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An efficient methodology for the direct synthesis of secondary amides from ketones has been developed by using N-Boc-O-tosylhydroxylamine (TsONHBoc).

Background: Pneumatized articular eminence (PAT) and roof of the glenoid fossa (PRGF) are recognized when accessory air cells are found within the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. Pneumatization in this region facilitates the spread of tumors and fractures. During Zygomatic implant placement and TMJ surgical procedures, namely eminectomy and miniplate insertions, various complications might arise due to pneumatized PAT and PRGF. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides reliable and accurate information to determine the characteristics, the extent of pneumatization, and its relationship to the adjacent structures. So, recognizing the variations of PAT and PRGF in different populations is of clinical importance. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of pneumatization of articular tubercle (PAT) and pneumatization of PRGF in the North- East Indian population by using CBCT. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out among 500 patients. The prevalence and significance of differences among the variables were carried out by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square test. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software program, version 21 (IBM). Results: The mean age with pneumatization was 45.27 ± 18.00 years. The prevalence of PAT and PRGF was found to be 24.6% and 24.4%, respectively. Bilateral PAT was detected in (6%) patients. The occurrence of unilateral PAT cases was found to be more than bilateral PAT cases (

A zinc(II)-catalyzed single-step protocol for the Beckmann rearrangement using hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid (HOSA) as the nitrogen source in water was developed. This direct method efficiently produces secondary amides under open atmosphere in a pure form after basic aqueous workup. It is environmentally benign and operationally simple.

In India, agriculture is the core sector of our economy. In this study, I estimate the impact of weather variables on mean and variance of yields of rice ? at the district level using a large panel dataset from 1966-1999. Rice is a temperature sensitive crop. Moreover, it also requires sufficient amount of rainfall for production. Results show that higher temperature adversely affects variance of rice yields. Higher rainfall, on the other hand, reduces yield variability of rice. A degree Celsius increase in temperature is expected to increase rice yield variability by 20 percent, where as an additional 100 mm of rainfall reduces yield variability by 1 percent.

The Beckmann rearrangement (BKR) of ketones to secondary amides often requires harsh reaction conditions that limit its practicality and scope. Herein, the Cu(OTf)2-catalyzed BKR of ketones under mild reaction conditions using hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid (HOSA), a commercial water soluble aminating agent, is described. This method is compatible with most functional groups and directly provides the desired amides in good to excellent yields.

Agriculture is a major backbone of the world economy and it sustains humanity. Due to inefficient practices and the lack of incorporating modern-day technology in farming, the yield is affected. Internet of Things (IoT) is an evolving technology that connects various devices and shares information mutually. IoT also plays a crucial role in smart agriculture. Smart farming is an emerging field as IoT sensors can monitor many environmental factors and provide necessary data for better yield and safety of crops. Monitoring factors like soil humidity, soil moisture, pH, and fertilizer concentration are very essential to improve the yield of major crops. The focus of this project is to use these technologies in the field of agriculture to channelize the usage of the existing resources. That is, it uses soil moisture, humidity, and pH sensors which in turn control the motor mechanisms for inflow and outflow of water in the field to sustain an optimum level of retained water in these fields. The outflow of water from fields will be controlled by drainage mechanisms incorporated in our system. The running water that is pumped out will be stored in a tank. Once the amount of water stored in it is measured, the required amount of fertilizer and chemicals will be added to the tank through automated process and this water and fertilizer mixture will be reused for irrigation of the crops in a process known as fertigation.

Sustainable development has remained the focus of policy-making for a very long time. The notion of “green growth” garnered international attention after the 2008–09 crisis, as a means to stimulate economic growth in ways compatible with the sustainable development goals. In this chapter, we highlight the notions of green economy and sustainable development, along with their macroeconomic dimensions. The chapter provides an overview of the conventionally used economic measures of green accounting. Results from cross-country analysis of data indicate that the Adjusted Net Savings rate in India has almost doubled during 1990–2018, indicating sustainable economic growth. We also examine the policies implemented in different countries to attain a green economy and lessons to be learnt from their experiences. Our conclusion calls for an accelerated and revolutionary shift to attain socially inclusive green growth.

The Beckmann Rearrangement (BKR) of ketones to secondary amides often requires harsh reaction conditions that limit its practicality and scope. Herein, we describe the Cu(OTf)(2)-catalyzed BKR of ketones under mild reaction conditions using hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid (HOSA), a commercial water soluble aminating agent. This method is compatible with most functional groups and directly provides the desired amides in good to excellent yields.

The piped water supply in Lucknow was introduced in 1892 to serve the population of 2 Lacs. However, the population has risen exponentially since then from 2.1 million in 2001 to 2.86 million in 2011 according to the census data of the Government of India. In this paper, statistical analysis was done and it was projected that the population of Lucknow will be as high as 4.2 million in 2025 followed by 6.42 million in 2040. Since the water demand is proportional to the population, it is projected that present water demand of 550 million liters per day (MLD) would rise to the maximum of 1300 MLD in the year 2040 which is twice more than the present volume. The major concern of Lucknow city is the poor efficiency of wastewater treatment facilities which are deteriorating the quality of underground water and surface sources. The major concern lies in Gomti River. The wastewater generation in 2025 would be as high as 700 MLD while for the year 2040 it would be 1100 MLD. To meet the given figures a well-planned and effective wastewater treatment system has to be designed and implemented which may include centralized and decentralized treatment facilities in accordance with the need of the particular division followed by up-gradation of the present water supply and sewerage system. Care should be taken while discharging the sewage into river Gomti and other natural streams as it should strictly follow the prescribed standards by central state pollution control boards, also there should be the least disturbance of aquatic ecosystem. Furthermore, deterioration of the water quality must be minimized to a large extent.

