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The terminology "accelerated idioventricular rhythm" refers to an ectopic ventricular rhythm with three or more consecutive premature ventricular monomorphic beats with slow onset and end. That is slower than ventricular tachycardia but faster than the typical intrinsic escape rate of the ventricles, which is 30 to 40 beats per minute. Accelerated idioventricular rhythm differentiates from ventricular tachycardia in addition to having a positive outcome, a long coupling period at the beginning, a gradual drop-in ventricular rate at the conclusion, and an increase in sinus rate. After thrombolysis upon acute myocardial infarction, its presence is a sign that reperfusion was successful. Since malignant ventricular tachycardias are not commonly linked with accelerated idioventricular rhythm and the condition is typically hemodynamically well tolerated, no special therapy is typically required beyond managing the underlying heart condition. Accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) is usually benign, transitory, and untreatable. The goal of this observational study is to learn more about the clinical signs, prognosis, and therapy of frequent AIVR.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitude towards vitamin D and sunlight exposure among female university students. Study Design: Cross Sectional study design. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted among 500 female Saudi students in Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University (PNU). Methodology: A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge about vitamin D sources, health benefits and effects of vitamin D deficiency and assessing the attitude towards vitamin D and sunlight exposure. Results: The present study recognized that health college students (52.7%) had better knowledge than non-health college students (47.3%). Although PNU students had good knowledge about vitamin D, only 6.0% of them knew the current recommended daily dose. Female students showed good behavior and attitude in terms of high frequency of sunlight exposure daily (34.8%). Educational institutions were the main sources of information about vitamin D (43%). Hot weather (54.8%) and fear of pigmentation (51.2) were the main reasons for limited sunlight exposure among students. Conclusion: There was a good level of knowledge (52.2%) about vitamin D sources, benefits and effects of vitamin D deficiency among female students. In fact, health college students had better knowledge about vitamin D than non-health college students. Hot weather (54.8%) and fear of pigmentation (51.2%) were the main barriers to sunlight exposure.

Introduction Two main factors have a great influence on the youth's oral well-being. These are their dental health and age. These two factors are significantly directed by parents through establishing a system of proper oral hygiene and a preventative routine for those young adults. Aim and objective The following study was run in the Dammam region, Saudi Arabia, to assess guardian awareness of youngster's dental health. Materials and methods This community-based study was designed in a cross-sectional pattern, where a sample size of 248 parents who fulfilled inclusion criteria was selected and a well-designed validated questionnaire was used for the collected database using SPSS (VER. 24). Results The main found included that, about 51% of participants were fathers and 49% were mothers, 90% of them above the age of 26 years old and most of the participants had a secondary certificate or university degree, 38% and 45%, respectively, only 64% of parents have checked their children teeth, the average of overall knowledge of parents toward dental health was medium 7.97 points out of 16.0 points and there was a statistically significant relationship between parents type, educational level, and overall knowledge related to oral health. Conclusion From our study, it was acknowledged that the perception of children's oral health status by their parents in the Dammam region is relatively medium, so general awareness of parents' knowledge should be raised by conducting effective oral health programs and interventions. How to cite this article Alshammari FS, Alshammari RA, Alshammari MH, et al. Parental Awareness and Knowledge toward their Children's Oral Health in the City of Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1):100-103.

Purpose Optimization of light-emitting diodes’ (LEDs’) design together with long-term reliability is directly correlated with their photometric, electric and thermal characteristics. For a given thermal layout of the LED system, the maximum luminous flux occurs at an optimal electrical input power and can be determined using a photo-electro-thermal (PET) theory. The purpose of this study is to extend the application of the luminous flux equation in PET theory for low-power (LP) LEDs. Design/methodology/approach LP surface-mounted device LEDs were mounted on substrates of different thermal resistances. Three LEDs were attached to substrates which were flame-retardant fiberglass epoxy (FR4) and two aluminum-based metal core printed circuit boards (MCPCBs) with thermal conductivities of about 1.0 W/m.K, 2.0 W/m.K and 5.0 W/m.K, respectively. The conjunction of thermal transient tester and thermal and radiometric characterization of LEDs system was used to measure the thermal and optical parameters of the LEDs at a certain range of input current and temperature. Findings The validation of the extended application of the luminous flux equation was confirmed via a good agreement between the practical and theoretical results. The outcomes show that the optimum luminous flux is 25.51, 31.91 and 37.01 lm for the LEDs on the FR4 and the two MCPCBs, respectively. Accordingly, the stipulated maximum electrical input power in the LED datasheet (0.185 W) is shifted to 0.6284, 0.6963 and 0.8838 W between the three substrates. Originality/value Using a large number of LP LEDs is preferred than high-power (HP) LEDs for the same system power to augment the heat transfer and provide a higher luminous flux. The PET theory equations have been applied to HP LEDs using heatsinks with various thermal resistances. In this work, the PET theory luminous flux equation was extended to be used for Indium Gallium Aluminum Phosphide LP LEDs attached to the substrates with dissimilar thermal resistances.

