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Objective The study aimed to assess the efficacy of formulated wound healing hydrogel based on a hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera seeds. Methods In vitro antioxidant (using DPPH method) and antimicrobial activity (using agar well diffusion method) was studied. Male Swiss albino mice of weight 20- 30g were used. The hydrogel containing 5% and 10% of hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera seeds was used, whereas Povidone-iodine (5%) was used as standard. The wound healing efficacy of formulated hydrogel based on a hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera seeds was studied using excision and incision wound models. Assessments were taken on the 1st, 4th, 6th, 9th, 12th, 13th and 14th day in the excision model and on the 8th day in the incision model. Histopathological assessments were also done to support the study. Results Hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera seeds showed significant scavenging of free radicals showing antioxidant activity. Plant extract showed significant antimicrobial activity using the agar well diffusion method. The formulated hydrogels using the hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera seeds showed significant wound healing activity compared to both control (p Conclusion The study presented here proved the hydrogels formulated using the hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera seeds could be used as an alternative therapy to manage wounds effectively.

Graphical abstract The coronavirus disease-19 has left a permanent mark on the history of the human race. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and from there took over the world. Being highly susceptible to mutations, the virus's numerous variants started to appear, and some were more lethal and infectious than the parent. The effectiveness of the vaccine is also affected severely against the new variant. In this study, the infectious mechanism of the coronavirus is explained with a focus on different variants and their respective mutations, which play a critical role in the increased transmissibility, infectivity, and immune escape of the virus. As India has already faced the second wave of the pandemic, the future outlook on the likeliness of a third wave with respect to the Indian variants such as kappa, delta, and Delta Plus is also discussed. This review article aims to reflect the catastrophe of the variants of SARS-CoV-2 and the possibility of developing even more severe variants in the near future.

Aim: The aim of present investigation is to identify the potential targets for Thymidylate Synthase and Amp-C β-lactamase from non-alkaloidal fractions of Moringa oleifera leaves. Background: Bioactive constituents from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as crude forms, provide vast opportunities for new drug discoveries. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programs, seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products, mainly from edible plants, has grown throughout the world. Moringa oleifera has an impressive range of medicinal uses with high nutritional value. Therefore, this medicinal plant has been used widely in traditional Indian medicine for anti-inflammation, anticancer and antibacterial infections. Objectives: The primary objective is to identify the phytoconstituents present in the maximum proportion in non-alkaloidal fractions of ethanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera. Then, the identified phytoconstituents were used to ensure the potential target molecules for binding affinity towards the target proteins viz. Thymidylate Synthase (1HVY) and Amp-C beta-lactamase (1FSY) by docking analysis. Methods: In present investigation, ethanolic extract of Moringa leaves was prepared and then fractionated on the basis of presence/absence of alkaloids. The antimicrobial activity of different fractions of ethanolic leaf extract was evaluated against various pathogens. Later, after this, bioactive molecules present in the non-alkaloidal fractions of ethanolic leaf extract were accomplished through GC-MS analysis, and finally, the identified phytocompounds were analyzed through docking studies to evaluate their affinity for target proteins viz. Thymidylate Synthase (1HVY) and Amp-C β-lactamase (1FSY). Results: The antimicrobial activity of non-alkaloidal fractions of ethanolic leaf extract was evaluated against various pathogens which exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. Twenty phytocompounds were identified as gas chromatogram of non-alkaloidal fractions (chloroform and ethyl acetate) of leaf extract of M. oleifera; Four most prominent compounds having highest peak area percentage were identified as Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro, (46.45%) 2-Propanone, 1,1,3-trichloro, (13.77%) Heptasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13-tetradecamethyl (17.87%) and 2,4-Dichlorodiphenylsulfone (17.64%). Other notable compounds were 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) (14.06%), Oleic acid, 3- (octadecyloxy)propyl ester (12.41%), Fluoranthene (6.98%), Phenol, 2,4-bis( 1,1-dimethylethyl) (4.16%) and Phthalic acid, butyl nonyl ester (3.47%). Only, five compounds viz. 2,6-Bis(1,1- dimethylethyl)phenol(C1), Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane(C2), Chlorodimethylethylsilane(C3), Fluoranthene(C4) and Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester(C5) showed the maximum interaction with 1HVY with highest docking score of -178.51Kcal/mol, - 231.65Kcal/mol, -129.18Kcal/mol, - 173.10Kcal/mol and -220.78Kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, three compounds viz. Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane( C2), Fluoranthene(C4) and Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester(C5) showed the maximum interaction with 1FSY with highest docking score of -137.23Kcal/mol, -54.34Kcal/mol and -153.84Kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusion: Moringa plant may provide incredible capabilities to develop pharmacological products. The present finding demonstrated that Moringa oleifera is an excellent plant candidate to be used for improving the health of communities.

