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Six cows were brought with anorexia, reduced milk yield and not passing dung. Transabdominal ultrasonography was performed for intestinal evaluation, but was not able to trace the intussuscepted mass. Thus was considered for exploratory laparotomy as next alternative for confirmation of intestinal obstruction due to intussusception. Right flank laparotomy was performed in all the cows. Four cows survived and two cows died because of late presentation with signs of peritonitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culicoides midges were collected in a goat farm at bimonthly interval using down draught light trap from September, 2004 to July, 2005. A total of 20 collections yielded 32,439 midges. Analysis of midges revealed 08 different species. Culicoides imicola and C. oxystoma appeared in all the months in high percentages and hence considered as predominant species. The existence of both these species around goats supports that the nearby geo-climatic conditions are favourable for the breeding of these species. As C. imicola appeared in a greater percentage throughout theperiod, this species can beconsidered in the future study on its vectoral potency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to evaluate efficacy of Lithium antimony thiomalate on bovine and canine papillomatosis. A total of nineteen (19) cattle and eleven (11) dogs were enrolled for the study. In cattle, lesions were majorly observed on teats and udder, over frontal and muzzle region and occasionally over ventral and dorsal aspect of abdomen. Whereas in dogs, the cauliflower like growths or warts of varied sizes (5-10mm) were present on multiple sites including skin of face, periocular region, ventral mandibular region, muco-cutaneous junction of upper and lower lip and on dorsal and ventral aspects of tongue. Amongst the treated cattle, none of the animals showed complete wart regression indicating lowered efficacy of Anthiomaiine in bovine papillomatosis. In canine papillomatosis, the efficacy was highly encouraging among all treated dogs with complete clinical recovery within 3-4 weeks indicating 100 percent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Beagle male puppy of 4 month old was presented to Veterinary College Shivamogga, hospital with the cauliƒP ower like growths (5-10mm size) on the face and oral cavity. The case was tentatively diagnosed as canine papillomatosis. The animal was treated with Lithium antimony thiomalate 6%, (Anthiomaline®, Novartis India Co.,) @1 ml total dose deep IM. At every 48 hours interval the dose was repeated. Totally 4 doses had been administered. Complete regression of the lesions were seen after two week from the last dose suggesting Lithium antimony thiomalate can be a good alternative therapy for canine papillomatosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Inhibitors of the kinase mTOR, such as rapamycin and everolimus, have been used as cancer therapeutics with limited success since some tumours are resistant. Efforts to establish predictive markers to allow selection of patients with tumours likely to respond have centred on determining phosphorylation states of mTOR or its targets 4E-BP1 and S6K in cancer cells. In an alternative approach we estimated eIF4E activity, a key effector of mTOR function, and tested the hypothesis that eIF4E activity predicts sensitivity to mTOR inhibition in cell lines and in breast tumours. Results We found a greater than three fold difference in sensitivity of representative colon, lung and breast cell lines to rapamycin. Using an assay to quantify influences of eIF4E on the translational efficiency specified by structured 5'UTRs, we showed that this estimate of eIF4E activity was a significant predictor of rapamycin sensitivity, with higher eIF4E activities indicative of enhanced sensitivity. Surprisingly, non-transformed cell lines were not less sensitive to rapamycin and did not have lower eIF4E activities than cancer lines, suggesting the mTOR/4E-BP1/eIF4E axis is deregulated in these non-transformed cells. In the context of clinical breast cancers, we estimated eIF4E activity by analysing expression of eIF4E and its functional regulators within tumour cells and combining these scores to reflect inhibitory and activating influences on eIF4E. Estimates of eIF4E activity in cancer biopsies taken at diagnosis did not predict sensitivity to 11-14 days of pre-operative everolimus treatment, as assessed by change in tumour cell proliferation from diagnosis to surgical excision. However, higher pre-treatment eIF4E activity was significantly associated with dramatic post-treatment changes in expression of eIF4E and 4E-binding proteins, suggesting that eIF4E is further deregulated in these tumours in response to mTOR inhibition. Conclusions Estimates of eIF4E activity predict sensitivity to mTOR inhibition in cell lines but breast tumours with high estimated eIF4E activity gain changes in eIF4E regulation in order to enhance resistance.

