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35 results on '"Saunders, R.S."'

1. Comparison between polar regions of Mars from HEND/Odyssey data

Author

Litvak, M.L., Mitrofanov, I.G., Kozyrev, A.S., Sanin, A.B., Tretyakov, V.I., Boynton, W.V., Kelly, N.J., Hamara, D., Shinohara, C., and Saunders, R.S.

Subjects
Mars (Planet) -- Observations, Polar regions -- Observations, Astronomy, Earth sciences
Abstract

In this paper, we have analyzed neutron spectroscopy data gathered by the High Energy Neutron Detector (HEND) instrument onboard Mars Odyssey for comparison of polar regions. It is known that observation of the neutron albedo of Mars provides important information about the distribution of water--ice in subsurface layers and about peculiarities of the C[O.sub.2] seasonal cycle. It was found that there are large water-rich permafrost areas with contents of up to ~50% water by mass fraction at both the north and south Mars polar regions. The water-ice layers at high northern latitudes are placed close to the surface, but in the south they are covered by a dry and relatively thick (10-20 cm) layer of soil. Analysis of temporal variations of neutron flux between summer and winter seasons allowed the estimation of the masses of the C[O.sub.2] deposits which seasonally condense at the polar regions. The total mass of the southern seasonal deposition was estimated as 6.3 x [10.sup.15] kg, which is larger than the total mass of the seasonal deposition at the north by 40-50%. These results are in good agreement with predictions from the NASA Ames Research Center General Circulation Model (GCM). But, the dynamics of the condensation and sublimation processes are not quite as consistent with these models: the peak accumulation of the condensed mass of C[O.sub.2] occurred 10-15 degrees of [L.sub.s] later than is predicted by the GCM. Keywords: Mars, surface; Mars, atmosphere; Mars, climate; Ices

Published
2006

2. 2001 Mars Odyssey Mission Summary

Author

Saunders, R.S., Arvidson, R.E., Badhwar, G.D., Boynton, W.V., Christensen, P.R., Cucinotta, F.A., Feldman, W.C., Gibbs, R.G., Kloss, Jr., C., Landano, M.R., Mase, R.A., McSmith, G.W., Meyer, M.A., Mitrofanov, I.G., Pace, G.D., Plaut, J.J., Sidney, W.P., Spencer, D.A., Thompson, T.W., and Zeitlin, C.J.

Published
2004
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3. C[O.sub.2] snow depth and subsurface water-ice abundance in the northern hemisphere of Mars. (Reports)

Author

Mitrofanov, I.G., Zuber, M.T., Litvak, M.L., Boynton, W.V., Smith, D.E., Drake, D., Hamara, D., Kozyrev, A.S., Sanin, A.B., Shinohara, C., Saunders, R.S., and Tretyakov, V.

Subjects
Mars Odyssey (Space vehicle) -- Research, Radioisotopes -- Research, Mars (Planet) -- Research, Space flight to Mars -- Research, Science and technology, Research
Abstract

Observations of seasonal variations of neutron flux from the high-energy neutron detector (HEND) on Mars Odyssey combined with direct measurements of the thickness of condensed carbon dioxide by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) on Mars Global Surveyor show a latitudinal dependence of northern winter deposition of carbon dioxide. The observations are also consistent with a shallow substrate consisting of a layer with water ice overlain by a layer of drier soil The lower ice-rich layer contains between 50 and 75 weight % water, indicating that the shallow subsurface at northern polar latitudes on Mars is even more water rich than that in the south., Mars undergoes seasons in which volatile species, carbon dioxide (C[O.sub.2]) and, to a much lesser extent, water are exchanged between the atmosphere and surface (1, 2). The winter deposition in [...]

Published
2003

4. Maps of subsurface hydrogen from the high energy neutron detector, Mars Odyssey

Author

Mitrofanov, I., Anfimov, D., Kozyrev, A., Litvak, M., Sanin, A., Tret'yakov, V., Krylov, A., Shvetsov, V., Boynton, W., Shinohara, C., Hamara, D., and Saunders, R.S.