Phytochemicals are important bioactive components present in natural products. Although the health benefits of many food products are well-known and accepted as a common knowledge, the identity of the main bioactive molecules and the mechanism by which they interact in the body of human are often unknown. It was only in the last 30 years when the field of metabolomics had matured that the identification of such molecules with bioactivity has been made possible through the development of instruments to separate and computational techniques to characterize complex samples. This in turn has enabled

Metronidazole (MNZ) accumulation inhibits municipal wastewater treatment bio-systems, and an effective solution to augment anaerobic activated sludge (AAS) is required. This research discovered that Aspergillus tabacinus LZ-M could degrade 77.39% of MNZ at 5 mg/L. MNZ was metabolized into urea, and the enzymes involved in its degradation were aminotransferase, methyltransferase, monooxygenase, and CN cleavage hydrolase. The strain was immobilized in polyurethane foam and used in AAS for the treatment of MNZ-containing municipal wastewater. The results showed that, using immobilized LZ-M, MNZ was completely removed, and the degradation efficiency of wastewater's chemical oxygen demand (COD) was increased from 11.7% to 83.31%. The extracellular polymer and ROS levels indicated that MNZ's toxicity on AAS was reduced. Furthermore, bioaugmentation stabilized its microbial community, and decreased MNZ resistance genes. These observations confirm that the immobilized fungi are effective in protecting AAS against antibiotic contamination in the treatment process of municipal wastewater.

Infection of fungi with mycoviruses can lead to hypovirulence and control the pathogenicity of fungus causing diseases in crops. In the present study, ten Fusarium isolates with reduced mycelia gro...

Biocathode application in microbial fuel cell has been developed as a sustainable technology for heavy metal reduction. However, most biocathodes require pretreatment with acclimatization inversion. Here, a biocathode MFC based on strain Corynebacterium vitaeruminis LZU47-1 without acclimatization inversion was constructed for hexavalent chromium reduction. The maximum power generation by the biocathode MFC with C. vitaeruminis LZU47-1 increased by 24.5% and 53.4% in inversion and abiotic cathode groups, respectively. Compared with the inversion (72.52%) and abiotic cathode groups (64.75%), the biocathode group achieved a Cr(VI) removal efficiency of 98.63%. Furthermore, electrochemical analysis such as SEM-EDS, XPS and CV test were conducted to elucidate the adsorption-reduction mechanism for Cr(VI) reduction. MiSeq sequencing revealed that Geobacter (51.28%) was enriched on the anode biofilm in the biocathode group than inversion (38.52%) and abiotic cathode groups (31.74%). Therefore, this study provides a convenient and highly effective method for enhancing power output and Cr(VI) reduction in biocathode MFCs.

