was attributed to the high expression of genes associated with the L-galactose pathway and recycling pathway. Moreover, the expanded gene families of S. androgynus exhibited multiple biochemical pathways associated with its comprehensive pharmacological activity, geographic adaptation and distinctive pleasurable flavor. Altogether, our findings represent a crucial genomic asset for S. androgynus , casting light on the intricate ploidy within the Phyllanthaceae family.

The leaves of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. have been traditionally used in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia as food and herbal product for various medicinal purposes. It is worth noting that different concentrations of metabolites in herbal medicine, cultivated in several different geographic locations, may result in different therapeutic effects. The present study was aimed to identify the metabolic profiles of S. androgynus extracts. This is the first report on metabolomic study of S. androgynus leaf extracts from six different geographic locations. S. androgynus leaf extracts from twelve samples were subjected to study the metabolic fingerprinting using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) method. S. androgynus data from various locations were grouped and classified by Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis, respectively. The samples from Purwosari alone was merged into one group or a cluster and the other samples were merged into the other cluster, while samples from East Surabaya and Trenggalek showed the close relationship in score plot of PCA and in the dendrogram. Metabolic fingerprinting of S. androgynus by GC-MS shows clearly that S. androgynus leaf extracts from several various different geographic locations contain many biologically active compounds in various concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rempah-rempah are endemic spices from Nusantara (Southeast Asia archipelago) that have been used traditionally as food flavoring for centuries. Traditionally, rempah-rempah has been processed in a variety of ways including boiled, fried, distilled, fermented, extracted, and crushed and mixed fresh with other foods. Foods flavored with rempah-rempah are served daily as beverages, hot drinks, snacks, and crackers. Nowadays, the consumption of synthetic ingredients was increased globally, but rempah-rempah was rarely used in food. In traditional medicine, various parts of rempah-rempah have been used in many countries for the treatment of a number of diseases. Unfortunately, information concerning the human health benefits of rempah-rempah is still limited. Therefore, a detailed ethnomedical, phytochemical review of the correlated chemical compounds of rempah-rempah was performed. This review summarizes the most recent research regarding the phytopharmaceutical actions of rempah-rempah like immunomodulatory, antioxidant, analgesic, digestive, carminative, and antibacterial effects, as well as other physiological effects. Modern pharmacological studies and clinical studies performed note that rempah-rempah ameliorates potential disease threats. Such rempah-rempah include ginger (Zingiber officinale), Katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr), andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodicum), antarasa (Litsea cubeba), kecombang (Nicolai speciosa Horan), tapak liman (Elephantropus scaber L.), kedondong laut (Polyscias obtusa), mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia), kapulaga (Amomum cardamomum), lemongrass (Cymbopogon fleuopsus), sirsak (Anona muricata), and kunyit (Curcuma sp.). Due to its nutritional and medicinal values, rempah-rempah can be categorized as a functional food with natural ingredient that provide health benefit for some diseases. The resolution of various issues, such as packaging, canning, preserving, and marketing, is needed for future improvement of rempah-rempah as a traditional Indonesian flavor and functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daun Katuk biasa digunakan sebagai obat tradisional terhadap berbagai macam penyakit termasuk mengobati diare. Kandungan daun Katuk yang diperkirakan berperan sebagai antibakteri adalah saponin, flavonoid dan tannin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek antibakteri dari ekstrak daun Katuk secara in vitro. Metode yang digunakan adalah dilusi tabung yang terdiri dari dua tahap yaitu tahap penentuan Kadar Hambat Minimum (KHM) dan Kadar Bunuh Minimum (KBM). Konsentrasi ekstrak daun Katuk yang digunakan adalah 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% dan 30%, sedangkan konsentrasi S. typhi adalah 106 CFU/ml. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa KHM ekstrak daun Katuk terhadap S. typhi sebesar 25% dan KBM nya sebesar 30%. Uji Anova menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun Katuk secara signifikan menghambat pertumbuhan S. typhi (p = 0.000). Uji korelasi menggunakan regresi menunjukkan terdapat korelasi negatif antara konsentrasi ekstrak daun Katuk dengan jumlah koloni S. typhi (p = 0,000; r = - 0,800). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun Katuk memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap S. Typhi. Semakin tinggi kosentrasi ekstrak daun Katuk, semakin rendah jumlah koloni. Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) leaves is used as a traditional medicine against various diseases include diarrhea. The estimated antibacterial substances of Katuk leaves are saponin, flavonoid and tannin. The aim of this research is to know antibacterial effect of Katuk leaves extract against Salmonella typhi in vitro. Antibacterial effect is determined by tube dilution method, which consists of two steps, namely the determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericide Concentration (MBC). The concentrations of Katuk Leaves extracts are 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. The concentration of S. typhi is 106 CFU/ml. The result shows that MIC and MBC of the Katuk leaves extract are 25% and 30% respectively. Anova test shows that Katuk leaves extract significantly inhibits the growth of S. typhi (p = 0,000). Correlation test by using regression shows that there is a negative correlation between the Katuk leaves extract concentration and the amount of S. typhi colony (p= 0,000; r = - 0,800). The conclusion is that Katuk leaves has antibacterial effect against S. typhi. The higher concentration of Katuk leaf extract, the lower the number of colonies