Subjects
Mars Odyssey (Space probe) -- Research, Mars (Planet) -- Natural history -- Research -- Usage, Science and technology, Usage, Research, Natural history
Abstract

After 55 days of mapping by the High Energy Neutron Detector onboard Mars Odyssey, we found deficits of high-energy neutrons in the southern highlands and northern lowlands of Mars. These deficits indicate that hydrogen is concentrated in the subsurface. Modeling suggests that water ice-rich layers that are tens of centimeters in thickness provide one possible fit to the data., Some gullies on the surface of Mars have been attributed to recent water seepage and surface runoffs (1). To understand the hydrological processes on Mars that form surface features such [...]

Published
2002

5. Magellan: initial analysis of Venus surface modification

Author

Arvidson, R.E., Baker, V.R., Elachi, C., Saunders, R.S., and Wood, J.A.

Subjects
Magellan (Space probe) -- Observations, Venus (Planet), Science and technology
Abstract

Initial Magellan observations reveal a planet with high dielectric constant materials exposed preferentially in elevated regions with high slopes, ejecta deposits extending up to 1000 kilometers to the west of [...]

Published
1991

12. Mass detection on mammograms: signal variations and performance changes for human and model observers

Author

Castella, C., Kinkel, K., Eckstein, M.P., Abbey, C.K., Verdun, F.R., Saunders, R.S., Samei, E., and Bochud, F.O.

Subjects
Image perception, model observers, observer performance evaluation
Abstract

We studied the influence of signal variability on human and model observer performances for a detection task with mammographic backgrounds and computer generated clustered lumpy backgrounds (CLB). We used synthetic yet realistic masses and backgrounds that have been validated by radiologists during previous studies, ensuring conditions close to the clinical situation. Four trained non-physician observers participated in two-alternative forced-choice (2-AFC) experiments. They were asked to detect synthetic masses superimposed on real mammographic backgrounds or CLB. Separate experiments were conducted with sets of benign and malignant masses. Results under the signal-known-exactly (SKE) paradigm were compared with signal-known-statistically (SKS) experiments. In the latter case, the signal was chosen randomly for each of the 1,400 2-AFC trials (image pairs) among a set of 50 masses with similar dimensions, and the observers did not know which signal was present. Human observers' results were then compared with model observers (channelized Hotelling with Difference-of-Gaussian and Gabor channels) in the same experimental conditions. Results show that the performance of the human observers does not differ significantly when benign masses are superimposed on real images or on CLB with locally matched gray level mean and standard deviation. For both benign and malignant masses, the performance does not differ significantly between SKE and SKS experiments, when the signals' dimensions do not vary throughout the experiment. However, there is a performance drop when the SKS signals' dimensions vary from 5.5 to 9.5 mm in the same experiment. Noise level in the model observers can be adjusted to reproduce human observers' proportion of correct answers in the 2-AFC task within 5% accuracy for most conditions

Published
2008

15. Shuttle imaging radar experiment

Author

Elachi, C., Brown, W.E., Cimino, J.B., Dixon, T., Evans, D.L., Ford, J.P., Saunders, R.S., Breed, C., Masursky, H., McCauley, J.F., Schaber, G., Dellwig, L., England, A., MacDonald, H., Martin-Kaye, P., and Sabins, F.

Subjects
Imaging systems -- Research, Radar in earth sciences -- Research, Space shuttles -- Research, Columbia (space shuttle) -- Research
Published
1982

17. Preface

Author

Saunders, R.S, primary and Masson, Philippe L, additional

Published
2004
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18. Evidence for highly reflecting materials on the surface and subsurface of Venus

Author

Jurgens, R.F., Slade, M.A., and Saunders, R.S.