Copper pollution poses a serious threat to the aquatic environment; however, in situ analytical methods for copper monitoring are still scarce. In the current study, Escherichia coli Rosetta was genetically modified to express OprF and ribB with promoter Pt7 and PcusC, respectively, which could synthesize porin and senses Cu2+ to produce riboflavin. The cell membrane permeability of this engineered strain was increased and its riboflavin production (1.45–3.56 μM) was positively correlated to Cu2+ (0–0.5 mM). The biosynthetic strain was then employed in microbial fuel cell (MFC) based biosensor. Under optimal operating parameters of pH 7.1 and 37°C, the maximum voltage (248, 295, 333, 352, and 407 mV) of the constructed MFC biosensor showed a linear correlation with Cu2+ concentration (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 mM, respectively; R2 = 0.977). The continuous mode testing demonstrated that the MFC biosensor specifically senses Cu2+ with calculated detection limit of 28 μM, which conforms to the common Cu2+ safety standard (32 μM). The results obtained with the developed biosensor system were consistent with the existing analytical methods such as colorimetry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. In conclusion, this MFC-based biosensor overcomes the signal conversion and transmission problems of conventional approaches, providing a fast and economic analytical alternative for in situ monitoring of Cu2+ in water. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC

Background: Geminiviridae is one of the best-characterized and hence, one of the largest plant-virus families with the highest economic importance. Its members characteristically have a circular ssDNA genome within the encapsidation of twinned quasi-icosaheadral virions (18-38 nm size-range). Objective: Construction of a narrative review on geminiviruses, to have a clearer picture of their genomic structure and taxonomic status. Methods: A thorough search was conducted for papers and patents regarding geminiviruses, where relevant information was used to study their genomic organization, diversity and taxonomic structure. Results: Geminiviruses have been classified into nine genera (viz., genus Begomovirus, Mastrevirus, Curtovirus, Topocuvirus, Becurtovirus, Turncurtovirus, Capulavirus, Eragrovirus and Grablovirus) having distinct genomic organizations, host ranges and insect vectors. Genomic organization of all genera generally shows the presence of 4-6 ORFs encoding for various proteins. For now, Citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus (CCDaV), Camellia chlorotic dwarf-associated virus (CaCDaV) and few other geminiviruses are still unassigned to any genera. The monopartite begomoviruses (and few mastreviruses) have been found associated with aplhasatellites and betasatellites (viz., ~1.3 kb circular ssDNA satellites). Recent reports suggest that deltasatellites potentially reduce the accumulation of helper-Begomovirus species in host plants. Some patents have revealed the methods to generate transgenic plants resistant to geminiviruses. Conclusion: Geminiviruses rapidly evolve and are a highly diverse group of plant-viruses. However, research has shown new horizons in tackling the acute begomoviral diseases in plants by generating a novel bio-control methodology in which deltasatellites can be used as bio-control agents and generate transgenic plants resistant to geminiviruses.

The first case of coronavirus illness was discovered in Wuhan, China, in January 2020 and quickly spread worldwide within the next couple of months. The condition was initially only linked with respiratory disorders. After the evolution of various variants of the SARS-CoV-2, the critical impact of the virus spread to multiple organs and soon, neurological disorder manifestations started to appear in the infected patients. The review is focused on the manifestation of various neurological disorders linked with both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Disorders such as cytokine release syndrome, encephalitis, acute stroke, and Bell’s palsy are given specific attention and psychological manifestations are also investigated. For a clear conclusion, cognitive impairment, drug addiction disorders, mood and anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder are all fully examined. The association of the SARS-CoV-2 with neurological disorders and pathway is yet to be clear. For better understanding, the explanation of the possible mechanism of viral infection influencing the nervous system is also attempted in the review. While several vaccines and drugs are already involved in treating the SARS-CoV-2 condition, the disease is still considered fatal and more likely to leave permanent neurological damage, which leads to an essential requirement for more research to explore the neurological toll of the COVID-19 disease.

