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Published online: 01 June 2023 In recent decades, liberal democracies have considerably expanded the scope for citizen participation, calling their citizens to vote in a growing number of popular votes. This research investigates the effects of the rising election frequency on electoral participation. It expands on the voting calculus and theorizes which, when, and how past votes affect current voter turnout. We argue that all election types contribute to a common factor of election frequency, whose high values depress turnout and reduce the effectiveness of party mobilization even in the most important elections. We find support for the new theory using an original database of all significant elections and referendums held in 22 European democracies between 1939 and 2019, two natural experiments, and survey data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. Our findings shed light on contemporary participation trends and have major implications for democratic citizenship and democratic institutional engineering.

Supplemental Material for Election Frequency and Voter Turnout by Filip Kostelka, Eva Krejcova, Nicolas Sauger, and Alexander Wuttke in Comparative Political Studies

The Data Documentation Initiative effort began in 1995, setting the bases for what in 2022 has become a standard that has numerous products (DDI Codebook, DDI Lifecycle, Controlled vocabularies etc.). But no standard can exist without tools, and the purpose of this session is to discuss the future of DDI-Codebook supporting tools. One of the data platforms that supported DDI Codebook is Nesstar, developed and maintained by the former Norwegian Center for Research Data (NSD), now Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Research and Education (SIKT). Nesstar offers both a metadata editor and a server showcasing data and metadata. Institutions like the Center for Socio-Political data (CDSP), the Slovenian Social Science Data Archives (ADP) and SIKT have been using it for many years, both for editing and publishing data. One of the main features of the Nesstar Server, much appreciated by its user community, was the data discovery and data analysis feature. In parallel, the Nesstar editor continues to be one of the most performant software allowing metadata editing in DDI Codebook. Unfortunately, as it is no longer supported, more and more archives are moving away from Nesstar. The needs for a more powerful variable search engine, implementation of persistent identifiers and more FAIR metadata and data are requirements archives need to fulfill in their new data editing, data discovery and data access workflows. In addition, there is an increasing need for DDI-C tools allowing variable-level metadata editing. In this talk, we will discuss the current workflows of ADP, CDSP and SIKT and ideas for moving forward together with the community.&nbsp

Début 2020, l’idée d’une pandémie mondiale était étrangère à la plupart d’entre nous. Et, évidemment, le principe du confinement nous était encore plus éloigné. Mais le bilan de cette année de la Covid-19 reste marqué par le fait que de nombreux gouvernements de par le monde ont édicté des interdictions de sortie du domicile et d’autres mesures de restriction. En France, les gens ont maintenant l’expérience de deux confinements nationaux. Celui du printemps, qui a duré deux mois, a été strict avec la fermeture des écoles, la limitation de l’accès aux espaces publics ouverts ainsi que la fermeture de la plupart des lieux de travail. Le confinement d’automne, le second de l’année, a été plus souple, les écoles et les entreprises restant ouvertes pour la plupart. Mais pour les deux confinements, tout le monde en France devait fournir une attestation sur l’honneur pour effectuer les sorties essentielles. Les réunions publiques, les bars et les restaurants restaient également fermés. Ce policy brief analyse comment la population française a traversé cette année, en comparant les expériences du premier et du second confinement, au prisme de la question des inégalités. Comme pour les autres Policy briefs de cette série, nous utilisons la capacité explicative de sondages répétés auprès des mêmes personnes qui font toutes partie du panel longitudinal français ELIPSS., Policy Brief, n° 5 - Projet "Faire face au Covid-19. Distanciation sociale, cohésion, et inégalité dans la France de 2020". Ce projet a fait l'objet d'une financement de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche.

In the beginning of 2020, the idea of a worldwide pandemic was not on most people’s minds, let alone the concept of a lockdown. But as this Covid-19 year comes to a close, governments around the globe have instituted stay-at-home orders and other restrictions. In France, people have now experienced two national lockdowns. The first spring lockdown, lasting two months, was severe with schools, outdoor public spaces, and most workplaces closed. The second fall lockdown was less drastic, as schools and many businesses stayed open. Yet for both lockdowns, everyone in France needed a self-written authorization to go outside only for essential outings. Public gatherings, bars, and restaurants remained shuttered. This policy brief analyzes how people in France navigated this past year, comparing the spring and fall lockdown experiences, with an eye toward tracking inequalities. As with previous Policy Briefs, we leverage the power of repeated surveys with the same pool of respondents who are all part of a longitudinal sample of the French population (ELIPSS).

