Search

Introduction: Administration of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) into the joint cavity has been shown to alleviate the symptoms of knee osteoarthritis (OA) by releasing exosomes and anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, the therapeutic effect of these cells is limited by their rapid disappearance after administration. Thus, it is necessary to prolong cell survival in the joint cavity. This study aimed to investigate the potential application of ADSCs adhered to atelocollagen microspheres (AMSs) for cell therapy of knee OA. Methods: ADSCs were cultured for 2, 4, and 7 days in AMS suspension or adherent culture dishes. The supernatants were analyzed for IL-10 and exosome secretion via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Nanosight. The effect of AMS was compared with that of adherent-cultured ADSCs (2D-cultured ADSCs) using transcriptome analysis. Moreover, the solubility of AMS and viability of ADSCs were evaluated using synovial fluid (SF) from patients with knee OA. Results: Compared with 2D-cultured ADSCs, AMS-cultured ADSCs exhibited a significant increase in secretion of exosomes and IL-10, and the expression of several genes involved in extracellular matrix and immune regulation were altered. Furthermore, when AMS-cultured ADSCs were cultured in SF from knee OA patients to mimic the intra-articular environment, the SF dissolved the AMSs and released viable ADSCs. In addition, AMS-cultured ADSCs showed significantly higher long-term cell viability than 2D-cultured ADSCs. Conclusion: Increased survival of AMS-adhered ADSCs was observed in the intra-articular environment, and AMSs were found to gradually dissipate. These results suggest that AMS-adhered ADSCs are promising source for cell therapy of knee OA.

Abstract Background Endoscopic resection is widely accepted as a local treatment for rectal neuroendocrine tumors sized ≤ 10 mm. However, there is no consensus on the best method for the endoscopic resection of rectal neuroendocrine tumors. As a simplified endoscopic procedure, endoscopic submucosal resection with a ligation device (ESMR-L) indicates a histologically complete resection rate comparable to that of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). We hypothesized that ESMR-L than ESD would be preferred for rectal neuroendocrine tumors. Hence, this trial aimed to verify whether ESMR-L is non-inferior to ESD in terms of histologically complete resection rate. Methods This is a prospective, open-label, multicenter, non-inferiority, randomized controlled trial of two parallel groups, conducted at the Shizuoka Cancer Center and 31 other institutions in Japan. Patients with a lesion endoscopically diagnosed as a rectal neuroendocrine tumor ≤ 10 mm are eligible for inclusion. A total of 266 patients will be recruited and randomized to undergo either ESD or ESMR-L. The primary endpoint is the rate of en bloc resection with histologically tumor-free margins (R0 resection). Secondary endpoints include en bloc resection rate, procedure time, adverse events, hospitalization days, total devices and agents cost, adverse event rate between groups with and without resection site closure, outcomes between expert and non-expert endoscopists, and factors associated with R0 resection failure. The sample size is determined based on the assumption that the R0 resection rate will be 95.2% in the ESD group and 95.3% in the ESMR-L group, with a non-inferiority margin of 8%. With a one-sided significance level of 0.05 and a power of 80%, 226 participants are required. Assuming a dropout rate of 15%, 266 patients will be included in this study. Discussion This is the first multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing ESD and ESMR-L for the R0 resection of rectal neuroendocrine tumors ≤ 10 mm. This will provide valuable information for standardizing endoscopic resection methods for rectal neuroendocrine tumors. Trial registration Japan Registry of Clinical Trials, jRCTs042210124. Registered on Jan 6, 2022.