The demand for novel and renewable sources of energy has increased as a result of rapid population growth, limited sources of bioenergy, and environmental pollution, caused by excessive use of fossil fuels. The need to meet future energy demands have motivated researchers to search for alternative and sustainable sources of energy. The bioconversion of lignocellulosic waste (agricultural and food waste) into biofuels shows competitive promises. Lignocellulosic waste is easily accessible and has a large enzyme system that can be immobilised onto nano-matrices. Consequently, resulting in higher biofuel production and process efficiency. However, the excessive production cost of the current procedures, which involve physical, chemical, and enzymatic reactions, is limited. The use of nanomaterials has recently been shown to concentrate lignocellulosic waste, therefore, reviewing the quest for efficient production of sustainable and cost-effective development of bioenergy from lignocellulosic wastes. This review paper explores the advanced strategies of using nanobiotechnology to combine enzyme-conjugated nanosystems for the cost-effective production of sustainable bioenergy solutions. This research will help to develop an inexpensive, eco-friendly technology for biofuels production and also help overcome the environmental burden of lignocellulosic waste worldwide.

Biodiesel has been reported as renewable, green fuel with better engine-emission properties and microalgae (like C. pyrenoidosa) derived biodiesel is a step towards the sustainable supply of liquid fuel to drive the world economies. In the present investigation, Biowaste [Dairy wastewater (DWW) and rice straw hydrolysate (RSH)] was used as natural feedstock for the growth of C. pyrenoidosa. The better yield was obtained by using DWW as media for the growth of microalgae. The biodiesel produced was composed of high molecular weight fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), thus confirming its purity. Physico-chemical properties of the biodiesel produced were analyzed and compared with the petrodiesel and with standard analytical methods (ASTM-D6751 and EN 14214:2010). The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 42.23%, the calorific value of 41.865 MJ/kg and brake power (BP) 39.99 kW was obtained for the biodiesel produced and has been found to be higher but statistically non-significant in comparison to petrodiesel. However, statistically significant reduction in emission (40–50%) and reduction in CO2 (50–60%) was found in case of biodiesel as compared to petrodiesel. The data presented clearly demonstrates that the engine performance parameters and emission parameters of the biodiesel produced were better than the conventional petrodiesel.

Plant disease caused by pathogenic fungal infection causes maximum crop damage. Among different fungal diseases, rot caused by Sclerotinia spp.; is a primary concern for vegetables and oilseed indu...

The purpose of this study was to develop a water purification kit using seeds of Moringa oleifera (MO). For this purpose, aqueous extract of MO seeds was investigated for antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacterial strains viz. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). It was determined that 100 mg/mL of extract of MO seeds was effective against these bacterial strains resulting in 28.75 ± 0.707 mm of inhibition zone against E. coli, 26.0 ± 0.707 mm against S. aureus, 26.75 ± 0 mm against S. typhi, 29.75 ± 0.707 mm against P. aeruginosa and 25.5 ± 0.707 mm against MRSA. MIC (Minimum inhibitory concentration) of 12.5 ± 0 mg/mL against E. coli and 6.25 ± 0 mg/mL against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, and MRSA was obtained. Accordingly, portable water purification kit in the form of a dip bag enclosing extremely safe and edible MO seed powder was developed as a key to drinking water problem. Water purification was performed using dip bag to treat pathogenic strains inoculated in water. The minimum time and seed quantity required for the anti-bacterial activity of seeds was optimized and was noted that a single dip bag containing 100 mg of MO seed powder was capable of eradicating 99.9% of the microbial load from 1 L of water in a time span of 5 min. Drinking water from natural water resources containing coliform bacteria was also tested using dip bag and was found to be equally effective.

Algae have gained substantial importance as the most promising potential green fuel source across the globe and is on growing demand due to their antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antihypertensive, cholesterol reducing and thickening properties. Therefore, it has vast range of application in medicines, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, paper and nutraceutical industries. In this work, the remarkable ability of algae to convert CO(2) and other toxic compounds in atmosphere to potential biofuels, foods, feeds and high-value bioactive compounds is reviewed. Algae produce approximately 50% of the earth’s oxygen using its photosynthetic activity, thus acting as a potent tool to mitigate the effects of air pollution. Further, the applicability of algae as a desirable energy source has also been discussed, as they have the potential to serve as an effective alternative to intermittent renewable energy; and also, to combustion-based fossil fuel energy, making them effective for advanced biofuel conversions. This work also evaluates the current applications of algae and the implications of it as a potential substrate for bioplastic, natural alternative to inks and for making paper besides high-value products. In addition, the scope for integrated biorefinery approach is also briefly explored in terms of economic aspects at the industrial scale, as such energy conversion mechanisms are directly linked with sustainability, thus providing a positive overall energy outlook.