This study was to evaluate the depolarization of katuk leaves (Katuk-IPB3) as a feed additive for increasing dairy cattle milk yield at the farmer condition. Sixteen selected lactating cattles were divided into 4 groups; 4 cattles in each group. One group as a control, and 3 treated groups, namely P100, P150, and P200. P100, P200, and P300 were designated as cattle group given powder of Katuk-IPB3 as much as 100 g/day, 150 g/day, and 200 g/day, respectively. The treatment was executed in the 10 days before pregnancy up to 2 months lactating periods. Katuk-IPB3 showed significant positive response on the produced milk on all dose levels as compared to the control group, i.e. 35, 40, and 34% increased, respectively. The possible reason is that the nonpolar active compounds in the Katuk-IPB3 play an important role to the hormonal and metabolic action in the lactating mammary gland.

Sauropus androgynus is a medicinal shrub used for the treatment of fever in ethnomedical traditions in various Southeast Asian countries. This study was aimed to identify antiviral principles from S. androgynus against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a major mosquito-borne pathogen that re-emerged in the last decade, and to unravel their mechanism of action. Hydroalcoholic extract of S. androgynus leaves was screened for anti-CHIKV activity using cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. The extract was subjected to activity guided isolation and the resultant pure molecule was characterized by GC-MS, Co-GC and Co-HPTLC. The isolated molecule was further evaluated for its effect by plaque reduction assay, Western blot and immunofluorescence assays. In silico docking with CHIKV envelope proteins and molecular dynamics simulation (MD) analyses were used to elucidate its possible mechanism of action. S. androgynus hydroalcoholic extract showed promising anti-CHIKV activity and its active component, obtained by activity guided isolation, was identified as ethyl palmitate (EP), a fatty acid ester. At 1 μg/mL, EP led to 100% inhibition of CPE and a significant 3 log 10 reduction in CHIKV replication in Vero cells at 48 h post-infection. EP was highly potent with an EC 50 of 0.0019 μg/mL (0.0068 μM) and a very high selectivity index. EP treatment significantly reduced viral protein expression, and time of addition studies revealed that it acts at the stage of viral entry. A strong binding to the viral envelope protein E1 homotrimer during entry, thus preventing viral fusion, was identified as a possible mechanism by which EP imparts its antiviral effect. S. androgynus contains EP as a potent antiviral principle against CHIKV. This justifies the use of the plant against febrile infections, possibly caused by viruses, in various ethnomedical systems. Our results also prompt more studies on fatty acids and their derivatives against viral diseases. [Display omitted] • Sauropus androgynus is a shrub used for the treatment of fever in ethnomedicine. • S. androgynus leaf hydroalcoholic extract showed promising anti-CHIKV activity. • Ethyl palmitate, a fatty acid ester, was isolated by activity guided isolation. • Ethyl palmitate showed potent anti-CHIKV activity with an EC 50 of 0.00194 μg/mL. • The study justifies the ethnomedicinal use of S. androgynus against some fevers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is understood about the clinical course and prognosis of patients with Sauropus androgynus-related obstructive lung disease. The aim of this study was to investigate their clinical manifestations and pulmonary function change 15 years after the acute episode. Methods: A descriptive, observational study of patients with S androgynus-related obstructive lung disease, diagnosed 15 years ago, was conducted. We evaluated their pulmonary function and the Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) dyspnea scale. Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) was also performed. Age- and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)-matched chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients were used as a reference group for comparison of clinical manifestations. Results: Twenty-nine of 49 patients, diagnosed at our hospital 15 years ago, could be contacted. Four patients died and one patient was ventilator-dependent. Sixteen patients were willing to come to our hospital to have pulmonary function and questionnaire evaluation. The FEV1 of these patients declined only 1.6 ± 21.6 mL/year over a 15-year period. Meanwhile, the severity of their dyspnea and their health-related quality of life were better than age- and FEV1-matched COPD patients as shown by the MMRC dyspnea scale (1.4 ± 0.8 vs. 2.0 ± 1.0; p = 0.037) and symptom domain of the SGRQ (32.6 ± 18.4 vs. 43.5 ± 20.3; p = 0.006). Conclusion: After an acute deterioration, patients with S androgynus-related obstructive lung disease had a stationary pulmonary function over a period of 15 years, and their clinical manifestations were less severe than age- and FEV1-matched COPD patients. A further study with a larger sample size may be needed to confirm these findings.

