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3. Pathogen Risk Analysis for Wild Amphibian Populations Following the First Report of a Ranavirus Outbreak in Farmed American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from Northern Mexico

Author

Saucedo, Bernardo, Serrano, José M, Jacinto-Maldonado, Mónica, Leuven, Rob S E W, Rocha García, Abraham A, Méndez Bernal, Adriana, Gröne, Andrea, van Beurden, Steven J, Escobedo-Bonilla, César M, dPB I&I, LS Pathologie, Dutch Wildlife Health Centre (DWHC), dPB I&I, LS Pathologie, and Dutch Wildlife Health Centre (DWHC)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Amphibian, 040301 veterinary sciences, Animal Ecology and Physiology, lcsh:QR1-502, Zoology, Animals, Wild, Disease, Aquaculture, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Microbiology, Article, Disease Outbreaks, 0403 veterinary science, ranavirus, Viral Proteins, Virology, biology.animal, Ranavirus, Animals, Edema, Clade, Pathogen, Mexico, Phylogeny, Skin, Rana catesbeiana, amphibians, biology, outbreak, Lithobates, Outbreak, risk assessment, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, biology.organism_classification, DNA Virus Infections, Infectious Diseases, immunohistochemistry, histopathology, Organismal Animal Physiology, Risk assessment
Abstract

Ranaviruses are the second deadliest pathogens for amphibian populations throughout the world. Despite their wide distribution in America, these viruses have never been reported in Mexico, the country with the fifth highest amphibian diversity in the world. This paper is the first to address an outbreak of ranavirus in captive American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from Sinaloa, Mexico. The farm experienced high mortality in an undetermined number of juveniles and sub-adult bullfrogs. Affected animals displayed clinical signs and gross lesions such as lethargy, edema, skin ulcers, and hemorrhages consistent with ranavirus infection. The main microscopic lesions included mild renal tubular necrosis and moderate congestion in several organs. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed scant infected hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells. Phylogenetic analysis of five partial ranavirus genes showed that the causative agent clustered within the Frog virus 3 clade. Risk assessment with the Pandora+ protocol demonstrated a high risk for the pathogen to affect amphibians from neighboring regions (overall Pandora risk score: 0.619). Given the risk of American bullfrogs escaping and spreading the disease to wild amphibians, efforts should focus on implementing effective containment strategies and surveillance programs for ranavirus at facilities undertaking intensive farming of amphibians.

Published
2019

4. Pathogen Risk Analysis for Wild Amphibian Populations Following the First Report of a Ranavirus Outbreak in Farmed American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from Northern Mexico

Author

dPB I&I, LS Pathologie, Dutch Wildlife Health Centre (DWHC), Saucedo, Bernardo, Serrano, José M, Jacinto-Maldonado, Mónica, Leuven, Rob S E W, Rocha García, Abraham A, Méndez Bernal, Adriana, Gröne, Andrea, van Beurden, Steven J, Escobedo-Bonilla, César M, dPB I&I, LS Pathologie, Dutch Wildlife Health Centre (DWHC), Saucedo, Bernardo, Serrano, José M, Jacinto-Maldonado, Mónica, Leuven, Rob S E W, Rocha García, Abraham A, Méndez Bernal, Adriana, Gröne, Andrea, van Beurden, Steven J, and Escobedo-Bonilla, César M

Published
2019

5. Ranavirus genotypes in the Netherlands and their potential association with virulence in water frogs (Pelophylax spp.)

Author

dPB I&I, Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, dFAH AVR, LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, LS Klinisch Onderzoek Wagenaar, dI&I I&I-4, dPB CR, LS Pathologie, Saucedo, Bernardo, Hughes, Joseph, Spitzen-van der Sluijs, Annemarieke, Kruithof, Natasja, Schills, Marc, Rijks, Jolianne M, Jacinto-Maldonado, Mónica, Suarez, Nicolás, Haenen, Olga L M, Voorbergen-Laarman, Michal A, van den Broek, Jan, Gilbert, Maarten, Gröne, Andrea, van Beurden, Steven J, Verheije, M Hélène, dPB I&I, Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, dFAH AVR, LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, LS Klinisch Onderzoek Wagenaar, dI&I I&I-4, dPB CR, LS Pathologie, Saucedo, Bernardo, Hughes, Joseph, Spitzen-van der Sluijs, Annemarieke, Kruithof, Natasja, Schills, Marc, Rijks, Jolianne M, Jacinto-Maldonado, Mónica, Suarez, Nicolás, Haenen, Olga L M, Voorbergen-Laarman, Michal A, van den Broek, Jan, Gilbert, Maarten, Gröne, Andrea, van Beurden, Steven J, and Verheije, M Hélène