The polyhydroxyalkanoate was discovered almost around a century ago. Still, all the efforts to replace the traditional non-biodegradable plastic with much more environmentally friendly alternative are not enough. While the petroleum-based plastic is like a parasite, taking over the planet rapidly and without any feasible cure, its perennial presence has made the ocean a floating island of life-threatening debris and has flooded the landfills with toxic towering mountains. It demands for an immediate solution; most resembling answer would be the polyhydroxyalkanoates. The production cost is yet one of the significant challenges that various corporate is facing to replace the petroleum-based plastic. To deal with the economic constrain better strain, better practices, and a better market can be adopted for superior results. It demands for systems for polyhydroxyalkanoate production namely bacteria, yeast, microalgae, and transgenic plants. Solely strains affect more than 40% of overall production cost, playing a significant role in both upstream and downstream processes. The highly modifiable nature of the biopolymer provides the opportunity to replace the petroleum plastic in almost all sectors from food packaging to medical industry. The review will highlight the recent advancements and techno-economic analysis of current commercial models of polyhydroxyalkanoate production. Bio-compatibility and the biodegradability perks to be utilized highly efficient in the medical applications gives ample reason to tilt the scale in the favor of the polyhydroxyalkanoate as the new conventional and sustainable plastic.

Treatment of wounds is essential as the wound can also be lethal at some point in time if not healed properly. Ethnomedicinal plants can treat wounds as they have no side effects, whereas, in the case of chemical drugs, the side effects are on the rise. In this study, seeds of Moringa oleifera which is the essential ethnomedicinal plant, were studied for wound healing efficacy. The study was planned for the assessment of in vitro (antioxidant and antimicrobial activities) and in vivo (excision and incision wound healing models) wound healing efficacy of n-hexane extract and hydrogels of Moringa oleifera seeds. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging assay and Agar well diffusion method, respectively. In excision and incision wound models, Swiss albino mice were used for wound healing efficacy of hydrogels, i.e., 5% and 10% hexane extracts of Moringa oleifera seeds. The n-hexane extract showed antioxidant as well as antibacterial activities. Moreover, the hydrogels formulated using n-hexane extract of Moringa oleifera seeds showed significant wound healing activity compared to both control and standard until the end of the protocol in both the models. Furthermore, the histopathological investigation confirmed the findings of accelerated regeneration of tissue accompanied by a decrease in inflammatory cells and increased vascularity of the immediate skin. The results (both in vitro and in vivo) claimed conclusively that our n-hexane hydrogel formulation of Moringa oleifera seeds might serve as an alternative therapy in skin restoration during wound healing.

A facile green route has been employed for the synthesis of ZnO and Ag-doped ZnO using Cannabis sativa as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were characterized and tested for photocatalytic dye degradation and antimicrobial activity. The results suggested that nanoparticles have shown antimicrobial activity against different human pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus) and fungal strains (Fusarium spp. and Rosellinia necatrix). Ag-doped nanoparticles comparatively have shown better removal Congo red and methyl orange under visible light. Therefore, green synthesized nanoparticles could have beneficial applications in environmental science and biological field.