Background: Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is an aggressive, rare malignancy associated with rapid growth and metastasis, and a very poor prognosis. We investigated the clinical characteristics, survival outcomes and independent prognostic factors associated with anaplastic thyroid cancer., Aim: To assess to what extent the interaction between age and tumor stage affects mortality., Methods: A total of 622 patients diagnosed with anaplastic thyroid cancer, between 2010 and 2017 were enrolled in our study by retrieving data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. We analyzed demographics, clinical characteristics, overall mortality (OM) and cancer specific mortality (CSM) of ATC. Variables with a P value < 0.1 were incorporated into the multivariate cox model to determine the independent prognostic factors. Furthermore, we analyzed the interaction between age and tumor stage on mortality., Results: In the multivariate analyses, the divorced/separated population had a lower OM [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.42-0.94, P < 0.05] and CSM (HR = 0.61, 95%CI: 0.40-0.92, P < 0.05). OM was higher in tumors with direct extension only (HR = 6.26, 95%CI: 1.29-30.42, P < 0.05) and tumors with distant spread (HR = 5.73, 95%CI: 1.34-24.51, P < 0.05). CSM was also higher in tumors with direct extension (HR = 5.05, 95%CI: 1.05-24.19, P < 0.05) and tumors with distant spread (HR = 4.57, 95%CI: 1.08-19.29, P < 0.05). Mortality was not adversely affected by lymph node involvement. OM was lower in patients who received radiation (HR = 0.66, 95%CI: 0.53-0.83, P < 0.01), chemotherapy (HR = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.50-0.79, P < 0.01) or surgery (HR = 0.53, 95%CI: 0.43-0.66, P < 0.01). CSM was also lower in patient who received radiation (HR = 0.64, 95%CI: 0.51-0.81, P < 0.01), chemotherapy (HR = 0.62, 95%CI: 0.50-0.78, P < 0.01) or surgery (HR = 0.51, 95%CI: 0.41-0.63, P < 0.01). There was no significant interaction between age and tumor stage that affected mortality., Conclusion: In this large US SEER database retrospective study, we found the mortality to be higher in advanced stage tumors with direct extension and distant metastasis. However, patients who received aggressive therapy showed a better overall survival. The aim of our study is to emphasize the importance of detecting ATC at an early stage and provide aggressive therapy to these patients. Since advanced stage ATC is associated with a dismal prognosis, we emphasize the need for randomized control trials and development of novel therapies that will be used to treat ATC., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Data regarding the worldwide gastrointestinal surgery rates in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) remains limited., Aim: To systematically review the global variation in the rates of surgery in CD., Methods: A comprehensive search analysis was performed using multiple electronic databases from inception through July 1, 2020, to identify all full text, randomized controlled trials and cohort studies pertaining to gastrointestinal surgery rates in adult patients with CD. Outcomes included continent based demographic data, CD surgery rates over time, as well as the geoepidemiologic variation in CD surgery rates. Statistical analyses were conducted using R., Results: Twenty-three studies spanning four continents were included. The median proportion of persons with CD who underwent gastrointestinal surgery in studies from North America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania were 30% (range: 1.7%-62.0%), 40% (range: 0.6%-74.0%), 17% (range: 16.0%-43.0%), and 38% respectively. No clear association was found regarding the proportion of patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery over time in North America ( R 2 = 0.035) and Europe ( R 2 = 0.100). A moderate, negative association was seen regarding the proportion of patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery over time ( R 2 = 0.520) in Asia., Conclusion: There appears to be significant inter-continental variation regarding surgery rates in CD. Homogenous evidence-based guidelines accounting for the geographic differences in managing patients with CD is prudent. Moreover, as a paucity of data on surgery rates in CD exists outside the North American and European continents, future studies, particularly in less studied locales, are warranted., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Skin Cancer is caused due to the mutational differences in epidermis hormones and patch appearances. Many studies are focused on the design and development of effective approaches in diagnosis and categorization of skin cancer. The decisions are made on independent training dataset under limited editions and scenarios. In this research, the kaggle based datasets are optimized and categorized into a labeled data array towards indexing using Federated learning (FL). The technique is developed on grey wolf optimization algorithm to assure the dataset attribute dependencies are extracted and dimensional mapping is processed. The threshold value validation of the dimensional mapping datasets is effectively optimized and trained under the neural networking framework further expanded via federated learning standards. The technique has demonstrated 95.82% accuracy under GWO technique and 94.9% on inter-combination of Trained Neural Networking (TNN) framework and Recessive Learning (RL) in accuracy., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Aim: The aim of the study was to develop microbial enrichments from the nitrifying microbial consortia and the environment for simultaneous removal of ammonia, nitrate, and sulfide in aquaculture systems at varied salinities., Methods and Results: Sulfur and nitrogen metabolites are the major factors affecting the farmed aquatic animal species and deteriorate the receiving environments causing ecological damage. The present study reports the development of microbial enrichments from the nitrifying microbial consortia and the environment. The enrichments used thiosulfate or thiocyanate as an energy source and simultaneously removed sulfur, ammonia, and nitrite in spiked medium (125 mg/l ammonia; 145 mg/l nitrite). Further, the microbes in the enrichments could grow up to 30 g/l salinity. Metagenomic studies revealed limited microbial diversity suggesting the enrichment of highly specialized taxa, and co-occurrence network analysis showed the formation of three micro-niches with multiple interactions at different taxonomic levels., Conclusions: The ability of the enrichments to grow in both organic and inorganic medium and simultaneous removal of sulfide, ammonia, and nitrite under varied salinities suggests their potential application in sulfur, nitrogen, and organic matter-rich aquaculture pond environments and other industrial effluents., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Applied Microbiology International.)