Autism is a developmental disability that affects the normal functioning of the brain. Autism is present from birth and has an effect on how an individual learns. Individuals with autism often have difficulty with communication skills, social skills, and reasoning. Integrating students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in inclusive classrooms with peers without disabilities is a common strategy for increasing social. Research has demonstrated that peers can help teach social skills to students with autism. The sample of the study will be selected non-randomly. There will be 24 students in this study. Also, three special education teachers will be in this study. All participants are native English speakers. The purpose of this study is to identify the best way to increase social skills for students with autism through inclusive classrooms تهدف هذه الدراسة الى التعرف الى أفضل طريقة لزيادة المهارات الاجتماعية للطلاب ذوي اضطراب التوحد وذلک من خلال دمجهم في الفصول الدراسية العامة مع أقرانهم العاديين. تم اختيار عينة بشکل عشوائي. سيکون هناک ٢٤طالب و٣ معلمين من الفصول العامة. جميع المشارکين لغتهم الأصلية هي اللغة العربية. تم مقابلة معلمي الفصول العامة من خلال استخدام استبيان لتحديد تأثير وفاعلية المهارات الاجتماعية في الفصول الدراسية. وقد أظهرت استجابة المعلمين بشکل إيجابي في فاعلية دعم الأقران في زيادة المهارات الاجتماعية لذوي اضطراب التوحد من خلال الأنشطة اليومية

Background. Financial crises become more probable and severe when debt levels exceed specific thresholds. This finding strongly indicates that debt can become excessive in some circumstances. All the above are from previous studies that mentioned the statistics of debts, financial crises, and defaults in countries without mentioning the reasons that led to the debts. Objective. The aim of this study is to identify the causes that led to the accumulation of debts by individuals. Methods and Materials. A cross-sectional survey was administered to the common populace in KSA, utilizing Google shapes to gather information. The target group comprised 143 males (34.5%) and 272 females (65.5%) responders. Statistical analysis methods were based on factor analysis and regression analysis of fractional factorials. Results. The results of the analysis were summarized by the factors for the first stage: the reasons that led to the debt crisis for individuals were S1, S2, and S5–S13. The results of the second method, regression analysis, show that the reasons that led to the debt crisis for individuals are S4 and S11. Conclusion. Referring to the results of the analysis of the two methods, it was found that there is a common factor between them, S11, and thus, S11 (poor management and inefficiency) becomes the actual cause that led to the debt crisis for individuals.

Background Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has resulted in an unprecedented number of human deaths and economic losses. Analyzing the role of disease in different groups of people is useful for determining the burden of disease. As a result, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of COVID-19 on the Saudi Arabian population’s quality of life, with a particular emphasis on the likely fall in their life expectancy. Methods A cross-sectional and retrospective analysis of 2,988 patients’ databases was performed to assess COVID-19-induced mortality and complications in the community. The data was gathered from official websites that track the disease’s impact daily between July and October 2021. On the acquired data, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and relative risk analysis were performed. The data was statistically analyzed using SPSS IBM 25. The Pearson’s correlation test was used to examine the relationship between age and disease impact. The significance of the findings was determined by using a P value of less than 0.05. Results The data from the study indicated that the positive test rate, infection rate, and mortality rate in the population were 1.84% [+0.11/-0.39 of 95% confidence interval (CI)], 1.54% (+0.38/-0.52 of CI), and 1.59% (+0.4/-0.7 of CI), respectively. Highest percentage of mortality was observed in Riyadh (17%), followed by Jeddah (8.7%) and Makkah (7.5%). The DALYs/100,000 inhabitants increased progressively as the age of the population increased, and the highest value was found for those over 70 years old (25.73 ± 2.09). Similarly, the risk outcome (55%) increased significantly (p = 0.037) from 40 years onwards, and the maximum was observed at above 70 years (184%, p = 0.006). The correlation analysis indicated a significant association (p = 0.032) between age and COVID-19 induced mortality from the 40-year-old population onwards. Conclusion The current study found that the COVID-19 load in Saudi Arabia was comparable to that in nations that were said to have performed well during the pandemic. DALYs increased from 40 years to 60 years, although people over 60 years had a lower life expectancy and were more susceptible to infection. After 60 years, the occurrence of numerous co-morbid illnesses may have added to the population’s burden of COVID-19. Further research in this area may yield a more precise estimate of the COVID-19-induced burden on the entire population.