The present study focuses on the use of salicylic acid as a plant growth hormone for the induction of callus in Sauropus androgynus and Artemisia annua plants. Higher induction of callus of 72% in S. androgynus (NAA+BAP+SA at +2.5+2.5 mg/l concentration) and 64% in A. annua (NAA+Kn+SA at 1.0+2.5+2.5 mg/l concentration) were observed when compared to 52% and 51%, respectively in individual supplementation of plant growth regulators. The phytochemical analysis also revealed the presence of maximum phytochemicals in callus extract compared to leaf extracts of S. androgynus and A. annua there by corroborating with the results of callus induction. The methanol extracts of both callus and leaf extracts of S. androgynus and A. annua exhibited antibacterial activity against all the test pathogens viz., S. aureus, B. subtilis, S. typhi and E. coli. A maximum inhibition zone of 20 mm was observed against S. typhi in methanol callus extract of S. androgynus followed by 18 mm inhibition zone against S. aureus with same extract. It was evident from the results both callus and leaf extracts of the selected plants possessed potential antibacterial activity against all the test pathogens with one or the other solvent extracts. The findings provide a new facelift for callus induction using salicylic acid in selected plants and also pave way for identification of novel compounds for drug development from S. androgynus and A. annua. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA sequence analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was exploited for its applications in the authentication ofSauropus androgynus(L.) Merr. as raw-material herbal medicine and supplement. Leaf samples from 12 different geographic locations in Indonesia were collected. Twelve DNA sequences from the samples were analysed. The sequences were trimmed before sequence alignment. The sequences ranged from 626 to 664 bp in length after trimming. Based on the multiple sequence alignment, a phylogenetic tree was generated using the MrBayes program. It consisted of two groups: one group comprised sequences from Trawas and the other one comprised sequences from Batu, Trawas and Surabaya. These results strongly suggest that ITS sequence analysis is a valuable tool for distinguishing intraspecific differences amongS. androgynuscultivars from Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Plant-derived materials are believed as potential nutrient sources to be applied in aquaculture. Although many studies to assess the benefits of plant extracts have been conducted, however effects of dietary katuk (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr.) on growth performances, feeding behavior and water quality of grouper (Epinephelus coioides) are not well known. In this study, 25 grouper juveniles weighing 11.27 ± 2.53 g were reared into 100-L tank (60 x 50 x 35 cm) and cultivated for 70 days. The fish were divided into four groups in triplicate, and were offered diet without katuk extract (control), diet supplemented with 1% katuk extract (SAA); diet supplemented with 2.5% katuk extract (SAB) and diet supplemented with 5.0% katuk extract (SAC) twice daily.Statistical analyses showed that dietary katuk extract caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in growth rate and feed intake. The efficiency of feed was also significant when fish offered dietssupplemented with 1% of katuk extract which indicated by a lower feed conversion ratio. However, no statistical differences were observed on the survival rate, condition factor, viscerosomatic indexand hepatosomatic index. Observation on feeding behavior found that all treated fish consumed compounded diet just after provided into their tank and there were no abnormal behavior or any healthy problems during experimental periods. It demonstrated that application of katuk extract in fish diets is acceptable and can stimulate the fish appetites. In conclusion, our studies indicated that dietary katuk (Sauropus androgynus) extract can be applied in aquaculture to stimulate the growth and improve feed utilization.