Subjects
Planets -- Natural history -- Usage, Venus probes -- Observations -- Usage, Venus (Planet) -- Natural history -- Usage, Radar in surveying -- Usage, Radar systems -- Usage, Surveying -- Usage, Science and technology, Observations, Usage, Natural history
Abstract

Evidence for Highly Reflecting Materials on the Surface and Subsurface of Venus RADAR AND RADIOMETRIC DATA from the Pioneer Venus spacecraft indicate that several regions on Venus have both high [...]

Published
1988

21. Comparison of energy flows in deep inelastic scattering events with and without a large rapidity gap

Author

Derrick, M., primary, Krakauer, D., additional, Magill, S., additional, Musgrave, B., additional, Repond, J., additional, Schlereth, J., additional, Stanek, R., additional, Talaga, R.L., additional, Thron, J., additional, Arzarello, F., additional, Ayad, R., additional, Bari, G., additional, Basile, M., additional, Bellagamba, L., additional, Boscherini, D., additional, Bruni, A., additional, Bruni, G., additional, Bruni, P., additional, Romeo, G.Cara, additional, Castellini, G., additional, Chiarini, M., additional, Cifarelli, L., additional, Cindolo, F., additional, Ciralli, F., additional, Contin, A., additional, D'Auria, S., additional, Del Papa, C., additional, Frasconi, F., additional, Giusti, P., additional, Iacobucci, G., additional, Laurenti, G., additional, Levi, G., additional, Maccarrone, G., additional, Margotti, A., additional, Massam, T., additional, Nania, R., additional, Nemoz, C., additional, Palmonari, F., additional, Polini, A., additional, Sartorelli, G., additional, Timellini, R., additional, Garcia, Y.Zamora, additional, Zichichi, A., additional, Bargende, A., additional, Crittenden, J., additional, Desch, K., additional, Diekmann, B., additional, Doeker, T., additional, Feld, L., additional, Frey, A., additional, Geerts, M., additional, Geitz, G., additional, Grothe, M., additional, Hartmann, H., additional, Haun, D., additional, Heinloth, K., additional, Hilger, E., additional, Jakob, H.-P., additional, Katz, U.F., additional, Mari, S.M., additional, Mass, A., additional, Mengel, S., additional, Mollen, J., additional, Paul, E., additional, Rembser, Ch., additional, Schattevoy, R., additional, Schneider, J.-L., additional, Schramm, D., additional, Stamm, J., additional, Wedemeyer, R., additional, Campbell-Robson, S., additional, Cassidy, A., additional, Dyce, N., additional, Foster, B., additional, George, S., additional, Gilmore, R., additional, Heath, G.P., additional, Heath, H.F., additional, Llewellyn, T.J., additional, Morgado, C.J.S., additional, Norman, D.J.P., additional, O'Mara, J.A., additional, Tapper, R.J., additional, Wilson, S.S., additional, Yoshida, R., additional, Rau, R.R., additional, Arneodo, M., additional, Iannotti, L., additional, Schioppa, M., additional, Susinno, G., additional, Bernstein, A., additional, Caldwell, A., additional, Gialas, I., additional, Parsons, J.A., additional, Ritz, S., additional, Sciulli, F., additional, Straub, P.B., additional, Wai, L., additional, Yang, S., additional, Borzemski, P., additional, Chwastowski, J., additional, Eskreys, A., additional, Piotrzkowski, K., additional, Zachara, M., additional, Zawiejski, L., additional, Adamczyk, L., additional, Bednarek, B., additional, Eskreys, K., additional, Jeleń, K., additional, Kisielewska, D., additional, Kowalski, T., additional, Rulikowska-Zarȩbska, E., additional, Suszycki, L., additional, Zaja̧c, J., additional, Kȩdzierski, T., additional, Kotański, A., additional, Przybycień, M., additional, Bauerdick, L.A.T., additional, Behrens, U., additional, Bienlein, J.K., additional, Böttcher, S., additional, Coldewey, C., additional, Drews, G., additional, Flasiński, M., additional, Gilkinson, D.J., additional, Göttlicher, P., additional, Gutjahr, B., additional, Haas, T., additional, Hagge, L., additional, Hain, W., additional, Hasell, D., additional, Heßling, H., additional, Hultschig, H., additional, Iga, Y., additional, Joos, P., additional, Kasemann, M., additional, Klanner, R., additional