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This paper contains the study of spherically symmetric perfect fluid collapse in the framework of f(R, T) modified theory of gravity using five-dimensional background. We consider the five-dimensional spherical symmetric metric as the interior region and a five-dimensional Schwarzschild metric as an exterior region. The Darmois junction conditions between exterior and interior regions are discussed. By taking the particular f(R, T) model, the corresponding field equations are evaluated for both marginally bound L(r) = 1 and non-marginally bound L(r) [not equal to] 1 cases. We find the gravitational mass of the collapsing system and discuss the apparent horizons and their time formation for different possible cases. Also, the cosmological and black hole horizons have been discussed. It has been concluded that the term involving [lambda] plays a double role: it accelerates the collapse in the region where [[rho].sub.0] < 4[p.sub.0] and it slows down the collapsing of matter when [p.sub.0] > 4[p.sub.0]. Further, it is noted that our results reduce to the results found by Sharif and Ahmad (J. Korean Phys. Soc. 52, 980 (2008). doi:10.3938/jkps.52.980) in general relativity for [lambda] = 0. Key words: gravitational collapse, f(R, T) modified gravity, event horizons, cosmological horizon, junction condition. Nous etudions ici l'effondrement d'un fluide parfait a symetrie spherique dans le cadre d'une theorie de la gravite f(T, R) modifiee en utilisant un fond a cinq dimensions. Nous considerons la metrique spherique a cinq dimensions comme decrivant la region interieure, avec une metrique de Schwarzschild a cinq dimensions pour la region exterieure. Nous discutons les conditions de jonction (prolongement) de Darmois entre les regions interieure et exterieure. En prenant le modele particulier f(T, R), les equations de champ correspondantes sont evaluees pour les deux cas, marginalement lie L(r) = 1et non marginalement lie L(r) [not equal to] 1. Nous trouvons la masse gravitationnelle du systeme s'effondrant et discutons les horizons apparents et leur temps de formation pour differents cas possibles. Nous analysons aussi les horizons du trou noir et cosmologique. Nous concluons que le terme impliquant [lambda] joue un double role : il accelere l'effondrement dans la region ou [[rho].sub.0] < 4[p.sub.0] et il ralentit l'effondrement de la matiere lorsque [p.sub.0] > 4[p.sub.0]. De plus, on note que nos resultats se reduisent aux resultats trouves par Sharif et Ahmad (J. Korean Phys. Soc. 52, 980 (2008). doi:10.3938/jkps.52.980) en relativite generale pour [lambda] = 0. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : effondrement gravitationnel, theorie de la gravite f(T, R) modifiee, horizon des evenements, horizon cosmologique, condition de jonction (perolongement)., 1. Introduction The gravitational collapse of a huge star happens due to its own gravity. When the inner fuel of a star fails to provide enough pressure to counterbalance gravity, [...]

Aurora kinases (AURKs) have been identified as promising biological targets for the treatment of cancer. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the binding selectivity of three inhibitors (HPM, MPY, and VX6) towards AURKA and AURKB by predicting their binding free energies. The results show that the inhibitors HPM, MPY, and VX6 have more favorable interactions with AURKB as compared to AURKA. The binding energy decomposition analysis revealed that four common residue pairs (L139, L83), (V147, V91), (L210, L154), and (L263, L207) showed significant binding energies with HPM, MPY, and VX6, hence responsible for the binding selectivity of AURKA and AURKB to the inhibitors. The MD trajectory analysis also revealed that the inhibitors affect the dynamic flexibility of protein structure, which is also responsible for the partial selectivity of HPM, MPY, and VX6 towards AURKA and AURKB. As expected, this study provides useful insights for the design of potential inhibitors with high selectivity for AURKA and AURKB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is one of the major cause of morbidity and mortality which imparts serious threats to people around the world. The principal causes of hepatitis C disease transmission in Pakistan, a developing country with a high incidence rate, are unscreened blood transfusions, unsterilized surgical instruments, and unsafe injections. Globally a total of about 170 million people have been afflicted with this malady per year and affects approximately (6%) of Pakistan's population. HCV is RNA virus and there are seven primary genotypes and 67 subtypes in it. Determination of genotype is important for treatment and medication response. This study aimed to calculate the frequency of HCV infection and pattern of genotype distribution in suspected individuals of Pakistan. Samples were gathered in between 2018 to 2021 from three different biomedical laboratories for this study. A total of 4827 suspected individuals were tested, with 2088 (43.2%) of them tested positive for HCV antibodies. Samples were tested against anti-HCV antibodies through PCR and genotype is identified through genotyping method. In the HCV positive sample, genotype 3a was the most common genotype, accounting for 652 (76.3%) of the infected people. Given the