Published
2018

6. Ranavirus genotypes in Netherlands and their potential association with virulence in water frogs (Pelophylax spp.)

Author

Saucedo, Bernardo, Hughes, Joseph, Spitzen-Van Der Sluijs, Annemarieke, Kruithof, Natasja, Schills, Marc, Rijks, Jolianne M., Jacinto-Maldonado, Mónica, Suarez, Nicolás, Haenen, Olga L.M., Voorbergen-Laarman, Michal, Van Den Broek, Jan, Gilbert, Maarten, Gröne, Andrea, van Beurden, Steven J., Verheije, M.H., Saucedo, Bernardo, Hughes, Joseph, Spitzen-Van Der Sluijs, Annemarieke, Kruithof, Natasja, Schills, Marc, Rijks, Jolianne M., Jacinto-Maldonado, Mónica, Suarez, Nicolás, Haenen, Olga L.M., Voorbergen-Laarman, Michal, Van Den Broek, Jan, Gilbert, Maarten, Gröne, Andrea, van Beurden, Steven J., and Verheije, M.H.

Abstract

Ranaviruses are pathogenic viruses for poikilothermic vertebrates worldwide. The identification of a common midwife toad virus (CMTV) associated with massive die-offs in water frogs (Pelophylax spp.) in Netherlands has increased awareness for emerging viruses in amphibians in the country. Complete genome sequencing of 13 ranavirus isolates collected from ten different sites in the period 2011-2016 revealed three CMTV groups present in distinct geographical areas in Netherlands. Phylogenetic analysis showed that emerging viruses from the northern part of Netherlands belonged to CMTV-NL group I. Group II and III viruses were derived from the animals located in the center-east and south of the country, and shared a more recent common ancestor to CMTV-amphibian associated ranaviruses reported in China, Italy, Denmark, and Switzerland. Field monitoring revealed differences in water frog host abundance at sites where distinct ranavirus groups occur; with ranavirus-associated deaths, host counts decreasing progressively, and few juveniles found in the north where CMTV-NL group I occurs but not in the south with CMTV-NL group III. Investigation of tandem repeats of coding genes gave no conclusive information about phylo-geographical clustering, while genetic analysis of the genomes revealed truncations in 17 genes across CMTV-NL groups II and III compared to group I. Further studies are needed to elucidate the contribution of these genes as well as environmental variables to explain the observed differences in host abundance.

Published
2018

7. Complete Genome Sequence of Frog virus 3, Isolated from a Strawberry Poison Frog (Oophaga pumilio) Imported from Nicaragua into the Netherlands

Author

Saucedo, Bernardo, Hughes, Joseph, van Beurden, Steven J, Suárez, Nicolás M, Haenen, Olga L M, Voorbergen-Laarman, Michal A, Gröne, Andrea, Kik, Marja J L, LS Pathologie, Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, dPB I&I, dPB CR, LS Pathologie, Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, dPB I&I, and dPB CR

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Whole genome sequencing, Epidemiologie, Epidemiology, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, 030106 microbiology, Biology, Oophaga, biology.organism_classification, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Epidemiologie, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, Botany, Viruses, Bio-informatics & Animal models, Genetics, Life Science, Epidemiology, Bio-informatics & Animal models, Molecular Biology, Disease transmission
Abstract

Frog virus 3 was isolated from a strawberry poison frog ( Oophaga pumilio ) imported from Nicaragua via Germany to the Netherlands, and its complete genome sequence was determined. Frog virus 3 isolate Op /2015/Netherlands/UU3150324001 is 107,183 bp long and has a nucleotide similarity of 98.26% to the reference Frog virus 3 isolate.