, Koch, W., additional, Köpke, L., additional, Kötz, U., additional, Kowalski, H., additional, Kröger, W., additional, Krüger, J., additional, Labs, J., additional, Ladage, A., additional, Löhr, B., additional, Löwe, M., additional, Lüke, D., additional, Mainusch, J., additional, Mańczak, O., additional, Ng, J.S.T., additional, Nickel, S., additional, Notz, D., additional, Ohrenberg, K., additional, Roco, M., additional, Rohde, M., additional, Roldán, J., additional, Schneekloth, U., additional, Schroeder, J., additional, Schulz, W., additional, Selonke, F., additional, Stiliaris, E., additional, Voß, T., additional, Westphal, D., additional, Wolf, G., additional, Youngman, C., additional, Grabosch, H.J., additional, Leich, A., additional, Meyer, A., additional, Rethfeldt, C., additional, Schlenstedt, S., additional, Barbagli, G., additional, Pelfer, P., additional, Anzivino, G., additional, De Pasquale, S., additional, Qian, S., additional, Votano, L., additional, Bamberger, A., additional, Freidhof, A., additional, Poser, T., additional, Söldner-Rembold, S., additional, Theisen, G., additional, Trefzger, T., additional, Brook, N.H., additional, Bussey, P.J., additional, Doyle, A.T., additional, Fleck, I., additional, Forbes, J.R., additional, Jamieson, V.A., additional, Raine, C., additional, Saxon, D.H., additional, Stavrianakou, M., additional, Wilson, A.S., additional, Dannemann, A., additional, Holm, U., additional, Horstmann, D., additional, Kammerlocher, H., additional, Krebs, B., additional, Neumann, T., additional, Sinkus, R., additional, Wick, K., additional, Badura, E., additional, Burow, B.D., additional, Fürtjes, A., additional, Lohrmann, E., additional, Milewski, J., additional, Nakahata, M., additional, Pavel, N., additional, Poelz, G., additional, Schott, W., additional, Terron, J., additional, Zetsche, F., additional, Bacon, T.C., additional, Beuselinck, R., additional, Butterworth, I., additional, Gallo, E., additional, Harris, V.L., additional, Hung, B.H., additional, Long, K.R., additional, Miller, D.B., additional, Morawitz, P.P.O., additional, Prinias, A., additional, Sedgbeer, J.K., additional, Whitfield, A.F., additional, Mallik, U., additional, McCliment, E., additional, Wang, M.Z., additional, Zhang, Y., additional, Cloth, P., additional, Filges, D., additional, An, S.H., additional, Hong, S.M., additional, Kim, C.O., additional, Kim, T.Y., additional, Nam, S.W., additional, Park, S.K., additional, Suh, M.H., additional, Yon, S.H., additional, Imlay, R., additional, Kartik, S., additional, Kim, H.-J., additional, McNeil, R.R., additional, Metcalf, W., additional, Nadendla, V.K., additional, Barreiro, F., additional, Cases, G., additional, Graciani, R., additional, Hernández, J.M., additional, Hervás, L., additional, Labarga, L., additional, del Peso, J., additional, Puga, J., additional, de Trocóniz, J.F., additional, Ikraiam, F., additional, Mayer, J.K., additional, Smith, G.R., additional, Corriveau, F., additional, Hanna, D.S., additional, Hartmann, J., additional, Hung, L.W., additional, Lim, J.N., additional, Matthews, C.G., additional, Mitchell, J.W., additional, Patel, P.M., additional, Sinclair, L.E., additional, Stairs, D.G., additional, Laurent, M.St., additional, Ullmann, R., additional, Bashkirov, V., additional, Dolgoshein, B.A., additional, Stifutkin, A., additional, Bashindzhagyan, G.L., additional, Ermolov, P.F., additional, Gladilin, L.K., additional, Golubkov, Y.A., additional, Kobrin, V.D., additional, Kuzmin, V.A., additional, Proskuryakov, A.S., additional, Savin, A.A., additional, Shcheglova, L.M., additional, Solomin, A.N., additional, Zotov, N.P., additional, Bentvelsen, S., additional, Botje, M., additional, Chlebana, F., additional, Dake, A., additional, Engelen, J., additional, de Jong, P., additional, de Kamps, M., additional, Kooijman, P., additional, Kruse, A., additional, O'Dell, V., additional, Tenner, A., additional, Tiecke, H., additional, Verkerke, W., additional, Vreeswijk, M., additional, Wiggers, L., additional, de Wolf, E., additional, van