enormous morbidity and mortality caused by HCV, having precise detection methods that allow for early diagnosis and care for better outcomes is critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystic echinococcosis (CE), or hydatid cyst disease (HCD), is a zoonosis of significant importance caused by the cestode of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.) that affects mainly nomadic populations and has substantial economic consequences. Due to the 76% rural and nomadic population, Baluchistan is a highly endemic region in Pakistan for CE; however, it has not yet been investigated for CE. For this purpose, this study was carried out to investigate the molecular epidemiology of CE in this region. In total, 23 human hydatid cyst samples were collected from tertiary health care units in Baluchistan and processed for DNA extraction, which was then followed by sequencing of the cox1 mitochondrial gene of all 23 collected samples, genotyping, and phylogenetic and haplotype analysis. Most subjects were livestock owners (39.13%) in rural settings (73.91%). Most patients (73.19%) were pet owners (dogs) and used water from open sources for drinking. The liver was the most affected organ (52.17%), followed by the lungs (17.39%). Sequence analysis based on the cox1 gene revealed that EG genotype 1 (G1) was the most prevalent (56.52%), followed by G3 (34.78%), while some samples (8.7%) were identified as the Echinococcus canadensis (G6/7) genotype. A total of five haplotypes were detected with high haplotype diversity (0.80) and low nucleotide diversity (0.033). Phylogenetic analysis revealed two diverse sub-clades, each of G1 and G3 isolates from Baluchistan, that were evolutionarily related to previously reported G1 and G3 isolates from Pakistan and China. On the other hand, the G6/7 isolates of this study were evolutionarily identical to the already reported G6/7 isolates from Pakistan, Turkey, and Kazakhstan. This study concludes that diverse G1 and G3 EG isolates are present in this part of Pakistan, while the G6/G7 genotype was reported for the first time from Baluchistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper, we study the Rényi holographic dark energy (HDE) model in the context of the Chern–Simons (CS) model of modified gravity theory. Different cosmological parameters, such as energy density, deceleration parameter, equation of state, square of sound speed and cosmological plane, are discussed using the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker spacetime background. Two separate solutions of CS field equations arise. The Rényi HDE model shows the transition from deceleration to acceleration phase which is fully consistent with the observational data while the second case represents a decelerated phase of expansion only. Our results, based on the results of the equation of state obtained, predict that the universe is under the influence of dark energy, and therefore, in an accelerated expansion phase. On the other hand, the second-case solution shows the influence of Λ CDM. In both cases, ω < 0 , ω ′ < 0 indicated that the Rényi HDE model is in the freezing region and cosmic expansion is more accelerating in the context of CS modified gravity. It is also observed that the value of the squared sound speed, c s 2 , is positive ∀ z ∈ ℛ , a sufficient condition for the stability of the system. Hence, it is concluded that the Rényi HDE model is supported by the results of general relativity in the framework of CS modified gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contains the study of spherically symmetric perfect fluid collapse in the frame work of f( R, T) modified theory of gravity. We proceed our work by considering the non-static spherically symmetric background in the interior and static spherically symmetric background in the exterior regions of the star. The junction conditions between exterior and interior regions are presented by matching the exterior and interior regions. The field equations are solved by taking the assumptions that the Ricci scalar as well as the trace of energy-momentum tensor are to be constant, for a particular f( R, T) model. By inserting the solution of the field equations in junction conditions, we evaluate the gravitational mass of the collapsing system. Also, we discuss the apparent horizons and their time formation for different possible cases. It is concluded that the term f( R, T) behaves as a source of repulsive force and that's why it slowdowns the collapse of the matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to find the Locally Rotationally Symmetric (LRS) vacuum solutions in the context of f( R) theory of gravity. Actually, we have considered the three metrics representing the whole family of LRS spacetimes and solved the field equations by using metric approach as well as the assumption of constant scalar curvature. It is mention here that R may be zero or non-zero. In all we found 10 different solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen of public health concern due to its implications in pathologies and its increasing antimicrobial resistance. Here, we present the draft genome of a 2.7-Mbp S. aureus isolate obtained from a pus swab sampled in Cameroon. The GC content of the draft genome is 32%., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Genes