A mathematical model, which was previously developed for submerged aerobic membrane bioreactors, was successfully applied to elucidate the membrane cake-layer fouling mechanisms due to bound extracellular polymeric substances (eEPS) in a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAnMBR). This biofouling dynamic model explains the mechanisms such as attachment, consolidation and detachment of eEPS produced in the bioreactor on the membrane surface. The 4th order Runge-Kutta method was used to solve the model equations, and the parameters were estimated from simulated and experimental results. The key design parameters representing the behaviour of cake fouling dynamics were systematically investigated. Organic loading rate (OLR) was considered a controlling factor governing the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), eEPS production, filtration resistance (Rt), and transmembrane pressure (TMP) variations in a SAnMBR. eEPS showed a proportional relation with OLR at subsequent MLSS variations. The consolidation of EPS increased the specific eEPS resistance (αs), influencing the cake resistance (Rc). The propensities of eEPS showed a positive correlation with Rt and TMP. The outcomes of the study also estimated a set of valuable design parameters which would be vital for applying in AnMBRs treating industrial wastewater.

In algal pond used for treating wastewater, a part of the solar radiation (PAR) is used by algae for photosynthesis, and rest of the solar energy is wasted. To date, no studies have been conducted that optimize these aspects (wasted solar radiation for heat production) from an operational cost perspective. Therefore, a model is developed for the estimation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) from solar radiation. Subsequently, derived PAR was utilized in the optimization algorithm. Experimental data on PAR and solar radiation were used to obtain empirical parameters of the developed model. Using empirical parameters, diurnal PAR was estimated for other locations for which the diurnal variation of solar radiation was not available. Afterwards, the estimated solar radiation was used to obtain the cost of algal biomass production using wastewater. For this purpose, a cost function was minimized. The cost function contains various cost components of algae-based wastewater treatment. The major costs of the treatment were incurred by the sunlight harvesting, and distribution equipment, whereas the major income was registered through the conversion of sunlight to heat and biomass production. The yearly cost of treating 1m3 wastewater in the proposed wastewater treatment plant could be varied from 186 to −44 (Rs, INR). The capital cost of constructing a proposed treatment plant having a capacity of 1000 m3 /day varied from 11–45 crores INR.

Periapical granuloma and periapical cysts develop as a sequela of inflammation of dental pulp, usually a consequence of an infected root canal. Mast cells (MCs) have most frequently been implicated in the pathophysiology of periapical lesions such as periapical granulomas and cysts.The present study was undertaken to emphasize the presence and quantification of MCs in periapical lesions (granulomas and cysts) using toluidine blue stain, with an aim to elucidate their role in the pathogenesis of these lesions.The study comprised a total of 55 previously diagnosed cases (30 cases of radicular cyst and 25 cases of periapical granuloma) selected from the departmental archives. The MCs were quantified in all the sections in the three zones, namely the epithelial, subepithelial, and deeper connective tissue zones. The results were sent for statistical analysis.Wilcoxon pairedA statistically significant difference was observed between the two lesions in all the three zones, i.e., epithelial, subepithelial, and in deeper connective tissue zone withAlthough MCs were present in all the three zones of both periapical cysts and granuloma, they were predominantly observed in radicular cysts than in periapical granuloma. This suggests a significant role of MC in initiation, development, and progression of these periapical lesions.

Background: Whereas the concept of normal levels of various parameters is extensively used in medical practice, the concept of optimal levels has not received much attention. We propose that it is time to pay attention to the optimal levels so that positive health can be measured. Objective: The objective is to define optimal levels of medical parameters as that combination which prevents the occurrence of ailments or gives strength to fight these ailments if they occur. Methods: A large number of articles and other literature was reviewed in search of medical parameters and their levels that could be considered to indicate optimal levels. Result: The optimal combination of medical parameters that prevents occurrence of ailments and gives strength to fight if an ailment occurs, is conceptually beyond the ‘normal’ levels that we use in everyday clinical practice and can be considered to indicate positive health. This is illustrated with the help of several examples after dividing the concept of positive health into five domains on the pattern of quality-of-life assessment. Conclusion: A concept of positive health has been proposed and its link to the optimal level of medical parameters is described. We plead that more efforts be made to identify the positive parameters of health, and their optimal levels that measure positive health be delineated.

The Beckmann rearrangement is a versatile method for the preparation of secondary amides from ketones via oxime intermediates and has been widely used in the synthesis of bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals. Herein, we have developed a highly efficient direct method for the preparation of secondary amides and lactams from ketones using O-(mesitylsulfonyl)hydroxylamine (MSH). The reactions proceed rapidly at room temperature under mild condition without requiring any additive, and tolerate multiple functional groups. A simple aqueous work-up often furnished the products in excellent yield with high purity.

Face detection is an important field that is becoming more and more important as its applications are increasing. Today, face detection is used in a lot of different technologies such as photography, video surveillance, and most importantly in facial recognition. This paper presents an understanding of the Viola Jones algorithm for face detection along with its components: Haar features, integral image, AdaBoost algorithm, cascading classifier and its implementation with the help of MATLAB computer vision toolbox.

Obstructive conditions of the salivary glands are common and may necessitate imaging of the gland for the purpose of diagnosis and management. Sialography is considered the gold standard for examining obstructive conditions of the parotid and submandibular glands but is largely influenced by the imaging technique to which it is coupled. The aim of this paper is to discuss the importance of cone beam computed sialography imaging which is a relatively new and very promising imaging modality in the detection of radiolucent sialoliths and to report a case of detection of radiolucent parotid sialoliths using cone beam computed sialography.