Abstract Background Long tubular duplication is a rare congenital intestinal disease, that can lead to emergency situations marked by massive hemorrhage. However, preoperative diagnosis and surgical treatment are challenging. This report presents preoperative images and details a surgical procedure for long tubular intestinal duplications with massive hemorrhage. Case presentation A 3-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with melena. Despite undergoing a Tc-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy one year prior, which revealed nonspecific findings with enhancement of some parts of the intestine, enhanced abdominal CT revealed an edematous small intestine with luminal extravasation. The patient received a transfusion of red blood cells; however, his hemoglobin level did not improve. Arterial angiography and double-balloon endoscopy revealed no remarkable findings. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a long tubular duplication in half of the small intestine. Utilizing the Wrenn procedure, we successfully removed all duplicate mucosa. Pathological findings showed that almost all duplications contained gastric mucosa and revealed an ulcer with a ruptured arterial vessel. His symptoms were resolved, and the hemoglobin level stabilized. At 2 months postoperatively, no surgical complications were present. Conclusions Effective management of long tubular duplications with massive hemorrhage involves timely application of the Wrenn procedure. Recognition of specific imaging findings is crucial to prompt exploratory laparotomy, ensuring optimal outcomes and preventing delays in treatment.

Abstract Objective The serrated pathway is a distinct genetic/epigenetic mechanism of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in colorectal carcinogenesis. Although many groups have reported the genetic-phenotypic correlation of serrated lesions (SLs), previous studies regarding the serrated pathway were conducted on patients with SLs that have different germline and environmental genetic backgrounds. We aimed to compare pure somatic genetic profiles among SLs within identical patient with SPS. Results We analyzed SLs from one patient with SPS (Case #1) and compared DNA variant profiles using targeted DNA multigene panels via NGS among the patient’s hyperplastic polyp (HP), three sessile serrated lesions (SSLs), and one traditional serrated adenoma (TSA), and separately analyzed three SSLs and one tubular adenoma (TA) within another patient with SPS (Case #2). In two patients, known pathogenic variant of BRAF (c.1799 T > A, p.Val600Glu) was observed in one TSA and one SSL in Case #1, and in three SSLs within Case #2. The pure somatic pathogenic variant BRAF (c.1799 T > A, p.Val600Glu) among SLs with identical germline genetic background supports its importance as a strong contributor for SLs.

Abstract Background Biomarkers such as fecal calprotectin (FC) and fecal immunochemical occult blood tests (FIT) for ulcerative colitis (UC) are used in clinical practice. In this study, the effect of UC disease duration on FC was investigated and compared to that on FIT. Methods One hundred twenty-eight colonoscopic examinations and two fecal biomarkers measurements were performed. The cases of UC were divided into short- and long-term disease-duration groups or categorized into three groups with disease durations of 0–5, 6–13, and 14–38 years. We analyzed correlations between biomarker levels and endoscopic scores, including the Mayo endoscopic subscore (MES), ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity, and the sum of MES. Results In the analysis of short- and long-term disease durations, the three endoscopic scores and biomarker levels showed significant correlations in both long-term and short-term groups. Most of the correlation coefficients for the individual long-term group were lower than the corresponding values for all cases, while most of the correlation coefficients for the individual short-term groups were higher than the corresponding values for all cases. In the three-group analysis (disease durations of 0–5, 6–13, and 14–38 years), the two biomarkers and three endoscopic scores showed significant correlations, and most of the correlation coefficients between biomarkers and endoscopic scores tended to be lower in the long-term follow-up group. In the receiver operating characteristic analysis for predicting mucosal healing in the three groups, the area under the curve for FC and FIT concentrations in the 0–5 year disease-duration group showed particularly higher values than those for the other two groups. Conclusions Similar to FIT, FC is affected by the duration of UC, indicating that FC may be a highly useful biomarker, especially in short-term disease.