Background : Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a ubiquitous fungal pathogen infecting more than 400 plant species. Sclerotinia stem rot is known to cause as high as 100% crop loss in many cases. Currently, chemical fungicides are the only known solution to this problem. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing environment-friendly alternatives for controlling this pathogen. The review of published articles revealed that a number of mycoviruses with the potential of a biocontrol agent against Sclerotinia had been identified from different parts of the world. Objective: The present investigation describes the isolation and characterization of isolates of S. sclerotiorum infecting cauliflower, peas, and mustard for the presence of a potent mycovirus from lower Himachal region of India. Methods: Various infected fields were visited and samples in the form of sclerotia were collected. Various isolates of S. sclerotiorum were obtained, and putative hypovirulent isolates were screened. Thereafter, hypovirulent strains were chosen and mycovirus isolation was performed. Finally, isolates showing an extra nucleic acid band were used for mycovirus isolation and further characterization. Curing of mycovirus was used to confirm if altered phenotype was due to the presence of this virus. Results: A ssDNA mycovirus was identified and confirmed from the growth defective isolate. Conclusion: This mycovirus can in turn act as a biocontrol agent, thus reducing dependency on chemical fungicides and can also be developed in the form of a patent once completely characterized and formulated. To our knowledge, this is the first report on mycovirus isolation from any Sclerotinia sclerotiorumisolate from India.

The application of various available biological, physicochemical, serological, and molecular techniques depends entirely on the type of disease situation. The classical techniques, which include mainly bioassay or host-range studies, are time consuming and require intensive labor; however, they are still recommended for primary screening, purification, and maintenance of the virus. More sensitive techniques such as electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), hybridization assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and their variants should be used for further verification of the virus. Reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR), immunocapture PCR, immunocapture RT-PCR, and a few other variants have all been proven to have greater sensitivity than ELISA and PCR techniques alone. Most recently, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, biosensor, and microarray-based techniques have remarkably enhanced the speed, sensitivity, and scale at which virus detection can be achieved.

The coronavirus disease-19 has left a permanent mark on the history of the human race. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and from there took over the world. Being highly susceptible to mutations, the virus's numerous variants started to appear, and some were more lethal and infectious than the parent. The effectiveness of the vaccine is also affected severely against the new variant. In this study, the infectious mechanism of the coronavirus is explained with a focus on different variants and their respective mutations, which play a critical role in the increased transmissibility, infectivity, and immune escape of the virus. As India has already faced the second wave of the pandemic, the future outlook on the likeliness of a third wave with respect to the Indian variants such as kappa, delta, and Delta Plus is also discussed. This review article aims to reflect the catastrophe of the variants of SARS-CoV-2 and the possibility of developing even more severe variants in the near future.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Hippophae rhamnoides L. (family- Elaeagnaceae, common name- Sea buckthorn) is a flowering shrub native to cold temperate regions of Eurasia. Berries, seeds, and leaves of the plant are widely used as a folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension, oedema, inflammation, tissue-regeneration, skin-grafts, burns/injury, wounds, and ulcers. Aim of the review This article reviews geographical distribution, botanical description, phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal uses, and dermatological activities including, cosmeceuticals of H. rhamnoides available in the market. Materials and methods The data has been compiled employing the various search engines like Science Direct, Pub Med, Google, Google Scholar, EBSCO, SCOPUS, and SciVal. Results and discussion H. rhamnoides is primarily found in cold-temperate regions of Eurasia and was first located in China. Berries are the most prominent feature of the plant. Phytochemical studies reveal the presence of a wide variety of compounds like flavonoids, carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, Omega 3, 6, 9 and rarest Omega 7 and about 190 bioactive compounds. The pharmacological studies demonstrated, sea buckthorn to exhibit antibacterial, anti-sebum, antifungal, anti-psoriasis, anti-atopic dermatitis and wound healing activities. Besides, it has also been included in various cosmeceuticals for its use in skin-eventone, smoothening, rejuvenation, removal of wrinkles, scars, and pigmentation, and also in hair related problems. Conclusion Pharmacological evaluation confirmed the ethnomedically claimed biological actions and other beneficial effects on the skin of H. rhamnoides using scientifically accepted protocols and controls, although some of the studies require more elaborative studies. Its full application in the dermatology may be attributed to the presence of a variety of flavonoids, vitamins, and unsaturated fatty acids. Great use of plant in the traditional system for dermatological aspect, demands further comprehensive phytochemical work based on its actual use by the traditional population. Demonstration of the plant in the traditional system, pharmacology, cosmeceuticals not only demands its further therapeutic studies but also warrants focus towards its cultivation and propagation across the globe.

Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi belongs to the division Ascomycota and was first described as Fusisporium. Innumerable members of this genus act as pathogens, endophytes and saprophytes and can be recovered from plants and soils worldwide. Many of these members are known to be phytopathogens. It is among the most diverse and widely dispersed phyto-pathogenic fungi which cause economically important blights, rots, wilts and cankers of many ornamental, field, horticultural and forest crops both in agricultural commodities and natural ecosystems. Some species, e.g. F. graminearum and F. verticillioides have a narrow host range and mainly infect the cereals, whereas F. oxysporum has effects on both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Attempts have been made to control the diseases caused by Fusarium sp. and to minimize crop yield losses. Till date, effective and eco-friendly methods have not been devised for the control of this devastating pathogen. A new potential of using mycovirus associated hypovirulence as biocontrol method against Fusarium species has been proposed. The present review taking into account of worldwide researches to provide possible insights for Fusarium-mycovirus coevolution.

Eutrophication is a global concern that has severely deteriorated aquatic ecosystems. This phenomenon has impacted the freshwater bodies (such as lakes and rivers) across the world due to the nutrients (mainly N and P) arising from point and non-point pollution sources. Nutrient enrichment induces cyanobacteria formation, hypoxia, and release of bloom toxins, causing their accumulation in aquatic organisms and humans. Preventing the use of chemicals (such as fertilizers) at the source can avoid nutrient release in the run-off streams, thus controlling non-point pollution. While point source pollutants can be effectively controlled at the sewage treatment plants. Although freshwater eutrophication managements have been widely discussed, a systematic eutrophication characterization of lakes and rivers worldwide, with their effective, economically feasible, eco-friendly, and beneficial bio-treatments is still scarce. Hence, in this review, a complete eutrophication-based characterization of lakes and rivers all over the world is provided. Different cost-effective and efficient bio-remediations to control point and non-point pollution are discussed, additionally with a comparative account for the selection of a suitable microbe and remediation approach. A combined point and non-point pollution management can eradicate eutrophication.

Accurate and on time diagnosis of plant viruses is an essential prerequisite for efficient control in field conditions. A number of diagnostic methods have been reported with the required level of sensitivity. Here, we propose a label free immunosensor for efficient and sensitive detection of capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) in bell pepper. Antigen was immobilized over the surface of gold nanoparticle/multi-walled carbon nanotube (Nano-Au/C-MWCNT) screen printed electrodes using 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) cross linking chemistry followed by interaction with groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV)/CaCV specific polyclonal antibody. The electrochemical response was measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using the redox indicator. Electrode surface characterization was done by performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical studies showed positive results at different antigenic dilutions ranging from 10−2 – 8x10−5. The sensitivity of the immunosensor developed has been compared with direct antigen coated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAC-ELISA) and the results showed that the immunosensor developed was 800-1000 times more sensitive, when compared to DAC-ELISA for CaCV detection. The immunosensor we have developed is economical and sensitive and could be used for immediate determination of the presence of virus in extracts from bell pepper leaves.

While the wound healing activity of thymoquinone (TQ) is well known, its clinical effectiveness remains limited due to the inherently low aqueous solubility, resulting in suboptimal TQ exposure in the wound sites. To address these problems, TQ loaded chitosan-lecithin micelles for wound healing were prepared and its efficacy was determined in vivo in the excision wound model. Firstly, the co-block polymer of chitosan and soya lecithin was synthesized which has low critical micelle concentration (CMC). Its employment in the development of TQ loaded polymeric micelles by Self-assembly method resulted in the stable polymeric micelle composition having requisite small particle size (