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Purpose Various phenylethylamines have been detected lately in dietary or sports supplements. N-Methyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine (phenpromethamine) and 2-phenylpropan-1-amine (β-methylphenylethylamine, BMPEA) are known to produce mass spectra almost identical to those produced by methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AP), respectively, when analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). They may interfere with the analysis of MA and AP. The aims of the present study were to determine whether some substances other than phenpromethamine and BMPEA give mass spectra similar to those given by MA or AP and to develop an analytical method of distinguishing phenpromethamine from MA and BMPEA from AP by derivatization. Methods Twenty isomers of MA or AP were selected to be analyzed using LC/MS. Six reagents were examined for derivatization of MA, AP, phenpromethamine, and BMPEA. Three mass spectrometers from two manufacturers were evaluated for their ability to reproduce the data. Results All isomers except phenpromethamine and BMPEA were shown to be distinguishable from MA and AP by their mass spectra. For the discrimination of isomeric pairs, derivatization using N-succinimidyl-4-nitrophenylacetate was found to be the best for tandem mass spectrometry and that using 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride was the best for in-source collision-induced dissociation. One or more ions from each pair of isomers gave adequate difference in their relative intensities according to the World Anti-Doping Agency criteria. Conclusions The newly developed method was proved to be usable for discriminating among those phenylethylamines.

Single phase of CeCuS 2 has been prepared by the mixture of CeO 2 and Cu 2 S at 1000 ° C in CS 2 /Ar atmosphere. All X-ray diffraction peaks of CeCuS 2 are indexed on the basis of the monoclinic system (space group: P 2 1 / c ) the same as LaCuS 2 and NdCuS 2 . The lattice parameters obtained by Rietveld analysis are a = 0.6573 ( 1 ) nm, b = 0.7256 ( 1 ) nm, c = 0.6875 ( 1 ) nm, and β = 98.566 ( 1 ) ° .

The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of modified basketball games based on on-the-ball decision-making and off-the-ball movement. Two types of numerically modified basketball games, “3 on 2” and “3 on 3”, were played by two 6th grade elementary PE classes. Twenty-four students participated in the 3 on 2 games, and 28 students in the 3 on 3 games. All games were videotaped, and the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) was used for data analysis. This instrument allows counting of the frequency of on-the-ball decision-making and off-the-ball support movement, and assists in judging the performance of students in situations such as shooting, passing, ball-keeping, and supporting, as to whether or not these are appropriate. The main findings are summarized as follows:1. The number of students who experienced on-the-ball decision-making and off-the-ball support situations, and the average frequencies of these experiences, were higher in the 3 on 2 games than in the 3 on 3 games.2. In the 3 on 2 games, the numbers of students who performed appropriate passing, ball-keeping, and support were significantly higher than in the 3 on 3 games (p

The purpose of this study was to examine improvements in tactical decision-making ability achieved by participating in basketball games with numerically uneven sides (3 on 2). The research focused on in-game decision-making as an important component of the learning of the basketball tactics in physical education classes. Three elementary school basketball classes consisting of two grade 5 classes and 1 grade 6 class were examined. The 82 class participants (boys=38, girls=44) received a total of 11 hours instruction. A physical education researcher advised the elementary school teacher (1) how to teach the principles of offensive decision-making in basketball and (2) how to facilitate improvements in tactical decision-making ability within the context of numerically uneven sides. In order to analyze children's decision-making ability in the games, all game situations were filmed with digital video cameras and the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) was used. The main findings are summarized as follows :1) In all cases of shooting, passing and ball-keeping, the rate of appropriate decision-making, according to the data obtained from later units (classes 10 and 11), showed a significant (p>.05) increase when compared with data obtained from earlier units (classes 2 and 3).2) Results indicated that the appropriate ball-keeping performances, represented as a percentage, were lower than both those of shooting and passing throughout the duration of the study.3) Appropriate decision-making, when represented as a percentage, improved with learning experience in numerically uneven sides.These results support the hypothesis that the decision-making ability of children improves with learning experience by playing basketball games with numerically uneven sides.

In this paper, effect of tactical games approach model in elementary school PE class was examined used with diagnosis and summartive evaluatlon and formative evaluation.In 2003, 34 elementary schools in all over Japan were asked to implement flag football unit based on tactical games approach model and given some material on the unit. Basic model for the PE lesson was offered to each school. Teachers in each school have made lesson plan and implemented flag football unit. From 28 classes, the result of diagnosis and summartive evaluation and from 22 classes the result of formative evaluation of the unit were returned.Effect of units was analyzed based on the result of these evaluation from the viewpoint of grade, length of unit, class size and number of player in games. Flag football unit was accepted so positively by pupils in general. There was no significant difference in effect from each points of view. This means that tactical games approach model was so effective in all domains in PE lesson. On the other hand, different evaluation between 2 classes, even so based on the same unit plan, was found.This shows the needs of developing properly PE teacher's education program for the instructing games.