Woudenberg, R., additional, Acosta, D., additional, Bylsma, B., additional, Durkin, L.S., additional, Honscheid, K., additional, Li, C., additional, Ling, T.Y., additional, McLean, K.W., additional, Murray, W.N., additional, Park, I.H., additional, Romanowski, T.A., additional, Seidlein, R., additional, Bailey, D.S., additional, Blair, G.A., additional, Byrne, A., additional, Cashmore, R.J., additional, Cooper-Sarkar, A.M., additional, Daniels, D., additional, Devenish, R.C.E., additional, Harnew, N., additional, Lancaster, M., additional, Luffman, P.E., additional, McFall, J., additional, Nath, C., additional, Quadt, A., additional, Uijterwaal, H., additional, Walczak, R., additional, Wilson, F.F., additional, Yip, T., additional, Abbiendi, G., additional, Bertolin, A., additional, Brugnera, R., additional, Carlin, R., additional, Dal Corso, F., additional, De Giorgi, M., additional, Dosselli, U., additional, Gasparini, F., additional, Limentani, S., additional, Morandin, M., additional, Posocco, M., additional, Stanco, L., additional, Stroili, R., additional, Voci, C., additional, Bulmahn, J., additional, Butterworth, J.M., additional, Feild, R.G., additional, Oh, B.Y., additional, Whitmore, J.J., additional, D'Agostini, G., additional, Iori, M., additional, Marini, G., additional, Mattioli, M., additional, Nigro, A., additional, Hart, J.C., additional, McCubbin, N.A., additional, Prytz, K., additional, Shah, T.P., additional, Short, T.L., additional, Barberis, E., additional, Cartiglia, N., additional, Dubbs, T., additional, Heusch, C., additional, Van Hook, M., additional, Hubbard, B., additional, Lockman, W., additional, Sadrozinski, H.F.-W., additional, Seiden, A., additional, Biltzinger, J., additional, Seifert, R.J., additional, Walenta, A.H., additional, Zech, G., additional, Abramowicz, H., additional, Dagan, S., additional, Levy, A., additional, Hasegawa, T., additional, Hazumi, M., additional, Ishii, T., additional, Kuze, M., additional, Mine, S., additional, Nagasawa, Y., additional, Nagira, T., additional, Nakao, M., additional, Suzuki, I., additional, Tokushuku, K., additional, Yamada, S., additional, Yamazaki, Y., additional, Chiba, M., additional, Hamatsu, R., additional, Hirose, T., additional, Homma, K., additional, Kitamura, S., additional, Nagayama, S., additional, Nakamitsu, Y., additional, Cirio, R., additional, Costa, M., additional, Ferrero, M.I., additional, Lamberti, L., additional, Maselli, S., additional, Peroni, C., additional, Sacchi, R., additional, Solano, A., additional, Staiano, A., additional, Dardo, M., additional, Bailey, D.C., additional, Bandyopadhyay, D., additional, Benard, F., additional, Brkic, M., additional, Crombie, M.B., additional, Gingrich, D.M., additional, Hartner, G.F., additional, Joo, K.K., additional, Levman, G.M., additional, Martin, J.F., additional, Orr, R.S., additional, Sampson, C.R., additional, Teuscher, R.J., additional, Catterall, C.D., additional, Jones, T.W., additional, Kaziewicz, P.B., additional, Lane, J.B., additional, Saunders, R.S., additional, Shulman, J., additional, Blankenship, K., additional, Kochocki, J., additional, Lu, B., additional, Mo, L.W., additional, Bogusz, W., additional, Charchuła, K., additional, Ciborowski, J., additional, Gajewski, J., additional, Grzelak, G., additional, Kasprzak, M., additional, Krzyżanowski, M., additional, Muchorowski, K., additional, Nowak, R.J., additional, Pawlak, J.M., additional, Tymieniecka, T., additional, Wróblewski, A.K., additional, Zakrzewski, J.A., additional, Żarnecki, A.F., additional, Adamus, M., additional, Eisenberg, Y., additional, Glasman, C., additional, Karshon, U., additional, Revel, D., additional, Shapira, A., additional, Ali, I., additional, Behrens, B., additional, Dasu, S., additional, Fordham, C., additional, Foudas, C., additional, Goussiou, A., additional, Loveless, R.J., additional, Reeder, D.D., additional, Silverstein, S., additional, Smith, W.H., additional, Tsurugai, T., additional, Bhadra, S., additional, Frisken, W.R., additional, and Furutani, K.M., additional