Published
2017

9. Complete Genome Sequence of Frog virus 3, Isolated from a Strawberry Poison Frog (Oophaga pumilio) Imported from Nicaragua into the Netherlands

Author

LS Pathologie, Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, dPB I&I, dPB CR, Saucedo, Bernardo, Hughes, Joseph, van Beurden, Steven J, Suárez, Nicolás M, Haenen, Olga L M, Voorbergen-Laarman, Michal A, Gröne, Andrea, Kik, Marja J L, LS Pathologie, Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, dPB I&I, dPB CR, Saucedo, Bernardo, Hughes, Joseph, van Beurden, Steven J, Suárez, Nicolás M, Haenen, Olga L M, Voorbergen-Laarman, Michal A, Gröne, Andrea, and Kik, Marja J L

Published
2017

12. Investigation of Amphibian Mortality Events in Wildlife Reveals an On-Going Ranavirus Epidemic in the North of the Netherlands

Author

Rijks, Jolianne M, Saucedo, Bernardo, Spitzen-van der Sluijs, Annemarieke, Wilkie, Gavin S, van Asten, Alphons J A M, van den Broek, Jan, Boonyarittichaikij, Roschong, Stege, Marisca, van der Sterren, Fleur, Martel, An, Pasmans, Frank, Hughes, Joseph, Gröne, Andrea, van Beurden, Steven J, Kik, Marja J L, Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, LS Pathologie, dPB I&I, Infection & Immunity, dFAH AVR, Applied Veterinary Research, Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, LS Pathologie, dPB I&I, Infection & Immunity, dFAH AVR, and Applied Veterinary Research

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Pelobates fuscus, Ranavirus, MAJOR CAPSID PROTEIN, Animal Phylogenetics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, DISEASE, Geographical Locations, 0403 veterinary science, Larvae, MOLECULAR, Medicine and Health Sciences, IRIDOVIRUS, Phylogeny, Netherlands, Data Management, Multidisciplinary, biology, Ecology, Spadefoot toad, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, DNA Virus Infections, 3. Good health, Europe, Phylogenetics, Vertebrates, Medicine, Sequence Analysis, Research Article, PELOPHYLAX KL. ESCULENTUS, Amphibian, Computer and Information Sciences, food.ingredient, 040301 veterinary sciences, Iridovirus, Science, MODELS, Animals, Wild, Research and Analysis Methods, Toads, Amphibians, Necrosis, 03 medical and health sciences, Signs and Symptoms, food, Midwife toad, FISH, Diagnostic Medicine, biology.animal, Animals, Evolutionary Systematics, Veterinary Sciences, Molecular Biology Techniques, Sequencing Techniques, Epidemics, Molecular Biology, Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Metamorphosis, Organisms, Outbreak, Biology and Life Sciences, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, People and Places, Threatened species, CHARACTERIZATION, Zoology, Sequence Alignment, Developmental Biology
Abstract

In the four years following the first detection of ranavirus (genus Ranavirus, family Iridoviridae) infection in Dutch wildlife in 2010, amphibian mortality events were investigated nationwide to detect, characterize and map ranaviruses in amphibians over time, and to establish the affected host species and the clinico-pathological presentation of the disease in these hosts. The ultimate goal was to obtain more insight into ranavirus disease emergence and ecological risk. In total 155 dead amphibians from 52 sites were submitted between 2011 and 2014, and examined using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, virus isolation and molecular genetic characterization. Ranavirus-associated amphibian mortality events occurred at 18 sites (35%), initially only in proximity of the 2010 index site. Specimens belonging to approximately half of the native amphibian species were infected, including the threatened Pelobates fuscus (spadefoot toad). Clustered massive outbreaks involving dead adult specimens and ranavirus genomic identity indicated that one common midwife toad virus (CMTV)-like ranavirus strain is emerging in provinces in the north of the Netherlands. Modelling based on the spatiotemporal pattern of spread showed a high probability that this emerging virus will continue to be detected at new sites (the discrete reproductive power of this outbreak is 0.35). Phylogenetically distinct CMTV-like ranaviruses were found in the south of the Netherlands more recently. In addition to showing that CMTV-like ranaviruses threaten wild amphibian populations not only in Spain but also in the Netherlands, the current spread and risk of establishment reiterate that understanding the underlying causes of CMTV-like ranavirus emergence requires international attention.