The present study was conducted to evaluate effects of supplementation of alkaloid or non alkaloid from Sauropus androgynus leaves on productive performance and the contents of lipid fractions in layer chickens. Forty two layer chickens aged 30 weeks were distributed to seven treatment groups. Each treatment group contained six layer chickens maintained in an individual cage, respectively. The present experiment used completely randomized experimental design. The seven treatment groups were as follows: 1) Control, layer chickens were fed diet without supplementation of alkaloid or non alkaloid extracted from Sauropus androgynus (P0); 2) Layer chickens were fed diet contained 30 mg non alkaloid/kg diet (P1); 3) Layer chickens were fed diet contained 60 mg non alkaloid/kg diet (P2); 4) Layer chickens were fed diet contained 90 mg non alkaloid/kg diet (P3); 5) Layer chickens were fed diet contained 30 mg alkaloid/kg diet (P4); 6) Layer chickens were fed diet contained 60 mg alkaloid/kg diet (P5); 7) Layer chickens were fed diet contained 90 mg alkaloid/kg diet (P6). Layer chickens were fed experimental diet with 2,750 kcal/kg Metabolizable Energy (ME) and 16.0% protein. Diet and drinking water were fed ad libitum. Experimental results showed that supplementation of alkaloid or non alkaloid from Sauropus androgynus leaves significantly affected productive performance in layer chickens. It appear that non alkaloid supplementation had no advantage in improving productive performance, whereas supplementation of 30 mg alkaloid/kg diet might have advantages in improving productive performance as indicated by better egg production and lower feed conversion ratio. Treatment had no effect on glucose and triglyceride concentration in serum, but it affected total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL+VLDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index in serum. Cholesterol concentration in serum was significantly increased in P4 and P6, whereas HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly increased in P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 as compared with the control group. Atherogenic index was significantly lower in P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 as compared with control group. Egg yolk content was significantly lower in P5 as compared with the control group. Fatty liver score was significantly lower in P1, P2, P4, P5 and P6 as compared with the control group. Abdominal fat was significantly lower in P1, P4 and P6 as compared with the control group. Staphylococcus sp. in eggshell was significantly reduced in layer chickens fed diet with 30 mg non alkaloid/kg diet or 90 mg alkaloid/kg diet, whereas Escherichia coli was not reduced by the treatments. In conclusion, both alkaloid and non alkaloid from Sauropus androgynus leaves were effective to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis occurrence. In addition, alkaloid was more effective in lowering egg cholesterol than non alkaloid. Both alkaloid and non alkaloid at a given level of supplementation reduced Staphylococcus sp. in eggshell. (Animal Production 12(3): 184-189 (2010)Key Words: alkaloid, non alkaloid, Sauropus androgynus, atherogenix index, cholesterol

The raw juice of the young sticks and leaves of Sauropus androgynus (SA) has been widely used as a natural food for body weight reduction and vision protection in Taiwan and Southeast Asia. But as has been reported, SA-associated obliterative bronchiolitis can develop after taking SA for more than 3 months. Lung transplantation was carried out in severe cases. Methods: To study the toxic effect, we separated the SA extract into three parts, namely CHCl3, EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions, using polarity dissection. NIH3T3 fibroblasts were treated with the SA fractions 300 μg/mL and subjected to a series of cytotoxic assays. Results: The EtOAc fraction exhibited the strongest effect of cell growth inhibition, followed by the CHCl3 and n-BuOH fractions. Features of condensed chromatin and apoptosis were observed in cells exposed to n-BuOH and EtOAc fractions using fluorescence microscopy. Formation of DNA ladders was also observed in the above cells. Instead, the CHCl3 fraction induced DNA smearing. In bivariate dot plots of annexin V and propidium iodide double staining, necrosis and apoptosis appeared in cells treated with CHCl3 and n-BuOH fractions, respectively, and a mixed type of necrosis and apoptosis appeared in EtOAc fraction-treated cells. Conclusion: Our results indicate that necrosis and apoptosis are involved in the toxic effect of SA in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. More evidence is needed to clarify if necrosis and apoptosis are also related to the pathogenesis of SA-associated obliterative bronchiolitis.