Published
1994
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22. The Venus geologic mappers' handbook

Author

Tanaka, Kenneth L., primary, Moore, H.J., additional, Shaber, G.G., additional, Chapman, M.G., additional, Stofan, E.B., additional, Campbell, D.B., additional, Davis, P.A., additional, Guest, J.E., additional, McGill, G.E., additional, Rogers, P.G., additional, Saunders, R.S., additional, and Zimbelman, J.R., additional

Published
1994
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23. The Venus geologic mappers' handbook

Author

Tanaka, Kenneth L., primary, Schaber, G.G., additional, Chapman, M.G., additional, Stofan, E.R., additional, Campbell, D.B., additional, Davis, P.A., additional, Guest, J.E., additional, McGill, G.E., additional, Rogers, P.G., additional, Saunders, R.S., additional, and Zimbelman, J.R., additional

Published
1993
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24. An overview of Venus geology.

Author

Saunders, R.S. and Arvidson, R.E.

Subjects
*OBSERVATIONS of Venus, *PLANETS
Abstract

Describes the surface of Venus, mapped geologically by the Magellan spacecraft. Volcanic plains; Extensive volcanism; Tectonic deformation; Geologic and geomorphologic units; Conclusion.

Published
1991
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25. Venus.

Author

Saunders, R.S.

Subjects
*VENUS (Planet), *PLANETS
Abstract

Discusses Venus, which has an ocean of clouds and a surface temperature that can melt lead, and which remains largely unexplored despite almost 30 years of study by space probes. Questions why Earth and Venus, twins in mass, size, and composition, are so radically different.

Published
1990

26. Magellan: Mission summary.

Author

Saunders, R.S. and Pettengill, G.H.

Subjects
*SPACE probes
Abstract

Summarizes the principal features of the Magellan mission. Production of global, high-resolution image and altimetry data set of Venus; Analysis of Magellan data; Radar system data; Image performance; Future plans for mission.

Published
1991
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27. Ductile cast iron as a watertight shaft lining.

Author

Saunders R.S., Rapid excavation and tunnelling conference New York 16-Jun-8520-Jun-85, Saunders R.S., and Rapid excavation and tunnelling conference New York 16-Jun-8520-Jun-85

Published
1985

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