The purpose of this study was to examine the students' understanding of decision-making knowledge in basketball games with numerically uneven sides (3 on 2). Three elementary school basketball classes consisting of two grade 5 classes and 1 grade 6 class were examined. The 82 class participants (boys=38, girls=44) received a total of 11 hours instruction. A physical education researcher advised the elementary school teacher on how best to teach the principles of offensive decision-making in basketball, with respect to the following; the priority of shooting, passing and ball-keeping. In order to examine the differences in understanding as it relates to decision-making knowledge, two tests were conducted with the students during pre and post units. The results are summarized as follows:1) The shoot and pass, revealed no significant difference between pre and post knowledge tests with figures. In contrast, results for the ball-keeping, showed a significant (p

A new formative evaluation instrument focusing on students' interactive and cooperative behaviors in physical education class was developed. Three hundred and sixty-four Japanese elementary students in the sixth grade participating in 12 PE classes answered to questionnaire consisting of 30 items with 3-point intensity scale. Item analysis canceled 9 items and factor analysis of 21 items based on promax rotation revealed 5 factors, which were named Cooperative achievement, Cooperative thinking, Positive interaction with teammates, Human relationship in the group, and Motive for cooperative activities. This scale was condensed into 10 items typical of each factor by an applicable selection and had similarr factorial simple structure with consistent reliability (alpha=.75).We could confirm that the average score of this scale had increased through out a “Karada-Hogushi no Undo” unit including six sessions in the sixth grade's PE class (Repeated Measures ANOVA; p

Electrical and magnetic properties of oxypnictides LnOZnPn (Ln = rare earths, Pn = pnictogen elements) with a ZrCuSiAs structure are investigated. The electrical resistivity of LnOZnPn decreases with an atomic number of Pn. The electrical resistivity has a maximum at Ln = Ce and then decreases with an atomic number of Ln in LnOZnAs, and it decreases with an atomic number of Ln in LnOZnSb. While LnOZnPn (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Pn = P, As) are semiconducting, LnOZnSb (Ln = La, Ce) show a metal–semiconductor transition and NdOZnPn (Pn = As, Sb) become metallic. While LaOZnPn shows a diamagnetism, other LnOZnPn are paramagnetic. The effective magnetic moment μ eff deviates from the trivalent free ion values with an atomic number of Pn and Ln. The correlation between the deviation of μ eff and the decrease of the electrical resistivity suggests that 4f electrons contribute to the electrical conduction.

Electrical and magnetic properties of oxypnictides LnOZnPn (Ln = rare earths, Pn = pnictogen elements) with a ZrCuSiAs structure are investigated. The electrical resistivity of LnOZnPn decreases with an atomic number of Pn. The electrical resistivity has a maximum at Ln = Ce and then decreases with an atomic number of Ln in LnOZnAs, and it decreases with an atomic number of Ln in LnOZnSb. While LnOZnPn (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Pn = P, As) are semiconducting, LnOZnSb (Ln = La, Ce) show a metal–semiconductor transition and NdOZnPn (Pn = As, Sb) become metallic. While LaOZnPn shows a diamagnetism, other LnOZnPn are paramagnetic. The effective magnetic moment μ eff deviates from the trivalent free ion values with an atomic number of Pn and Ln. The correlation between the deviation of μ eff and the decrease of the electrical resistivity suggests that 4f electrons contribute to the electrical conduction.

We have succeeded in synthesizing almost single phase samples of the layered oxypnictides LnOZnPn (Ln = rare earths, Pn = P, As, Sb) with ZrCuSiAs type structure (P4/nmm), and investigated the magnetic properties of them. They are isostructural to the layered oxychalcogenides LaOCuCh (Ch = chalcogen elements). The lattice parameters decrease linearly with decreasing ionic radius of Ln. The value of the magnetic susceptibility of LaOZnSb is about −3.3 × 10−4 emu/mol Oe and almost temperature independent above 100 K. The effective magnetic moments μeff of CeOZnSb and PrOZnSb, estimated from the temperature dependence of the inverse magnetic susceptibility above 100 K, are 2.37 and 3.28 μB, respectively. These correspond to the trivalent free ion values.

The layered oxysulfide (LaO)CuS is a transparent p type semiconductor with wide band gap of 3.2 eV, and shows an exciton emission at room temperature. In order to investigate its precise optical properties, we have synthesized a single phase of (LaO)CuCh (Ch = S, Se, Te) and measured the photoluminescence spectra at low temperature. The lattice constants of (LaO)CuCh increase in the order of the atomic number of the chalcogen atoms. All samples are p type semiconductors and the absolute value of the electrical conductivity also increases in the order of the atomic number of the chalcogen atoms. The sharp PL peak near the absorption edge of the reflectance, which originates from free and bound excitons, is observed at 4 Kin (LaO)CuCh. In addition, the exciton emission is observed in all samples at 300 K. The energy gap estimated from the diffuse reflectance varies from 3.2 eV for (LaO)CuS to 2.3 eV for (LaO)CuTe. These results are similar to the characteristics of typical II–VI semiconductors.

We have synthesized the layered oxypnictides (LaO)ZnPn; Pn = P, As, Sb and investigated their electrical conductivity and the electronic structure. (LaO)ZnP and (LaO)ZnAs show typical semiconducting behaviors in the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity. On the other hand, (LaO)ZnSb shows metallic behavior down to 150 K and semiconducting at lower temperature. Electronic structures were evaluated by photoemission spectroscopy. The possible valence band structure of each sample has been reported.