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Background: Scarcity of resources, energy crisis, environmental pollution and climate change are the central challenges that people will have to face in the years to come. Nowadays, agricultural, food and industrial wastes are generated in large quantities, which poses a serious problem in their management and disposal. Objective: Feedstocks play a vital role in solving energy and environmental problems. All renewable, biological substances that are used directly as fuel or converted into another form of energy or fuel products are referred to as feedstocks. Biomass is also a clean and renewable feedstock option; it can also be an excellent alternative to conventional fuels. Method: Renewable fuels are cleaner than traditional coal and petroleum, which reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Various methods could be used to achieve sustainable development methods that can not only lead to better waste management but also generate industrially important materials, chemicals, fuels and valuable end products from waste. Results: This review provides an overview of the global scenario related to feedstock. In addition, this paper examines the role of feedstock in solving energy and environmental issues. Conclusion: This paper sheds light on the issue of environmental impact in order to achieve overall sustainability. Finally, the merits of the feedstock technology prospects are addressed.

Background: The Environmental Management System (EMS) is a unique way to develop an environmental policy with adequate planning, including implementation, operation, checking, and management review. Objective: The main stages of the EMS encompass environmental policy, planning, implementation, evaluation, and review. Method: A number of environmental standards (ISO 14000), which were drawn up by the international standardization organization, form an essential part of an EMS. This management system introduces environmental management into the day-to-day functions, long-term operations, and resource management frameworks of the organization. Results: This overview provides important information about the role of the EMS in water resource management and the scope of the EMS in the water system. This management system is used as an instrument to promote sustainable development in society. Conclusion: This paper sheds light on the topic of a sustainable water environment. In addition, some recognized successful EMS systems were reviewed and illustrated. We believe this review provides a guide to a fruitful water environment for successful urbanization planning.

Image compression emanating utilizations of data compression on digital images. The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is getting familiar with an extreme move in image processing. To eliminate the drawback in the JPEG standard and rising areas of mobile and Internet communications, the new JPEG2000 standard has been created based on the principles of DWT. With the prevalence of the 2_D DWT, the technology has seen predictable improvement. All things considered, there is still a need for more robust and efficient compression technology using DWT. Hence, a 2_D DWT is implementing with a multiplier-less NEDA technique. NEDA is consisting of a buffer, ROM, and adder. There are many types of adders used in digit circuits but Kogge Stone Adder (KSA) is used in the proposed method. KSA is a very efficient adder and consists of the XOR gate and HA. Proposed Schemes are simulated Xilinx software with the VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) platform and calculates parameter i.e. speed and frequency.

The distinctive 1-D and 2-D discrete wavelet transform (DWT) models that subsist in the composing are scull-section, equal channel, crumbled, flipping, and iterative skeleton. The plans vary with approbation to the competition and gear essential, the memory reacquired to provision the data picture and widely appealing coefficients. The guideline focus of this investigation striving is to decide capable VLSI structures, for the gear use of the 9/7 and 5/3 DWT, using complex multiplier (CM) and improving the speed and hardware complicities of existing plans.

Heavy metal contaminations produced by industrial activities are one of the major important issues which are faced by many countries, typically developing economies. Heavy metals, toxic chemicals, leather waste in industrial effluents are of particular major concern in recent times due to their persistence and recalcitrance in the aquatic environment. As a result of various consequences, industrial effluents treatment has reached a certain level which is becoming unmanageable nowadays. Previous studies have provided many innovative processes for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing heavy toxic metals, often involving toxicity reduction techniques to meet technology-based treatment standards. This chapter reviews the ability of various technologies to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Ample natural materials such as agricultural waste, industrial by-products, and algal biomass have been suggested as potential bioabsorbents for the removal of heavy metals due to the presence of functional metal-binding groups. Especially, focus is given to innovative approaches. The investigation shows that new adsorbents and membrane filtration are the most frequently studied and widely applied techniques for the treatment of industrial effluents contaminated with toxic heavy metals. In general, the applicability, industrial wastewater characteristics, profitability, and simplicity of the plant are the major factors in choosing the appropriate method for contaminated industrial effluents treatment.

The various 1-D and 2-D DWT architectures that exist in the literature are Row-column, parallel filter, folded, flipping and recursive structures. The architectures vary with respect to the computational and hardware requirement, the memory required to store the input image, and the intermediate coefficients. The main objective of this research work is to derive efficient VLSI architectures, for the hardware implementation of the DWT, using Vedic multiplier and improving the hardware complexities and speed of existing architectures.

Agricultural crop residue burning is a very common practice of managing the crop residues in Central India (Madhya Pradesh). Generation of crop residues from India is around 500 million tons per year out of which around 33.18 million tons per year from Madhya Pradesh itself. In Madhya Pradesh mainly wheat crop residue burnt during month of April and May. Burning of these agricultural crop residues emits a large number of pollutants as well greenhouse gases. However, this study mainly focused on impact of agricultural crop residue burning on climate of a rural area, Indore, India. To study the topic mainly two parameters is considered, CO2 and Temperature. Data were collected for the three period namely before crop residue burning (February March), during crop residue burning (April-May) and after crop residue burning (June-July). Last 10year data (2006–2015) was accessed for the above mentioned three periods for CO2 and temperature with the help of Giovanni web, Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS).Study results show that burning of agricultural crop residues plays an important role in climate change, although its effect is minor. Study also reveals that every year from 2006 to 2015 both CO2 and temperature were high during crop residue burning period than before burning period.