Food-producing animals act as reservoirs of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars with potential food safety and public health implications. The present cross-sectional study aimed at determining the prevalence of Salmonella serotypes in non-diarrhoeic pigs and characterizing the isolates using molecular tools. Salmonella isolates (n = 22) recovered from faecal samples of 194 randomly selected pigs were characterized for virulence and antimicrobial resistance and subtyped using XbaI-PFGE. The prevalence of Salmonella in apparently healthy non-diarrhoeic pigs was 11.3% (95%CI, 4.3-19.5%), with S. Weltevreden (81.8%) and S. Enteritidis (18.2%) being the serotypes detected. Salmonella isolates harboured virulence genes such as invA (100%), stn (100%), spvR/spvC (86.3%) and fimA (22.7%). Phenotypically, isolates showed sensitivity to chloramphenicol, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin and resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin (100%), streptomycin (86.4%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (63.6%), cefotaxime (22.7%) and ceftriaxone (9.1%). Notably, 18.2% isolates were multidrug-resistant (≥ 3 antimicrobial class) with multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index of 0.56-0.67 (18.2%), 0.44 (45.5%), 0.33 (31.8%) and 0.22 (4.5%). Genotypically, isolates carried various antibiotic resistance genes: ESBL (bla TEM and bla OXA ), aminoglycoside (strA, strB and aadA1), sulphonamide (sul1, sul2 and dfrA1), tetracycline (tetA and tetB) and plasmid AmpC beta-lactamase (ACC, FOX, MOX, DHA, CIT and EBC). The present investigation emphasizes the epidemiological significance of PFGE typing in the detection of emerging strains of highly virulent and multidrug-resistant S. Weltevreden and S. Enteritidis in non-diarrhoeic pigs that pose serious public health implications in the pork supply chain environment. More extensive longitudinal study is warranted to provide epidemiological links between environmental reservoirs and animal and human infections in piggery settings., (© 2022. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia.)

The endemic Indian white shrimp (Penaeus indicus) is an economically important crustacean species, distributed in the Indo-West Pacific region. Knowledge of its gut microbial composition helps in dietary interventions to ensure improved health and production. Here we analyzed V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16 S rRNA gene to examine intestinal microbiota in wild and domesticated farmed P. indicus. The study revealed that Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Tenericutes, and Bacteroidetes, were the dominant phyla in both the groups although there were differences in relative abundance. The dominant genera in case of the wild group were Photobacterium (29.5 %) followed by Propionigenium (13.9 %), Hypnocyclicus (13.7 %) and Vibrio (11.1 %); while Vibrio (46.5 %), Catenococcus (14 %), Propionigenium (10.3 %) and Photobacterium (8.7 %) were dominant in the farmed group. The results of the study suggest the role of environment on the relative abundance of gut bacteria. This is the first report characterizing gut microbial diversity in P. indicus, which can be used to understand the role of gut microbiota in health, nutrition, reproduction, and growth., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. Fusion-positive RMS (FPRMS), expressing the PAX3/7-FOXO1, has a worse prognosis compared to the more common fusion-negative RMS (FNRMS). Although several studies reported hierarchical organization for FNRMS with the identification of cancer stem cells, the cellular organization of FPRMS is not yet clear. In this study we investigated the expression of key stem cell markers, developed a sphere assay, and investigated the seven most common FPRMS cell lines for subpopulations of tumor propagating cancer stem-like cells, also called cancer stem cells (CSCs). Moreover, loss- and gain-of-functions of the stem cell genes SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG were investigated in the same cells. Single-cell clonal analysis was performed in vitro as well as in vivo. We found that no stable CSC subpopulation could be enriched in FPRMS. Unlike depletion of PAX3-FOXO1, neither overexpression nor siRNA-mediated downregulation of SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG affected physiology of RMS cells. Every single subclone-derived cell clone initiated tumor growth in mice, despite displaying considerable heterogeneity in gene expression. FPRMS appears to contain a high frequency of tumor propagating stem-like cells, which could explain their higher propensity for metastasis and relapse. Their dependency on PAX3-FOXO1 activity reinforces the importance of the fusion protein as the key therapeutic target.