Jusqu’à quel point le Covid-19 perturbe-t-il notre vie de tous les jours ? Comment la population française vit-elle le confinement ? Dans quelles mesures les inégalités sociales sont-elles exacerbées et la cohésion sociale menacée ? Le projet CoCo apporte des éléments de réponse à ces questions d’actualité en comparant les conditions de vie en France avant et après le confinement. Il s’agit du quatrième d’une série de rapports préliminaires couvrant maintenant l’ensemble de la période de confinement. La vie pendant le confinement a-t-elle été une parenthèse ou une forme de nouvelle normalité ? Au-delà du fait de savoir si les gens ont repris leurs activités traditionnelles après le 11 mai, ce rapport s’intéresse aux conséquences de l’expérience du confinement sur les attitudes et les opinions. Le confinement a-t-il accéléré des tendances sous-jacentes ou a-t-il permis l’émergence de nouvelles orientations sociales et politiques ? - 75% des gens anticipent la survenue d’un second pic de l’épidémie, - Le sentiment de bien-être a augmenté pendant la période de confinement, - Un tiers des personnes travaillent toujours à la maison même après la fin du confinement, - Les deux tiers de la population ont l’intention de limiter leurs interactions sociales dans les mois à venir, - Le soutien à plus de dépenses publiques pour les hôpitaux est généralisé, - Les personnes les plus riches ont plus de chances de soutenir le principe d’une augmentation de salaire pour les infirmières, - Le sentiment de défiance à l’endroit de la mondialisation augmente, - Le souhait de protéger l’environnement est de plus en plus répandu., Policy brief n° 4. Projet "Faire face au Covid-19. Distanciation sociale, cohésion et inégalité dans la France de 2020". Ce projet a bénéficié d'un financement de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR Appel Flash-Covid-19). Rapport également disponible en version anglaise.

How disruptive is Covid-19 to everyday life? How is the French population experiencing the lockdown? Is it magnifying inequalities and affecting social cohesion? The CoCo project sheds lights on these pressing questions by comparing living conditions in France before, during, and after the lockdown. This is the fourth of a series of research briefs, which now cover the entire lockdown period Has life under the lockdown been a parenthesis or is it the new normal? Beyond whether or not people began to resume their usual activities on 11 May, the consequences of the lockdown experience on people’s attitudes and opinions are the core of this policy brief. Did the lockdown trigger new sociopolitical orientations? Or did it instead accelerate ongoing trends? - 75% of people anticipate a second peak of the epidemic - The expectation of a second peak depends very much on individuals’ level of trust in others - Self-reported well-being rose during the lockdown and increased even further two weeks after it ended - One-third of our respondents are still working at home even though lockdown is over - Two-thirds of our sample intend to limit their social interactions in the coming months - There is very strong support for increased public spending on hospitals - Wealthier people are more likely to support increased wages for nurses - Globalization is increasingly seen in a negative light - Pro-environment attitudes are growing

Cette page décrit le projet de recherche Faire face au Covid-19. Distanciation sociale, cohésion et inégalités dans la France de 2020, mené depuis le 1er avril par des chercheurs et des personnels d'appui de l'OSC et du CDSP. Il sera aussi l'endroit où vous trouverez des liens et des ressources pour suivre l'évolution et les résultats du programme. Que peuvent chercher et apporter des chercheurs en sciences humaines et sociales, face à une crise sanitaire, une pandémie où le corps médical se retrouve naturellement en première ligne ? [Introduction]

How disruptive is COVID-19 to everyday life? How is the French population experiencing the lockdown? Is it magnifying inequalities and affecting social cohesion? The CoCo project sheds light on these pressing questions by comparing living conditions in France before, during, and after the lockdown. This is the second of a series of research briefs that we will publish in the forthcoming weeks. In this brief, we explore how French society has coped with the first month of the lockdown, particularly with the economy, self-reported health and well-being, and homeschooling. Are people more concerned with protecting each other from a deadly virus or minimizing the economic damages of a protracted lockdown? Compared to two weeks ago, people are more worried about the economy than they are about health, especially in the case of those living in high-income households. When looking ahead to the partial re-opening that the government has set for 11 May 2020, French residents show a high degree of uncertainty. People waver in their commitment to this date depending on which aspect of the crisis they are taking into consideration. Only 35% of the population would want to end the lockdown on 11 May knowing that the virus is still running rampant in the country. When made to consider a potential catastrophic economic scenario, however, the share of those wishing to follow through on this date rises to 65%. Those in high-income households also prioritise the possibility of adopting a mobile app to help control the spread of the epidemic. How do people assess their health and stress levels? The lockdown is not leading the French into depression. In self-assessments of their general health and well-being, people indicate higher scores than in previous years. We label this phenomenon the “eye of the hurricane” paradox: when a disruptive event breaks out, people seem to better appreciate their relative ‘good health’. However, the lockdown seems to psychologically distress individuals who are both working from home and going out less. What are the main features and challenges of homeschooling? Two-thirds of parents, regardless of their educational background, supervise their children’s school work daily. The additional burden is a source of stress for some parents but is also contributing to parents’ understanding of their children’s learning needs., Policy paper n° 2 - Project ''Coping with Covid-19. Social distancing, cohesion and inequality in 2020 France''. Funded by ANR (French National Research Agency), Call Flash Covid-19