With the emergence of technology in the field of communication and VLSI, also growing demand of high speed processing and low area design. The multipliers a key factor in arithmetic operation and digital signal processing algorithm. Multiplier forms an integral part of processor design. Multiplier takes long time for execution so that there is a need of fast multiplier save the execution. For image and digital signal processing require multiplication, so need to design a multiplier for wavelet transform which contain low area and provide a high speed. This paper delineates the multiplication using Vedic multiplication technique. These design reduced hard complexity, throughput rate and different input/output data format to match different application needs. These techniques are designed implementation on Spartan 3 FPGA. We've synthesized the planned styles and therefore the existing style mistreatment synopsis tools.

Biodiesel has proven to be a reasonable substitute to petroleum diesel owing to continuous depletion and pollution caused by the latter. The uncomplicated process of production of fatty acid methyl ester or biodiesel as it is commercially known has made it an even better substitute of fossil diesel. The preparation of biodiesel involves the use of alcohol (methanol) and hydroxides (NaOH). There is a possibility that some of these compounds remain unreacted and needs to be washed with water. This residue water containing alcohol and hydroxide residues if discharged in the soil may affect its quality. This research paper deals with the effect of biodiesel effluent on various physico-chemical properties of soil. The result of the research proves that the biodiesel effluent if discharged in soil will degrade soil quality.

Depleting water resources alarms us our approach toward development and drives us to take sustainable approach to conserve our natural resources. River basins are no exception to this, and will face more severe consequences in the light of climate change, making them more vulnerable. The status of water resources, determines its adaptive capacity and resilience to environmental changes brought about climate change. Thus, sustainable development and effective management approach help to adapt to the changes to come. An impact of Climate change not only affects the ecosystem of the river basin, but they interact with prevailing socio-economic conditions and can have detrimental effects on livelihood of indigenous people. Dependency of indigenous communities over natural resources, like forest resources make more vulnerable in climate change. To assess the impacts of climate change on natural resources with interdependency of communities Livelihood approach is more relevant. This paper shows two different vulnerability assessment indexes to reflection of effective and valid vulnerability measures, namely Livelihood Effect Index (LEI) and Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI). Both could be usefully utilized into identification and prioritization of adaptation and mitigation policies at universal level. The LVI, developed by IPCC, is reflecting the three indicators and seven dimensions namely: socio-demographic profile, livelihood strategies, social networks, health, food, water, and natural disasters and climate variability of adaptive capacity, sensitivity and exposure; whereas the LEI is dealing with the index values of natural, human social, financial and physical capital of community dependency. Both the LVI and the LEI provide a community based composite index, while the LEI also provides a household based composite index. The Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework has evolved into an interdisciplinary tool for environmental analyses and assumes cause-effect relationship between interacting component of social, economic, and environmental systems. The DPSIR framework helps in identifying the indicators of LVI and LEI vulnerability index as cause-effect relationship. The DPSIR framework also provides the feedback of cause-effect continuous process which will be helpful in developing the capacities to cope or adapt to the vulnerability as responses factor. We developed the DPSIR framework to fit for the River Basin Management Planning (RBMP) directives. The framework proposed, which can be state as DSCER framework and which can be interdisciplinary approach on community-cause-consequence relationship for relevant decision making process.

In inclusive population growth, providing food and water is the toughest challenge that most of the countries are facing today. Changing climate conditions leads to challenges in agriculture production and food security all around world. Most of African countries facing savior challenges in agriculture production and climate change will be likely to reduce the length of growing season as well as force large regions of marginal agriculture out of production. Projected reductions in yield in some countries could be as much as 50% by 2020 and crop net revenues could fall by as much as 90% by 2100, with small-scale farmers being the most affected. This would adversely affect food security in the continent. About 25% of Africa’s population (about 200 million) is currently experiencing high water stress and it could increase by 75-250 million and 350-600 million by 2020’s and 2050’s respectively. Similarly, in Asia there is 2.5 to 10% and 5 to 30% decrease in crop yield in 2020’s and 2050’s as compared with 1990 level without CO2 effects. Food security and water stress in most of the continent can become the cause of geopolitical peace conflict. At the local level, policies could help to solve these global challenges. The Gandhian concept of 'Gram Swaraj' advocated self-sufficient village republics, which produce their own food and cloth, remain independent of the neighbors for vital wants, and yet interdependent for other needs. Conservation practices in villages will have its own waterworks, ensuring clean water supply which provides about 10% conservation into water as well as food. This paper explains the relevant concepts from simple Gandhian principles and practices which leads to Jal Swaraj (Water Sovereignty) and Beej Swaraj (Seed Sovereignty).

Even in 21st Century hundreds of millions of people rely on biomass fuels for most of their energy needs despite the problems associated with traditional stoves- including energy inefficiency, respiratory disease, deforestation and environmental effects. Modern, efficient biomass stoves can reduce fuel consumption, reducing indoor air pollution, and relieving pressure on wood resources and halt deforestation. Yet despite the improvement into stoves and cost benefit, many developing country households have failed to adopt the models.In this study we try to learn from the successes and failures of efficient stoves and try to catch attention how to improve the adoption rates. These programs have been effective where householders may pay relatively high prices for wood fuels, in such cases these modern stoves can help to reduce fuel consumption, even though the improved stoves are more expensive for production and buy than traditional one. Meanwhile, improved stoves should be locally manufactured with local resources to help the economy of community.Under such conditions, community based approach to sustain the environment implementing improved stoves attract more attention. Community based biomass stoves also help to improve the social and the economic benefits of community. However, programs are most effective when they involve the local communities from production to users.