of folate-mediated 1 carbon metabolism are found to be highly upregulated in tumor cells and promote cancer cell proliferation. The current study aimed to determine the expression of the MTHFD2 gene in bladder and breast cancers. Furthermore, the determination of potential ligand-based inhibitors against MTHFD2 was performed in comparison with those of chemotherapeutic drugs and natural plant-based compounds. Semiquantitative expression analysis along with structure-based virtual ligand library screening was done to find plausible inhibitors. MTHFD2 expression was significantly increased with tumor stage progression both in low- and high-grade bladder cancer and especially in triple-negative breast cancer. Virtual ligand-based library screening against the three-dimensional MTHFD2 protein structure led to the identification of plausible inhibitors like MCULE-8109969891-0 and MCULE-9715677418-0-1 that displayed lower binding free energy as compared to that of already documented LY345899. Similar scaffold commercial drugs leucal (LEU), epirubicin (EPI), and lometrexol also displayed strong binding to the active site of MTHFD2. EPI and LEU in combinatorial therapy were also tested in vitro on MDA-MB-231 cells. The high doses of LEU in combination with EPI showed a significant reduction in cell viability at 2 and 3 μM concentrations. The interaction of breast cancer serum with high expression of MTHFD2 also showed an increase in binding of epirubicin in the presence of leucovorin. The decrease in the absorbance spectra of epirubicin at 37 and 53 °C displayed the stability induced by LEU on the interaction of EPI with the MTHFD2 binding pocket. Leucovorin tends to stabilize the interaction as the binding affinity is high even at 53 °C. Thus, MTHFD2 might be used as a cancer biomarker since its expression level changes drastically with tumor progression. Further experimental studies are required to establish the potential mode of inhibition of the novel small ligands. Future in vivo trials may validate the effectiveness of the combinatorial therapy., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Competing Interests: We declare no competing interests.

Background: Pakistan is one of the two countries endemic for wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1). Active clinical and environmental wastewater surveillance along with laboratory investigation is an integral and primary component of the polio eradication strategies. The current study is mainly focused on the virological data to understand the current epidemiology of WPV1 in Pakistan during 2019-2022., Methods: 141,037 stool specimens of patients reported with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and 3,171 wastewater samples were tested for poliovirus detection using cell culture and PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of WPV1 was performed using MEGA and Nextstrain., Results: Poliovirus isolates were classified into 15 distinct genetic clusters with multiple transmission lineages. Spatio-temporal trends indicated a significant decline in the incidence of poliomyelitis reported in 58 districts in 2019 to just 3 in 2022. The historical reservoirs in Peshawar, Quetta, and Karachi successfully eliminated the indigenous transmission chains of wild poliovirus active there for years., Conclusions: Our findings reinforce the evolving epidemiology of poliovirus in Pakistan which is now confined to South KP. All historically known reservoirs in Peshawar, Karachi and Quetta blocs are now free of poliovirus. Intensified clinical and environmental surveillance should be maintained to eliminate the very few remaining transmission lineages and certify the poliovirus eradication by 2026., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: To calculate frequency of worsening renal failure (WRF) in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), to evaluate predictors of WRF and to assess its effect on in-hospital and 12 month adverse outcomes., Methods: A single center observational prospective study was conducted on consecutive patients admitted with ADHF from Sept 2016 - February 2017. Follow-up was done for 12 months post discharge. Data were obtained from electronic medical records and telephonic calls. Early adverse outcome was composite of hospital mortality, prolonged length of stay (LOS) >4days or new need for haemodialysis. Intermediate term adverse event was composite of 12 months all-cause mortality or re-hospitalization., Results: Total of 247 ADHF patients were admitted. Mean age was 67.6±33.4 years. Males were 163 (65.9%). WRF was found in 57 (23.1%) patients. Predictors of WRF were age>70years, furosemide dose>400mg and admission eGFR <60ml/min. The odds of composite in-hospital outcomes were four times higher in WRF compared to stable renal function (38.6% versus 13.2%, (p<0.01) but were mainly driven by prolonged LOS (4.2 vs. 2.2 days respectively). Follow up was available for 230(97%). Intermediate term outcome was not different between two groups on log rank test., Conclusions: WRF is a significant problem in ADHF, is common in elderly patients, with baseline impaired renal function and is associated with high requirement of diuretics and prolonged hospital stay. Composite of mortality or HF hospitalization at 12 months was not different between the two groups.