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Mysterious transport phenomena observed in a zero gap conductor α-(BEDT-TTF) 2 I 3 were investigated. In particular, the electron system in the quantum limit where electrons in the Landau level with index 0 dominate the transport was of interest. In order to determine the magnetic field dependence of the electron transport, we utilized a conductivity tensor. We showed how each component of the conductivity tensor changes with the magnetic field. All the components were found to be expressed by simple functions of magnetic field. Interlayer Hall resistance (Hall effect observed in the interlayer current) was observed for the first time.

Otitis media was induced in guinea pigs and chinchillas by intrabullar injection of 1% carrageenins. The animals were sacrificed for histological examinations at 1 to 14 days respectively. In chinchillas tympanogram was performed by means of impedance audiometry. The gross appearance of bulla was most hyperemic, and thickened mucosa reaction were observed on the 3rd or 4th day. Effusion was also most abundant on the 3rd or 4th day, and tvmpanogram showed the lowest compliance and gradient in chinchillas. Each specimen was examined under light and electron microscopes. At 24 hours, the subepithelial layer was edematous, and epithelial cells contained electron dense granules. On the 3rd day, epithelial and subepithelial layers were most remarkably edematous, and macrophages, neutrophils and mast cells were seen in the mucosa. The macrophages contained many electron dense granules and dispersed lyso somes. Some of them were present adjacent to the capillaries, which permeability appeared to be enhanced. The mast cells granules showed less electron density and some of them fused with each other. In the 7th and 14th day specimens, the edema had disappeared and infiltrated cells were not numerous. According to the morphological findings, columnar metaplasia and goblet cells in this study were less frequent than in clinical otitis media with effusion. We suspect that the mucociliary clearance system of the Eustachian tube almost maintains it normal condition. At least carragerenins induced otitis media did not effect tubal mucociliary transport.

Since various types of tympanograms (T. G.) are obtained in the cases of otitis media with effusion (OME), it may be rather difficult to determine the actual pathophysiological states of the middle ear cleft by mean of impedance audiometry.In this paper, we attempted to investigate how various types of T. G. are formed by experimentally modified middle ear clefts. The plastic models, the guinea pigs' middle ear bulla and the human temporal bone which is obtained at the time of autopsy, are used in the present experiments. The results; 1) B type of T. G. is often produced by an occlusion of the aditus-equivalent-site of the plastic models and of the epitympanic isthmus of the human temporal bone. 2) Even if the middle ear effussion is present in the mesotympanum, B type of T. G. is not detected in the plastic ear models, guinea pig and human middle ear specimens without blockage of the aditus-equivalent-site. 3) A blockage of the aditus as well as a diminution of the capacity-volume of the mastoid cavity are chief causatives of the pathological types of T. G. 4) The present experiments could not draw any conclusions about a question how does a viscosity of the effusion affect to the form of T. T. G. 5) Middle ear pressure is almost equivalent to the pressure at the peak of the compliance.

We examined tympanometry using an ear drum model made of plastic tube and film of polychloride vinyliden. Weights of plastic rubber (30mg to 150mg) were placed on the center of the film. As more weights were added, the tympanogram (probe tone÷220Hz) showe dhigher peaks. When a weight of about 180mg was placed on the membrane, the tympanogram developed into a two-peak type.Similar results were obtained in clinical cases. When a metalic weight of about 93mg was attached to the umbo of the tympanic membrane, in some cases the tympanogram showed higher peaks than when there was no load, and in other cases it developed into a multi-peak type.Our study revealed that when a weight is placed on the film, the type of tympanogram can be changed, for example from A to M. Therefore, when a weight, such as metal or fluid, is attached to the membrane, the tympanogram may show higher peaks than with no load. The same weight was placed on the film in different places and with varying areas of contact. Tympanograms showed the highest peaks when a weight covered a small area at the center of the membrane.These results indicate that, in humans, the ossicular chain may act to increase the peak of the tympanogram. However, the area of the malleus in contact with the ear drum may be regarded as relatively large when the highest peak of the tympanogram is relatively small.We added a pars flaccida model, and the results suggest that the pars flaccida influences the type of tympanogram at lower frequencies.

In sensory evaluation sufficient attention must be taken for inspecting the reliability of evaluation and the difference of evaluating tendency among panel members.We carried out a series of sensory evaluation tests on nourishing creams and milky lotions by means of paired comparison test and rank test. The reliability was examined by using the coefficient of consistency and that of rank correlation. Then the differences of evaluating tendency among panel members were also analyzed by cluster analysis.Consequently, the abilities and characteristics in sensory evaluation of each panel members were clarified. These results are valuable for selecting the panel members in sensory evaluation test.

Two tympanograms (TG) were routinely recorded on each ear by changing the pressure in the external auditory meatus (EAM), one in the decreasing (forward tracing: TG-F) followed by the other in the increasing direction (backward tracing: TG-B). Both TG were drawn on the same chart and the peak locations were compared. In a normal ear the TG-F peak tended to be formed in the negative pressure area and that of TG-B in the positive area. In a model whose middle ear pressure (MEP) was adjusted to the atmospheric pressure, the TG-F peak always indicated a negative pressure and that of TG-B a positive pressure value. As long as the same model was used, the magnitude of peak shift was identical irrespective of the middle ear pressure. The magnitude of the peak shift was influenced by the speed of EAM pressure change and a linear increase was observed up to the speed of 70 mmH2O/sec, both in a normal ear and a model. These findings seem to suggest that the peak location of a unidirectionally drawn TG can not be regarded as indicating the precise MEP. A valid MEP can better be estimated by averaging the peak pressure of TG-F and TG-B of forward-backward tracing tympanogram. In ears with pathology considerable variation was noted in the magnitude of the peak shift, so that relying solely on unidirectionally drawn TG could have lead to misdiagnosis in some cases. This was especially true with ears having small perforations covered with granulation or fluid.

A sufficient explanation concerning tympanogram (TG) of otitis media with effusion (OME) has not been reported. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the types of TG and actual pathological status of the middle ear system by means of experimentally modified middle ear clefts. In the present experiments, human temporal bones, guinea pigs' bullae and plastic models were used. The results were as follows: (1) Water was gradually poured into the middle ear cleft through the Eustachian tube. When the water level rose above the umbo, the height of TG slightly exceeded that of the original TG. Further addition of water produced M-shaped TG, however, flat TG (type B) was not detected until the water-line nearly reached the aditus. A similar phenomenon was observed in the plastic models when the water level reached the aditus-equivalent-site. (2) Tympanometrically measured middle ear pressure (MEP) was almost equivalent to the actual MEP recorded by a manometer when the tympanic membrane was normal. However, this result could not be duplicated in flaccid or adhesive tympanic membrane cases. (3) A clear reduction in the height of TG in guinea pigs' bullae was observed with decreased air volume. In addition, shallow TG was produced by an occlusion of the aditus of the human temporal bones and of the aditus-equivalent-site of the plastic models. It was demonstrated that the TG pattern depends on the fluid volume and location, air volume of mastoid cavity, intratympanic pressure and eardrum condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)