[Objective] A Folin-Ciocalteu method for assaying total polyphenols in Sauropus androgynus was established to provide references for development and utilization of Sauropus androgynus. [Method] Gallic acid was used as a standard, and the determination conditions of Folin-Ciocalteu method including concentration of sodium carbonate solution, concentration of Folin -Ciocalteu regent, reaction temperature and time were studied to determine total polyphenols of Sauropus androgynus, and these determination conditions were optimized. [Result] These optimum conditions for determining total polyphenols of Sauropus androgynus were as follows: 40% Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and 7.5% sodium carbonate solution at 30°C for 2.0 h reaction. The total polyphenols content of Sauropus androgynus was 13.50 mg/100 g. Sauropus androgynus extracts had the highest and stable absorption peak at 760 nm and the linear range of gallic acid standard curve was 0-400 mg/L (R2\0.9996). Stability, precision and repetition was 1.53% , 0.13% and 1.77% by RSD (relative standard deviation) respectively, and the recovery rate was 101.2%. [Conclusion] This method has many advantages such as convenience , high precision, stability and good repetition, hence it can be used for determining the total polyphenols of Sauropus androgynus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of katuk (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr) on growth, non-specific immune and diseases resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus in grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Grouper juveniles (mean weight 10.97 ± 1.99 g, and length 9.67 ± 0.33 cm) were separated into four groups and cultivated in 100-L tank. Each group was fed with diets containing 0, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg herbs diet twice daily. Fish were sampled for non-specific immune parameters at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 30 days. Results showed that fish received S. androgynus at 1.0 and 2.5 g/kg diets affected the growth and non-specific immune responses. Weight gain, specific growth rate, respiratory burst activity, phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species significantly increased in fish administered with 1.0 and 2.5 g/kg S. androgynus diets. The mortality rate after V. alginolyticus challenge decreased in fish fed with 1.0 g/kg S. androgynus extract. Thus, this study indicated that administration of grouper with S. androgynus supplemented diets can affect the growth performances, diseases resistance and enhances non-specific immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Purpose: Little is understood about the clinical course and prognosis of patients with Sauropus androgynus-related obstructive lung disease. The aim of this study was to investigate their clinical manifestations and pulmonary function change 15 years after the acute episode. Methods: A descriptive, observational study of patients with S androgynus-related obstructive lung disease, diagnosed 15 years ago, was conducted. We evaluated their pulmonary function and the Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) dyspnea scale. Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) was also performed. Age- and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)-matched chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients were used as a reference group for comparison of clinical manifestations. Results: Twenty-nine of 49 patients, diagnosed at our hospital 15 years ago, could be contacted. Four patients died and one patient was ventilator-dependent. Sixteen patients were willing to come to our hospital to have pulmonary function and questionnaire evaluation. The FEV1 of these patients declined only 1.6 ± 21.6 mL/year over a 15-year period. Meanwhile, the severity of their dyspnea and their health-related quality of life were better than age- and FEV1-matched COPD patients as shown by the MMRC dyspnea scale (1.4 ± 0.8 vs. 2.0 ± 1.0; p = 0.037) and symptom domain of the SGRQ (32.6 ± 18.4 vs. 43.5 ± 20.3; p = 0.006). Conclusion: After an acute deterioration, patients with S androgynus-related obstructive lung disease had a stationary pulmonary function over a period of 15 years, and their clinical manifestations were less severe than age- and FEV1-matched COPD patients. A further study with a larger sample size may be needed to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been found thatSauropusandrogynushas a strong adaptive capacity in multiple heavy-metal-contaminated soils. Field trials in highly heavy-metal-contaminated soils were conducted to investigate the extraction efficiency of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn byS. androgynus. The yield ofS. androgynuscould reach 10.01 t ha−1, and the amount of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn extracted by the plant was 57.36, 218.57, 2078.11, and 19.64 g ha−1, respectively.S. androgynusremoved 0.35%, 0.01%, 0.03%, and 1.37% of the total soil Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in one growing season, respectively. By comparing the extracting capability and yield with some hyperaccumulators reported in the literature,S. androgynuswas considered to be a highly effective plant to extract heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn). The plant should be useful for phytoextraction of soils contaminated by the heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sauropus androgynusis a well-known Indonesian medicinal herb that is used extensively to increase human breast-milk production. However, many studies have also revealed side effects associated with bronchiolitis obliterans in Taiwan and Japan. The present study evaluated thein vitrotoxic effects ofS. androgynuson human mesenchymal stem cell culture derived from bone marrow (hMSCs-BM). This is the first report of a cytotoxicity assay ofS. androgynusextracts from Indonesia. After 72 hours of incubating