Abstract Tacrolimus therapy for ulcerative colitis is ineffective in certain patients; these patients require biologics or colectomy. We examined the ability of serum albumin levels and leukocyte subtypes to predict the therapeutic efficacy of tacrolimus. Patients with ulcerative colitis treated with tacrolimus were divided into non-failure and failure (required colectomy or switch to biologics or systemic steroids) groups. Serum albumin levels and leukocyte subtypes at induction, week 1, and week 2 after reaching high trough levels were retrospectively examined. Tacrolimus therapy failed in 18/45 patients within 3 months. The week 2/week 1 albumin ratio was significantly different between the failure and non-failure groups (P

Abstract In 2012, Japan approved the use of a tag-less patency capsule (PC), which evaluates gastrointestinal patency before small-bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE). This study aimed to evaluate the validity of our modification on the passage criteria for this PC in clinical practice. We retrospectively enrolled 326 consecutive patients who underwent PC examination before SBCE. If X-ray could not reveal the PC in the body during the judgement time (30–33 h after ingestion), we defined it as ‘estimated patency’ and performed SBCE. We employed plain computed tomography (CT) for the second judgement, as needed. The overall patency rate was 95.1%. By X-ray, 41 (12.6%) patients were judged to have ‘estimated patency’, and SBCE could be safely performed. Plain CT judgement was necessary in 106 patients (32.5%). One PC case had a residual coating film associated with stenosis in a patient with Crohn’s disease (CD), and one (0.3%) SBCE case had capsule retention resulting from false CT judgement. Multivariate analysis revealed that established CD and inpatient were factors related to no-patency. In conclusion, PC is useful for examining gastrointestinal patency, keeping in mind CT misjudgement. If PC was not found in the body via X-ray, performing SBCE as ‘estimated patency’ seemed appropriate.

BackgroundPost-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) is one of the most serious complications of ERCP. Various procedures can reduce the incidence of PEP, such as wire-guided cannulation, prophylactic pancreatic stent placement, and pretreatment anal insertion of NSAIDs. Recently, iso-osmolar contrast media (IOCM) have been used for ERCP in several hospitals to reduce the risk of PEP in Japan. However, the effect of IOCM is uncertain because few reports have examined IOCM in relation to PEP.AimThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between contrast media used and the incidence of PEP.MethodsThis retrospective study included all qualifying patients who had undergone ERCP at Hamamatsu University Hospital between January 2012 and January 2020. This study examined whether there was a difference in the onset of PEP between patients administered IOCM and high osmolar contrast medium (HOCM). Propensity score matching was used to analyze patient characteristics and ERCP procedures. Amidotrizoic acid was used as HOCM and iodixanol as IOCM.ResultsERCP was performed on 458 patients, and 830 procedures were conducted. After propensity score matching, 162 patients from the amidotrizoic acid group and 162 patients from the iodixanol group were selected. The incidence of PEP was 10.5% (17) in the amidotrizoic acid group and 9.3% (15) in the iodixanol group (P = 0.71). Changes in serum amylase levels post- and pre-ERCP were 240.6 ± 573.8 U/L and 142.7 ± 382.1 U/L in the amidotrizoic acid and iodixanol groups, respectively (P = 0.072).ConclusionIodixanol had no prophylactic effect on PEP and clinical outcomes.

Leukocyte subtypes can be used to evaluate the severity of ulcerative colitis (UC). In this study, we examined the relationship between the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) and the Mayo endoscopic score (MES) in assessing endoscopic activity in UC. Eighty-nine samples of leukocyte subtypes and biomarkers, including fecal calprotectin (FC), the fecal immunochemical occult blood test (FIT), and C-reactive protein (CRP), from 71 patients with UC were retrospectively investigated, along with the MES. The MES was significantly correlated with the LMR, FC, the FIT, and CRP. There were significant differences in the LMR, FC, the FIT, and CRP between groups with an MES < 1 and >2 (p = 0.001, p = 0.003, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for predicting mucosal healing (MES 0 or 1), the areas under the curve (AUCs) for the LMR, FC, the FIT, and CRP, were 0.712, 0.860, 0.908, and 0.796, respectively. In the analysis of patients without immunomodulators, the correlation of the MES with the LMR and CRP was significant. The LMR can be used to assess endoscopic activity in UC, particularly in patients without immunomodulators.