Published
2016

14. REPORT ON THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RANAVIRUSES 2017

Author

Rijks, Jolianne, Saucedo, Bernardo, Brunner, Jesse L., Hick, Paul, Lesbarrères, David, Duffus, Amanda, Ash, Lauren, and Marschang, Rachel E.

Abstract

Ranaviruses are large, dsDNA viruses in the family Iridoviridae. They are important pathogens in fish, amphibians, and reptiles, and have caused severe disease outbreaks in captive and wild animals. Ranaviruses have been associated with population declines in amphibians in various parts of the world. The Global Ranavirus Consortium (GRC, www.ranavirus.org) was created to help address the threat posed by these viruses by helping coordinate research among scientists, disseminating information, and offering training opportunities. An international symposium on ranaviruses has been organized biannually since 2011 (Lesbarrères et al., 2012).From 7 to 10 June 2017, Budapest welcomed the 4th International Symposium on Ranaviruses (4th ISR). The symposium (56 participants, 12 countries) followed the 10th International Symposium on Viruses of Lower Vertebrates (ISVLV; 94 participants, 20 countries), with the two symposia sharing sessions on the 7th of June. The ranavirus symposium was sponsored by the GRC, the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians (ARAV), the Veterinary Faculty of the University of Budapest, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Science Foundation (NSF), Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Germany, and Biocenter Laboratory Hungary.During the 4th ISR, thirty-four (34) scientific presentations were held on ranaviruses (29) or Iridoviridae in general (5), and 16 ranavirus posters were presented (https://www.ranavirus.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ISR2017_Budapest_AbstractBook.pdf). Other activities included an update on the progress made by the GRC; a panel discussion on iridovirus taxonomy; regional meetings and thematic breakout groups; and a workshop familiarizing participants with the Global Ranavirus Reporting System (GRRS) (https://mantle.io/grrs) (Brunner, 2017). After the scientific sessions, participants could attend field trips visiting local areas of reptilian and amphibian conservation efforts (Fig. 1).The work presented by the authors will be published elsewhere. Here, based on the studies presented, we highlight some of the progress made since the previous symposium, and summarize future gaps in knowledge the GRC intends to address.

Published
2024
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15. Course of an Isolated Ranavirus Outbreak in a Pelobates fuscus Population in The Netherlands

Author

Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, Dutch Wildlife Health Centre (DWHC), dPB I&I, Spitzen-van der Sluijs, Annemarieke, Pasmans, Frank, Struijk, Richard P.J.H., Schils, Marc, Doorbos, Pieter, van der Sterren, Fleur, Rijks, J.M., Kik, M.J.L., Saucedo, Bernardo, Bosman, Willem, Martel, An, Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, Dutch Wildlife Health Centre (DWHC), dPB I&I, Spitzen-van der Sluijs, Annemarieke, Pasmans, Frank, Struijk, Richard P.J.H., Schils, Marc, Doorbos, Pieter, van der Sterren, Fleur, Rijks, J.M., Kik, M.J.L., Saucedo, Bernardo, Bosman, Willem, and Martel, An

Published
2016

16. Investigation of Amphibian Mortality Events in Wildlife Reveals an On-Going Ranavirus Epidemic in the North of the Netherlands

Author

Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, LS Pathologie, dPB I&I, Infection & Immunity, dFAH AVR, Applied Veterinary Research, Rijks, Jolianne M, Saucedo, Bernardo, Spitzen-van der Sluijs, Annemarieke, Wilkie, Gavin S, van Asten, Alphons J A M, van den Broek, Jan, Boonyarittichaikij, Roschong, Stege, Marisca, van der Sterren, Fleur, Martel, An, Pasmans, Frank, Hughes, Joseph, Gröne, Andrea, van Beurden, Steven J, Kik, Marja J L, Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, LS Pathologie, dPB I&I, Infection & Immunity, dFAH AVR, Applied Veterinary Research, Rijks, Jolianne M, Saucedo, Bernardo, Spitzen-van der Sluijs, Annemarieke, Wilkie, Gavin S, van Asten, Alphons J A M, van den Broek, Jan, Boonyarittichaikij, Roschong, Stege, Marisca, van der Sterren, Fleur, Martel, An, Pasmans, Frank, Hughes, Joseph, Gröne, Andrea, van Beurden, Steven J, and Kik, Marja J L

Published
2016

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