cell cultures with varying concentrations of extracts (250–2500 mg L−1), cytotoxicity was assayed by the reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethyl- thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and reported in terms of cell viability. The apoptotic effects of the extract were determined by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) colorimetric assay. TheS. androgynusmethanol extract from East Java, Indonesia, was less cytotoxic to hMSCs-BM with an IC50of 2450 mg L−1, but it could inhibit cell viability via the apoptosis pathway. A sample extract of plants collected near Purwosari had the lowest hMSCs-BM viability percentage (37%), while the extract from plants collected near Surabaya Pusat had a cell viability of 75%. Further studies are required to investigate the metabolites inS. androgynusthat are highly correlated with its toxic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Plant-derived materials are believed as potential nutrient sources to be applied in aquaculture. Although many studies to assess the benefits of plant extracts have been conducted, however effects of dietary katuk (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr.) on growth performances, feeding behavior and water quality of grouper (Epinephelus coioides) are not well known. In this study, 25 grouper juveniles weighing 11.27 ± 2.53 g were reared into 100-L tank (60 x 50 x 35 cm) and cultivated for 70 days. The fish were divided into four groups in triplicate, and were offered diet without katuk extract (control), diet supplemented with 1% katuk extract (SAA); diet supplemented with 2.5% katuk extract (SAB) and diet supplemented with 5.0% katuk extract (SAC) twice daily. Statistical analyses showed that dietary katuk extract caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in growth rate and feed intake. The efficiency of feed was also significant when fish offered diets supplemented with 1% of katuk extract which indicated by a lower feed conversion ratio. However, no statistical differences were observed on the survival rate, condition factor, viscerosomatic index and hepatosomatic index. Observation on feeding behavior found that all treated fish consumed compounded diet just after provided into their tank and there were no abnormal behavior or any healthy problems during experimental periods. It demonstrated that application of katuk extract in fish diets is acceptable and can stimulate the fish appetites. In conclusion, our studies indicated that dietary katuk (Sauropus androgynus) extract can be applied in aquaculture to stimulate the growth and improve feed utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sauropus androgynus (SA) is a vegetable that causes constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) with consequent findings classified into injury, inflammation and fibrosis, according to clinical factors including amount of SA exposure, period of SA exposure, and individual predisposition. We reported mother and daughter SABO autopsy cases with similar clinical course, including 11 month SA exposure and Aspergillosis infection after high dose prednisolone therapy. Their major differences were in the amount of SA exposure (mother: 1440 g, daughter: 2190 g) and the survival period post exposure (mother: 21 months, daughter: 32 months). The histopathological comparison between them showed a statistical difference in the density of foamy macrophage accumulation of moderately obstructed airways, but not in the extent of fibrosis, elastic lamina destruction, or smooth muscle hyperplasia. Foamy macrophages tend to accumulate relatively early in the course of SABO at the site with severe damage, accelerating BO formation for as long as the patient survives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/purpose: The raw juice of the young sticks and leaves of Sauropus androgynus (SA) has been widely used as a natural food for body weight reduction and vision protection in Taiwan and Southeast Asia. But as has been reported, SA-associated obliterative bronchiolitis can develop after taking SA for more than 3 months. Lung transplantation was carried out in severe cases.Methods: To study the toxic effect, we separated the SA extract into three parts, namely CHCl3, EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions, using polarity dissection. NIH3T3 fibroblasts were treated with the SA fractions 300 microg/mL and subjected to a series of cytotoxic assays.Results: The EtOAc fraction exhibited the strongest effect of cell growth inhibition, followed by the CHCl3 and n-BuOH fractions. Features of condensed chromatin and apoptosis were observed in cells exposed to n-BuOH and EtOAc fractions using fluorescence microscopy. Formation of DNA ladders was also observed in the above cells. Instead, the CHCl3 fraction induced DNA smearing. In bivariate dot plots of annexin V and propidium iodide double staining, necrosis and apoptosis appeared in cells treated with CHCl3 and n-BuOH fractions, respectively, and a mixed type of necrosis and apoptosis appeared in EtOAc fraction-treated cells.Conclusion: Our results indicate that necrosis and apoptosis are involved in the toxic effect of SA in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. More evidence is needed to clarify if necrosis and apoptosis are also related to the pathogenesis of SA-associated obliterative bronchiolitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lignan diglycoside, (−)-isolariciresinol 3α-O-β-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-glucopyranoside, and a megastigmane glucoside, sauroposide, were isolated from the aerial part of Sauropus androgynus together with (+)-isolariciresinol 3α-O-β-glucopyranoside, (−)-isolariciresinol 3α-O-β-glucopyranoside, (+)-syringaresinol di-O-β-glucopyranoside, guanosine and corchoionoside C. The structural elucidations were bases on analyses of physical and spectroscopic data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]