Abstract Prostaglandin E-major urinary metabolite (PGE-MUM) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are useful biomarkers in patients with ulcerative colitis. However, whether changes in endoscopic scores over time are reflected in the values of these biomarkers has not been verified. This prospective observational study aimed to assess the relationship between changes in biomarker levels and endoscopic scores in patients with ulcerative colitis. A total of 100 colonoscopy intervals of patients with ulcerative colitis were enrolled. The relationship between variations in the Mayo endoscopic subscore over time and the accompanying changes in biomarker values were investigated. PGE-MUM levels showed a significant rise in the increased endoscopic score group (P = 0.007) and a decrease with reduced endoscopic score group (P = 0.023). CRP levels showed a significant decline with lower endoscopic values (P

Abstract Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation in the colon is common in patients with severe ulcerative colitis (UC). Ganciclovir (GCV) resistance conferring CMV UL97 gene mutations have been reported in recent years. However, the prevalence of UL97 gene mutations in GCV-naive CMV infection in the colon remains unknown. We investigated the prevalence of CMV UL97 gene mutations in patients with colonic CMV infection associated with or without UC. Twenty-two GCV-naive patients with colonic CMV infection, 15 with UC and 7 with other diseases, were enrolled. Frozen biopsy samples or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples were used for nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the UL97 gene. Sanger DNA sequencing was performed. In comparison with AD169 reference strain, natural polymorphisms were frequently detected in codons N68D (100%), I244V (100%), and D605E (86.4%). Seven polymorphisms were detected infrequently (

Vonoprazan (VPZ) inhibits gastric acid secretion more potently than proton pump inhibitors. Recently, attention has been focused on the dual therapy with VPZ and amoxicillin (AMOX) for the eradication of H. pylori. The dual VPZ/AMOX therapy attains the sufficient eradication rate with lowering the risk of adverse events in comparison with the triple therapy and quadruple therapy. Therefore, the dual VPZ/AMOX therapy is considered a useful eradication regimen for H. pylori infection.

Abstract We evaluated the association between endoscopic scores of colonic inflammation and fecal calprotectin (FC), fecal immunochemical occult blood test (FIT), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Endoscopic scores reflecting the most severe lesion [maximum Mayo Endoscopic Subscore (M-MES) and Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS)] and those reflecting the inflammation of the entire colon [sum of MES (S-MES) and Ulcerative Colitis Colonoscopic Index of Severity (UCCIS)] were evaluated. FC, FIT, and CRP were measured, and their association with the four endoscopic scores was evaluated. Endoscopic scores of 78 complete colonoscopies (66 UC patients) were evaluated using the three biomarkers. FC and CRP tended to correlate more strongly with S-MES and UCCIS than with M-MES and UCEIS. In the M-MES 0, 1 group, compared to CRP, FC and FIT showed stronger correlations with S-MES and UCCIS. Conversely, in the M-MES 2, 3 group, only CRP was significantly correlated with each descriptor. CRP more strongly reflects colon-wide mucosal inflammation than FC and allows reliable assessment of inflammation throughout the colon in active UC.

Knee osteoarthritis (Knee OA) is an irreversible condition that causes bone deformity and degeneration of the articular cartilage that comprises the joints, resulting in chronic pain and movement disorders. The administration of cultured adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) into the knee joint cavity improves the clinical symptoms of Knee OA; however, the effect of synovial fluid (SF) filling the joint cavity on the injected ADSCs remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of adding SF from Knee OA patients to cultured ADSCs prepared for therapeutic use in an environment that mimics the joint cavity. An increase in the viability of ADSCs was observed following the addition of SF. Gene expression profiling of SF-treated ADSCs using DNA microarrays revealed changes in several genes involved in cell survival. Of these genes, we focused on FOSL1, which is involved in the therapeutic effect of ADSCs and the survival and proliferation of cancer stem cells. We confirmed the upregulation of FOSL1 mRNA and protein expression using RT-PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Next, we knocked down FOSL1 in ADSCs using siRNA and observed a decrease in cell viability, indicating the involvement of FOSL1 in the survival of ADSCs. Interestingly, in the knockdown cells, ADSC viability was also decreased by SF exposure. These results suggest that SF enhances cell viability by upregulating FOSL1 expression in ADSCs. For therapy using cultured ADSCs, the therapeutic effect of ADSCs may be further enhanced if an environment more conducive to the upregulation of FOSL1 expression in ADSCs can be established.