Nitrogen species such as ammonia and nitrite are considered as major stressors in modern aquaculture practices. We developed enrichments of ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidising bacteria (NOB) for effective mitigation of nitrogenous wastes in the shrimp culture operations. The objective of this study was to understand the microbial community composition of AOB and NOB enrichments using the V3-V4 region of the 16S rDNA gene by Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The analysis revealed 2948 and 1069 OTUs at 97% similarity index and Shannon alpha diversity index of 7.64 and 4.85 for AOB and NOB enrichments, respectively. Comparative analysis showed that a total of 887 OTUs were common among AOB and NOB enrichments. The AOB and NOB enrichment were dominated by Eubacteria at 96% and 99.7% respectively. Proteobacterial phylum constituted 31.46% (AOB) and 39.75% (NOB) and dominated by α-Proteobacteria (20%) in AOB and γ-Proteobacteria (16%) in NOB. Among the species in AOB enrichment (2,948) two sequences were assigned to ammonia oxidising bacterial group belonging to Nitrosomonas, and Nitrosococcus genera and two belonged to archaeon group comprising Nitrosopumilus and Candidatus Nitrososphaeraea genera. The NOB enrichment was predominated by Nitrospiraceae and Thermodesulfovibrionaceae. Further, the data revealed the presence of heterotrophic bacteria contributing to the process of nitrification and form microcosm with the AOB and NOB. PICRUSt analysis predicted the presence of 24 different nitrogen cycling genes involved in nitrification, denitrification, ammonia and nitrogen transporter family, nitrate reduction and ammonia assimilation. The study confirms the presence of many lesser known nitrifying bacteria along with well characterised nitrifiers.

The study was to develop Vibrio harveyi biofilm-based novel microbial product and its oral delivery for high health Penaeus vannamei farming. Yield of bacterial biofilm was optimized on chitin substrate (size: <360, 360-850 and 850-1250 μm; concentration: 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9%) in tryptone soy broth (0.15%). The biofilm was characterized by crystal violet assay, SEM and LSCM imaging; protein profiling by SDS-PAGE and LC-ESI-MS/MS. The immune stimulatory effect of the biofilm in yard experiments was evaluated by relative quantification of immune genes using real-time PCR effect on overall improvement on health status under field trials. The highest biofilm yield (6.13 ± 0.2 × 10 7  cfu/ml) was obtained at 0.6% of <360 μm chitin substrate. The biofilm formation was stabilized by 96 h of incubation at 30 °C. Protein profiling confirmed expression of six additional proteins (SDS-PAGE) and 11 proteins were differentially expressed (LC-ESI-MS/MS) in biofilm cells over free cells of V. harveyi. Oral administration of the biofilm for 48 h confirmed to enhance expression of antimicrobial peptides, penaeidin, crustin and lysozyme in P. vannamei. Further Oral administration of biofilm for two weeks to P. vannamei (1.8 ± 0.13 g) improved the growth (2.66 ± 0.06 g) and survival (84.44 ± 1.82%) compared to control (2.15 ± 0.03 g; 70.94 ± 0.66%) Nursery trials showed a significant reduction in occurrence of anatomical deformities like antenna cut (12.67 ± 0.66%), rostrum cut (4.66 ± 0.87%), and tail rot (3.33 ± 0.88%), compared to animals fed with normal diet which was 24.33 ± 2.72; 14 ± 1.52 and 10.66 ± 1.45% respectively. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest inactivated biofilm cells of V. harveyi on chitin substrate express additional antigenic proteins and when administered orally through feed at regular intervals stimulates immune response and improve growth, survival and health status of shrimp., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Stretching force on the skin leads to the widening of scars and/or hypertrophy. The uneven distribution profile of collagen and elastic fibers in the human dermis (evaluated based on their topographic areas) might determine the direction of incision for a more pleasing aesthetic result. Materials and methods: Full-thickness skin samples were collected in the horizontal and vertical directions from 15 areas of 32 human cadavers. The histological preparation of the skin samples was performed using special Verhoeff-van Gieson staining. Image analysis in the TissueQuant software was performed using