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors (URE) among children 3-10 years of age and to confirm the need for a national school-based visual screening program for school-aged children. Due to quarantine in Saudi Arabia due to the spread of Coronavirus, this study is dependent on previous studies, and the researcher analyzes the results of previous studies related to the subject so that the researcher uses the inductive approach with the use of citations for all sources. The main study discussed was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted in Medina, Saudi Arabia in 2015. Children were selected through multi-stage stratified random sampling from 8 kindergartens and 8 primary schools. Those included were screened to diagnose UREs using a visual acuity chart and an auto-refractometer as per American guidelines. Prevalence and types of UREs have been estimated. The results of this study are based on the results of (Alrahili et al., 2017) which found that 1893 of the 2121 children listed had been examined, yielding a response rate of 89.3 per cent. The prevalence of URE was 34.9 per cent (95 per cent CI = 32.8 per cent-37.1 per cent), with significant differences in different age groups. The prevalence of astigmatism (25.3 per cent) was higher than that of anisometropia (7.4 per cent), hypermetropia (1.5 per cent) and myopia (0.7 per cent). The risk of incorrect refractive error was positively associated with age, and this was mentioned in astigmatism, myopia, and anisometropia. In addition, the risk of hypermetropy was associated with boys and the risk of myopia was associated with girls. To conclude, the prevalence of URE, in particular astigmatism, was high among children 3-10 years of age in Medina, with significant age differences. Vision screening programs targeting kindergartens and primary school children are crucial in reducing the risk of the preventable visual impairment according to URE. Key words: Refractive Error, School Children, Astigmatism.

Red maple (Acer rubrum), also known as swamp, water or soft maple, is endemic to eastern and central North America and was widely used as traditional medicine by the first peoples. Commercially, its well-known products include maple syrup and high-quality lumber. The potential medicinal benefits of phenolic compounds extracted from the red maple plant, such as glucitol-core containing gallotannins, include antioxidant, and antiglycation effects as well as their importance in cosmetic applications. Plant-derived proteins and peptides are important biomolecules; however to date, there is no published data on the identification of proteins/peptides from red maple leaves. Therefore, the present study focuses on the activity guided purification of proteins from red maple leaves collected in spring and fall seasons. In addition, the focus of this project was in the evaluation of maple leaves employing bottom-up proteomics and De Novo protein profiling by PEAKS Studio-X and Gene Ontology Bioinformatics. The red maple leaves were grounded, defatted in hexane and proteins extracted in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 6.5. The extracted crude proteins were recovered by precipitation in 80% ammonium sulfate. The first-dimensional chromatography of crude extracted proteins was performed on a gel filtration column (HiLoad 16/600 Superdex200). The separation of crude extract and the partially purified gel filtration fraction was conducted by reversed-phase HPLC. The crude and eluted fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The extract was screened for cytotoxicity activity on Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 breast cancer (MCF-7), M.D. Anderson Metastasis Breast (MDA-MB-231) cancer cell lines and anti-inflammatory activity on murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell line from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The drug Doxorubicin was used as a positive control whereas untreated cells as a negative control in these experiments Preliminary data revealed that active protein fractions were eluted at two different regions of gel filtration chromatography both in spring and fall leaves. Bottom-up proteomics of crude and active fractions by PEAKS Studio-X and MASCOT bioinformatics database identified over 54 proteins. The Gene Ontology Annotation classified these proteins involved in the biological processing, cellular compartment, and molecular functions.

Background: Awareness of common eye diseases particularly impaired vision and their prevention and treatment can play an important role in encouraging people to seek timely eye care and can therefore help in reducing the burden of visual impairment. Objective: This cross sectional observational study was carried out to assess the level of awareness and knowledge about the problem of poor vision among Saudi students in Hail University. Methods: A standardized questionnaire was randomly distributed to students aged 18-24 years of both sexes. A total of 1484 subjects agreed to participate, answered the questionnaire and were involved in the study. Results: Findings showed that1330 students considered poor vision to be a problem. Most of them considered elders the most susceptible age group followed by teenagers. More than half of the students did not know which gender is more affected by poor vision. More than one-third (37.5%) of them considered poor vision as a genetic disorder. Others reported errors of refraction, cataract and senility (10.6%, 8.4% and 6.55%respectively). However, 28.3% of the students did not know exactly the predisposing causes of poor vision. Two-thirds of the study population thought that poor vision could be prevented. Regular periodic examination of the eyes and prevention of the predisposing factors were recommended (31.3% and 32.7% respectively) as the best methods to prevent poor vision. There was significant association between the level of awareness and knowledge of the students about poor vision and the gender, type and level of education. Conclusion: The detected levels of knowledge is still not the optimum especially among female students, non-scientific colleges and in the earlier levels of university education. This emphasizes the need to involve such students in a proper eye health education program. This will help increasing the awareness of the community at large.