Abstract The efficacy of sustained-release preparations of mesalazine as a remission maintenance treatment for Crohn's disease remains to be established. We aimed to examine the changes in compliance rate and clinical data 2 years after switching from mesalazine tablet to granule formulation at our facility among patients with Crohn's disease in remission. We investigated the rate of continuous treatment of mesalazine granules and examined the changes in Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, and hemoglobin (Hb) levels 2 years after the switch. Compliance rate (continuous treatment vs. additional treatment) and continuous treatment rate [good (rate of ≥ 70%) vs. poor (rate

Abstract Background Schlafen 11 (SLFN11) was recently identified as a dominant determinant of sensitivity to DNA-targeting agents including platinum-based drugs. SLFN11 also reportedly enhances cellular radiosensitivity. In this study, we examined the prognostic value of SLFN11 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT), including the platinum derivative nedaplatin. Methods Seventy-three patients with ESCC who received dCRT were examined. SLFN11 expression was analyzed in pre-dCRT biopsies using immunohistochemistry and evaluated using a histo-score (H-score). Correlation between the H-score and overall survival was analyzed. An H-score ≥ 51 was provisionally defined as indicating high SLFN11 expression. Viability assays were performed using previously established isogenic human cell lines differentially expressing SLFN11 to test the usefulness of SLFN11 as marker of response to the dCRT regimen. Results High SLFN11 expression was independently associated with better prognosis in ESCC patients (hazard ratio = 0.295, 95% CI = 0.143–0.605, p = 0.001 for multivariate analysis). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the prognostic value of high SLFN11 expression was most evident in patients at clinical stages II and III (p = 0.004). In in vitro study, SLFN11-proficient cells were highly sensitive to platinum derivatives compared to SLFN11-deficient cells. Conclusion SLFN11 expression is an independent prognostic factor for ESCC patients treated with dCRT and a potential biomarker for treatment selection of ESCC. Examination of SLFN11 may be particularly useful for clinical Stage II–III patients who wish to choose dCRT (instead of surgery) to preserve esophageal function.

Abstract Background Prostaglandin E-major urinary metabolite (PGE-MUM) may be a novel biomarker for evaluating disease activity in ulcerative colitis (UC). We compared its usefulness to that of the fecal immunochemical occult blood test (FIT). Methods PGE-MUM and FIT measurements were performed of 92 urinary and fecal samples obtained from 60 patients with UC. Endoscopic activity was determined by Mayo endoscopic subscore (eMayo) and Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS) score. Results PGE-MUM levels and FIT results showed a significant correlation with respect to eMayo (P

Abstract Background Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is associated with mortality in patients with critical illness such as severe acute pancreatitis, but it remains unclear whether decompressive laparotomy for ACS can improve the prognosis of patients. Case presentation A woman in her 60s visited our hospital because of upper abdominal pain. On the basis of her laboratory data and abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography findings, acute gallstone pancreatitis was diagnosed. She underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy for the removal of the common bile duct stone. Then, a drainage tube was placed in the bile duct. However, on the 5th hospital day, her intra-abdominal pressure increased to 22 mmHg and renal dysfunction was observed, which led to the diagnosis of ACS. As intensive medical treatments did not improve her ACS, she underwent decompressive laparotomy on the 9th hospital day. Postoperatively, her laboratory data and intravesical pressure improved, and she was discharged from the hospital after abdominal closure, continuous drainage, and antibiotic therapy. Conclusion As the effectiveness of decompressive laparotomy for ACS has not been established, this treatment indication remains controversial. Decompressive laparotomy is considered useful for the management of ACS, if it is performed at an appropriate time, as in the present case.