How disruptive is Covid-19 to everyday life? How is the French population experiencing the lockdown? Is it magnifying inequalities and affecting social cohesion? The CoCo project sheds lights on these pressing questions by comparing living conditions in France before, during, and after the lockdown. This is the third of a series of research briefs. We explore how French society has coped with the first 6 weeks of the lockdown, particularly as regards the transformation of working conditions and social life. We also continue to monitor self-reported health and well-being. About a third of workers kept working at their workplace, another third shifted to remote work while the others stopped working altogether, becoming unemployed or taking leave. Women with at least a young child were more likely to stop working. Remote-work is concentrated in the middle-upper segment of the income distribution, while working outside the home remains the norm for the bottom-half of earners. Remote workers’ working conditions are better in comparison to workplace-workers. They are also the most interested in continuing to work remotely after the lockdown. The division of domestic work tends to be more egalitarian in households where the woman is working remotely. The men find it difficult to spend time educating their children. Unprecedented levels of online social contact have compensated for a steep drop in sociability. Continued relations with relatives are the most prevalent while people who developed new relationships during confinement did so mostly with their neighbours.Contracting the virus has now more to do with employment conditions. People who kept going to the workplace were more likely to contract the virus. While happiness levels dropped at the beginning of the lockdown, they have regained and even surpassed pre-lockdown levels for most people., Policy paper n° 3 - Project ''Coping with Covid-19. Social distancing, cohesion and inequality in 2020 France''. Funded by ANR (French National Research Agency), Call Flash Covid-19. Available in French Language.

Jusqu’à quel point le Covid-19 perturbe-t-il notre vie de tous les jours ? Comment la population française vit-elle le confinement ? Dans quelles mesures les inégalités sociales sont-elles exacerbées et la cohésion sociale menacée ? Le projet CoCo apporte des éléments de réponse à ces questions d’actualité en compa­rant les conditions de vie en France avant et après le blocage. Il s’agit du deuxième rapport préliminaire de la série que nous publierons dans les prochaines semaines. Nous analysons ici la façon dont la société française a fait face à ce premier mois de confinement, notamment en ce qui concerne les préoccupations sur l’état de l’économie, la santé et le bien-être autodéclarés, et enfin l’enseignement à la maison. Comment le souci de protéger la santé publique s’articule-t-il avec celui d’atténuer les dégâts économiques d’un confinement prolongé ? La société française s’inquiète maintenant plus des conséquences économiques que sanitaires, si on compare les réponses recueillies à deux semaines d’intervalle. C’est notamment le cas des personnes à hauts revenus. Lorsqu’ils anticipent la réouverture partielle du pays annoncée par le gouvernement au 11 mai 2020, nos répondants manifestent une forte incertitude. Les avis divergent au sujet du déconfinement selon l’aspect de la crise pris en considération. En sachant que le virus continue à sévir dans le pays, seuls 35% de la population voudraient une fin du confinement le 11 mai. En revanche, lorsqu’un scénario catastrophique pour l’économie est pris en compte, le pourcentage de personnes approuvant la date du déconfinement atteint 65%. Les personnes à hauts revenus soutiennent par ailleurs la mise en place d’une application mobile pour tenter d’endiguer la propagation de l’épidémie. Comment les gens évaluent-ils leurs niveaux de santé et de stress ? Les répondants ne sont pas démoralisés par le confinement. Leurs déclarations sur leur santé et sur leur bien être général atteignent des scores plus élevés que les années précédentes. Nous décrivons ce phénomène comme le paradoxe de « l’œil du cyclone » : confronté à un événement grave, il semble plus facile de se considérer en « bonne santé ». Cependant, le confinement cause une détresse psychologique chez ceux qui travaillent à domicile et qui sortent le moins. Quels sont les modalités et les défis de l’école à la maison ? Deux-tiers des parents, tous niveaux d’éducation confondus, supervisent quotidiennement le travail de leurs enfants. Cette charge supplémentaire entraîne chez certains un stress accru, mais contribue également à une meilleure et nouvelle compréhension des besoins éducatifs de leurs enfants., Policy brief n° 2. Projet "Faire face au Covid-19. Distanciation sociale, cohésion et inégalité dans la France de 2020". Ce projet a bénéficié d'un financement de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR Appel Flash-Covid-19)