This study proposed a facile and cost-effective approach to synthesize reduced graphene oxide (rGO) thin film from graphene oxide (GO) water dispersion. The rGO thin films were deposited on glass substrates via spray pyrolysis technique (SPT) by using different numbers of spray cycles (i.e. 2 to 10). The structure, morphology, thickness, and optical properties of GO and rGO thin films were characterized using different techniques. The optical analysis showed that the energy band gap of GO and rGO thin films reduced from 4.2 to 3.27 eV as the spray cycles were increased from 2 to 10, which confirms the effect of surface coating thickness on conductivity. To test the performance of the rGO thin film as a UV photodetector device, metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) configuration was achieved by incorporating Al metal using RF sputtering on the thin film sample prepared with 10 spray cycles. For the device, the photoresponse (R) were found to be 0.0038, 0.0084, 0.01700, and 0.0284 (A/W), while photodetector gain (G) values were 1.956, 2.05, 2.15, and 2.31 at bias voltages of 1, 2, 3, and 4 V, respectively. At the same range of bias voltages, the rise times of the photodetector were 0.08, 0.075, 0.055, and 0.055 s, while the fall time were 0.055, 0.066, 0.06 and 0.06 s, respectively, under 375 nm UV illumination (0.37 mW/cm2). The maximum sensitivity (S%) was found to be 131.84 at 4 V. The photoelectric properties and photodetection performances indicate that rGO thin film deposited on glass substrate by SPT could be a potential candidate for the development of advanced MSM optoelectronic devices.

Investigation of dynamic thermal performance is a key to improve the heat management of high-power (HP) vertical light-emitting diodes (VLEDs). Specifically, the thermal time constant is a crucial parameter for optimizing the design and reliability of HP LEDs. Herein, the dynamic thermal behavior of seven HP ThinGaN VLEDs with different constructions was demonstrated. The LEDs’ thermal parameters were measured through the thermal transient tester system by a forward voltage technique. A three-stage of multiexponential function model was applied to divide the transient response curve into three regions with different thermal properties. This study focused on analyzing the first region that involved the chip region (epitaxial layer, wafer bonding layer, and submount) and chip bonding layer. The submounts of the LEDs under consideration include silicon carbide (SiC), silicon (Si), sapphire (Al2O3), and germanium (Ge). The results revealed that with a qualified wafer bonding layer, the LED packages with SiC, Si, and Al2O3 submount presented the optimum thermal time constant, which was 85, 69, 75, and 81 ms, respectively.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) contain amphipathic structures and are derived from natural resources. AMPs have been found to be effective in treating the infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and thus, are potential lead compounds against ARB. AMPs&rsquo, physicochemical properties, such as cationic nature, amphiphilicity, and their size, will provide the opportunity to interact with membrane bilayers leading to damage and death of microorganisms. Herein, AMP analogs of [R4W4] were designed and synthesized by changing the hydrophobicity and cationic nature of the lead compound with other amino acids to provide insights into a structure-activity relationship against selected model Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens. Clinical resistant strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were used in the studies. Our results provided information about the structural requirements for optimal activity of the [R4W4] template. When tryptophan was replaced with other hydrophobic amino acids, such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, alanine, leucine, and isoleucine, the antibacterial activities were significantly reduced with MIC values of &gt, 128 &micro, g/mL. Furthermore, a change in stereochemistry caused by d-arginine, and use of N-methyltryptophan, resulted in a two-fold reduction of antibacterial activity. It was found that the presence of tryptophan is critical for antibacterial activity, and could not be substituted with other hydrophobic residues. The study also confirmed that cyclic peptides generally showed higher antibacterial activities when compared with the corresponding linear counterparts. Furthermore, by changing tryptophan numbers in the compound while maintaining a constant number of arginine, we determined the optimal number of tryptophan residues to be four, as shown when the number of tryptophan residues increased, a decrease in activity was observed.

In construction delay claims, force majeure is normally recognized as an excusable risk that entitles contractors only to time extensions, but neither of the contracting parties is entitled to monetary compensation to recover delay damages. However, there are instances where contractors are entitled to both time and cost compensations, as evidenced by some court cases relating to force majeure claims. Such instances involve attributing the occurrence of the force majeure to the effect of other prior delay events that pushed project performance into the period of the force majeure. Existing delay analysis methods are not capable of addressing this issue, as none take the impact of other delays into consideration when analyzing force majeure claims. Stimulated by this gap, this study proposes an improved and sound method for fairly analyzing the responsibility of force majeure delay claims amongst contracting parties. This method was implemented on a case project to help demonstrate its application and also ascertain its practicability. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, it has highlighted the situation of force majeure delay that can be compensable, creating more awareness among researchers and industry practitioners. The second is a proposed systematic process to appropriately analyze its responsibility, which equitably addresses claims from such delays with little or no chance of dispute ensuing.