BackgroundThe serum N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx) is significantly higher in patients with Crohn disease (CD) than in healthy individuals and patients with ulcerative colitis. This study aimed to investigate whether an elevated serum NTx level is a risk predictor of osteoporosis in patients with CD.MethodsBased on whether the femoral Z-score decreased over a 2-year period, 41 CD patients were divided into the ΔZ-score ResultsAlthough there was no correlation between the mean CDAI and the ΔZ-score, the mean serum NTx and albumin levels were significantly correlated with the ΔZ-score (PConclusionsThese observations indicated that an elevated serum NTx could be a useful marker for predicting a decrease in the femoral bone mineral density in CD patients. Anti-TNF-α therapy maintained an elevated serum NTx level, suggesting that treatment with anti-TNF-α may help control increased bone resorption in CD patients.

Adalimumab (ADA) trough level and anti-ADA antibody (AAA) positivity influence mucosal healing and loss of response in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, we clarified the correlation between ADA monitoring, including non-trough level, and real-world IBD clinical outcomes. This retrospective, observational, single-center study involved patients with ulcerative colitis (19) and Crohn's disease (33) treated with ADA from January 2007 to August 2018. Serum ADA and AAA levels were measured 4‒14 days after ADA administration. The AAA positivity rate was 23.1% (12/52). ADA continuity was higher in AAA-negative patients than in AAA-positive patients (P = 0.223). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that a serum AAA cut-off of 9.2 μg/mL was associated with ADA continuity. The ADA level was significantly higher in the endoscopic remission group than in the non-remission group (P = 0.02). Based on the ROC curve analysis results of serum ADA level and endoscopic remission, the cut-off value of the serum ADA level was set to 11.1 μg/mL. Under the combined use of ADA with immunomodulators and AAA positivity, ADA continuity was significantly higher when the serum AAA level at 4-14 days after ADA administration was ≥9.2 μg/mL. Furthermore, endoscopic remission can be expected with a serum ADA level of ≥11.1 μg/mL. Overall, to predict clinical outcomes, it would be useful to measure the blood level of ADA regardless of the timing of the trough.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an irreversible degenerative condition causing bone deformation in the joints and articular cartilage degeneration with chronic pain and impaired movement. Adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) or crushed adipose tissue injection into the joint cavity reportedly improve knee function and symptoms, including pain. Stem cell spheroids may be promising treatment options due to their anti-inflammatory and enhanced tissue regeneration/repair effects. Herein, to form human ADSC spheroids, we used first SphereRing® (Fukoku Co., Ltd., Ageo, Japan), a newly developed rotating donut-shaped tube and determined their characteristics by DNA microarray of mRNA analysis. The variable gene expression cluster was then identified and validated by RT-PCR. Gene expression fluctuations were observed, such as COL15A1 and ANGPTL2, related to vascular endothelial cells and angiogenesis, and TNC, involved in tissue formation. In addition, multiplex cytokine analysis in the medium revealed significant cytokines and growth factors production increase of IL-6, IL-10, etc. However, ADSC administration into the joint cavity involves their contact with the synovial fluid (SF). Therefore, we examined how SF collected from OA patient joint cavities affect 2D-culture ADSCs and ADSC spheroids and observed SF induced cell death. ADSC spheroids could become promising OA treatment options, although studying the administration methods and consider their interaction with SF is essential.

