Search

Across three studies, we tested competing hypotheses about how individual differences in social vigilantism and need for cognition relate to levels of attitude change, intentions to resist attitude change, and memory for political advertisements concerning a highly polarized issue. In Experiments 1 and 2, we examined participants’ intentions to use resistance strategies to preserve their pre-existing attitudes about abortion, by either engaging against opposing opinions or disengaging from them. In Experiment 3, we examined participants’ memory for information about both sides of the controversy presented in political advertisements. Our results suggest higher levels of social vigilantism are related to greater intentions to counterargue and better memory for attitude incongruent information. These findings extend our understanding of individual differences in how people process and respond to controversial social and political discourse.

PROBLEM BEING ADDRESSED: Use of computers in medicine, as tools for information and education, is increasing. Many computer-assisted learning tools have been marketed. For clinician-teachers, computer-assisted learning offers interesting possibilities. Is this educational technology within the reach of family physicians? OBJECTIVE: To describe development of a computer-based learning tool and to suggest indications for its use. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT: A team of clinician-teachers and information technologists developed a tool called Didacticiel sur l'Aviseur to train family physicians and family medicine residents on a clinical decision-making tool called l'Aviseur pharmacothérapeutique, which consists of a database and nine search functions. The Didacticiel in turn consists of an interactive guided tour, a series of exercises with formative evaluation and feedback, a real-time test with a final evaluation, and an integrated, multidimensional project evaluation program. CONCLUSION: Developing a computerized learning tool is a worthwhile investment if the content has longevity; the learning process is highly interactive; there is a market for the product; and the tool is developed by a team of experienced, committed information technologists.

This study investigated the effects of a chronic exposure to a low level of copper on cell populations of the olfactory system in yearling rainbow trout. Fish were sacrificed after 15, 30 and 60 days of copper exposure. Transmission electron microscopy was used to describe the sequence of subcellular changes occurring in three tissues, the sensory epithelium, the olfactory nerve and the olfactory bulb. Data show that a 15-day exposure to 20 pg/l of copper causes specific degeneration of al1 mature receptor cells as well as numerous immature neurons. Moreover, degenerating receptor cells exhibited morphological features of a cell death by apoptosis. After 30 days, and more specifically after 60 days of exposure, numerous clusters of cells were observed in the basa1 region of the epithelium, suggesting a great mitotic activity in this area. In parallel, an increased number of maturing receptor cells and goblet cells were observed, but no fully mature neurons were noted even after 60 days of exposure. In both the olfactory nerve and the olfactory bulb, the number of degenerating axons and terminals, which was high at 15 days, decreased with time and some process of glomerular reinnervation was detected after 60 days. A reactive hypertrophy of supporting, ensheathing and astrocytic cells was also observed in exposed fish, which demonstrates that these cell types are actively involved in the process of tissue scarring. Even though some signs of neurona1 regeneration were reported during the time-course of exposure, indicating some fish acclimation, results raise the question of the olfactory function during such environmental stress.

To investigate family physicians' views on factors that make health care decisions difficult for patients, interventions family physicians use to support patients making decisions, and interventions proposed by the Ottawa Decision Support Framework (ODSF).Thirteen group discussions.Five family practice units.One hundred twenty family physicians.The multifaceted implementation intervention consisted of feedback from participants, a reminder at point of care, and an interactive workshop. During the workshop, family physicians were asked about their views on 2 videos both showing the concluding phase of a simulated clinical encounter with a woman facing a decision about hormone therapy. One video showed usual care; the other showed use of the ODSF process and related tools. Content was analyzed using observations by non-participants, field notes, material collected from participants during workshops, evaluation forms completed at the end of workshops, and comments written on exit questionnaires from the implementation trial.Family physicians' views on the types of difficult decisions their patients face, the factors that make decisions difficult for patients, the interventions family physicians use to support patients' decisions, and the interventions proposed by the ODSF.The 2 most frequently cited factors making decisions difficult for patients were experiencing uncertainty and fears about adverse outcomes. Before being introduced to the ODSF, participants had used mostly information-related strategies to provide decision support. After learning about the ODSF, participants overwhelmingly identified assessing patients' values as a priority. At the end of the workshop, the 5 changes in practice participants most frequently intended to make were, in order of importance, to assess patients' values, to ask about patients' preferred role in decision making, to screen for decisional conflict, to assess support or undue pressure on patients, and to increase patients' involvement in decision making.The ODSF process and related tools have the potential to broaden family physicians' views on supporting patients facing difficult decisions.