Background and study aims We developed a novel “four-position method” for facilitating endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract, and this study aimed to verify its usefulness for beginner endoscopists. Methods Medical students (n = 121) were divided into three groups. A simulator subsequently was used to perform endoscopy. Group A was taught how to hold the endoscope and move the dial; Group B was taught the “four-position method”; and Group C, in addition to being taught the “four-position method,” was permitted to use an endoscope before introduction to the simulator. In each group, the transit time to various parts of the upper digestive tract was recorded in addition to the time to grasp a clip in the stomach with the forceps. We also surveyed the groups with respect to their impression of the difficulty level of endoscopic operation before and after instructions. Results Transit time to the cardia was no different among the groups; however, with regard to other targets, Group C reached the sites significantly more quickly than did Groups A and B. Time to clip grasping was significantly shorter in Groups B and C than in Group A. Regarding the impression of the difficulty level, significantly more students in Groups B and C compared to Group A felt that endoscopy was easier after instructions. Conclusion Learning the “four-position method” made it possible to achieve stable endoscopic manipulation at an early stage and improve subsequent endoscopic procedures.

A phase II study of second-generation photodynamic therapy (PDT) using talaporfin sodium has shown excellent treatment results for esophageal cancer with local failure after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) or radiotherapy (RT). However, only a few studies have reported this therapy in clinical practice. This study aimed to confirm the efficacy and safety of salvage PDT using talaporfin sodium for esophageal cancer in various clinical situations. Twelve patients with esophageal cancer with local failure after definitive CRT or RT who underwent PDT using talaporfin sodium were enrolled from April 2016 to January 2020. Overall, 10 patients (83.3%) achieved a local complete response. No skin phototoxicity was observed, but esophageal stricture occurred in five patients (41.7%). Esophageal stricture was improved with endoscopic balloon dilation in all patients, and subsequent analysis found no significant factors causing esophageal stricture after PDT. Two patients with synchronous tumors were successfully rescued by combination therapy with endoscopic submucosal dissection. Two patients with carcinoma in situ of larger than 1/2 circumference were rescued by repeated PDT. The 2-year overall survival was 80.0% (95% confidence interval 0.409–0.946). PDT using talaporfin sodium was an effective and safe salvage treatment for esophageal cancer with local failure after CRT or RT in various clinical situations.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) prognosis remains poor even after complete resection owing to no valuable biomarkers for recurrence and chemosensitivity. Tumors not expressing MSH3 show elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotide repeats (EMAST). EMAST reportedly occurs in several tumors. In colorectal cancer (CRC), EMAST was reportedly correlated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) sensitivity. However, EMAST prevalence in PDAC and its significance as a prognostic biomarker are unknown. This study aimed to investigate EMAST prevalence in PDAC and the associations between EMAST and pathological factors, EMAST and prognosis, and EMAST and MSH3 expression via immunohistochemistry (IHC). We assessed 40 PDAC patients undergoing surgery. Genomic DNA was extracted from tumors and normal tissues. EMAST and microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) were analyzed using five polymorphic tetranucleotide markers and five mononucleotide markers, respectively. Tumor sections were stained for MSH3, and staining intensity was evaluated via the Histoscore (H-score). Eighteen of 40 (45%) PDAC patients were EMAST-positive; however, none were MSI-H-positive. Clinicopathological characteristics including overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were not significantly different between EMAST-positive and EMAST-negative patients (P = 0.45, 0.98 respectively). IHC was performed to evaluate MSH3 protein expression levels for the PDAC tissue specimens. H-scores of EMAST-positive patients ranged from 0 to 300 (median, 40) and those of EMAST-negative patients ranged from 0 to 300 (median, 170). MSH3 protein was not significantly downregulated in EMAST-positive patients (P = 0.07). This study is a preliminary study and the number of cases investigated was small, and thus, study of a larger cohort will reveal the clinical implication of EMAST.

Severe late toxicity following chemoradiotherapy in esophageal cancer, especially cardiac toxicity, is sometimes difficult to treat and is associated with mortality. However there is little published information with regard to patients with delayed pericardial effusion following chemoradiotherapy and its management. We herein report the case of a 63-year-old man with advanced synchronous esophageal and gastric cancers. This patient presented with pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade after definitive chemoradiotherapy and was successfully treated with corticosteroid after pericardiocentesis. No instances of pericardial and pleural effusions were observed during the 2-year follow-up period until his death from cancer relapses.