photomicrographs. Quantitative fraction measures for collagen and elastic fibers were completed. From the data obtained, various ratios between collagen in the horizontal (CH) and vertical (CV) directions and elastic fibers in the horizontal (EH) and vertical (EV) directions were established and expressed as CH:CV and EH:EV. Results: In the areas where CV:CH was less than 1 (low ratio of significance), the collagen content was significantly higher in the horizontal direction than the vertical direction (CH>CV). However, this finding is reversed (CV>CH) in areas where CV:CH is greater than 1 (high ratio of significance). Similarly, in areas where EV:EH is less than 1 (low ratio of significance), the elastic fiber content was significantly higher in the horizontal direction than the vertical direction (EH>EV), whereas such is reversed (EV>EH) where EV:EH is greater than 1 (high ratio of significance). Conclusion: The evaluation of ratios of dermal collagen and elastic fibers in different directions together with the data of asymmetric distribution provide a useful guideline for aesthetic surgeons looking to place elective incisions in the direction that will ensure an improved aesthetically pleasing result., Competing Interests: FUNDING:No funding was provided for this study. DISCLOSURES:The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this article., (Copyright © 2019. Matrix Medical Communications. All rights reserved.)

Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of exposure to enriched environment (EE) on passive avoidance learning and hippocampal cellular morphology in rats exposed to chronic restraint stress., Materials and Methods: Adult male albino Wistar rats were assigned into the following groups: normal control (NC) remained undisturbed in their home cages; stressed group (S) subjected to restrained stress (6 h/day) followed by housing in standard housing for 21 days; And stressed + EE (S + EE) subjected to restrained stress followed by housing in EE for 21 days. On 22 nd day, six animals from each of the three groups were exposed to passive avoidance test. The remaining animals were sacrificed. Hippocampus was isolated and processed for cellular morphology using cresyl violet staining., Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test ( post hoc )., Results: Stressed rats exposed to EE showed significant improvement in passive avoidance learning test compared to NC. Quantification of the surviving neurons in the hippocampal subfields and their cellular morphology revealed significant neuroprotection in S + EE in cornu ammonis-2 (CA2) neurons and CA3 hippocampal neurons. No significant changes were found in CA1 hippocampal subfield., Conclusions: The outcome of this study makes us to think the possibilities of adopting EE as an alternative strategy in brain diseases where there is chronic stress and to minimize the impairment in learning and memory., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of an isolate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus , VP14, recovered from the gut of Penaeus vannamei shrimp farmed in southern India. The genome of VP14 comprised 5,224,046 bp with a GC content of 45.3% and contained 5,326 genes, including 4,972 coding sequences., (Copyright © 2018 Jangam et al.)

The inhibition efficacy of an extract from Ecklonia cava (E. cava) was studied to determine whether the extract and compounds exhibited inhibitory activity against VHSV in the fathead minnow (FHM) cell line and following oral administration to the olive flounder. Based on its low toxicity and effective concentration, the E. cava extract (Ext) and compounds (eckol and phlorofucofuroeckol A) were selected for further analysis. In the plaque reduction assay, simultaneous co-exposure of VHSV to Ext, eckol and phlorofucofuroeckol A showed a higher level of inhibition than the pre- and post-exposure groups. The antiviral activity in the FHM cell line was time-dependent and increased with the exposure time with the virus and Ext or the compounds. In the in vivo experiments, different Ext concentrations were orally administered to the olive flounder. In trial I, the relative percent survival (RPS) following oral administration of 500 and 50 μg/g/day of Ext was 31.25% and 12.50%, respectively. In trial II, the RPS for 1000, 500 and 50 μg/g/day of Ext was 31.57%, 0% and 0%, respectively. In trial III, the RPS after 1 and 2 weeks (1000 μg/g/day) of exposure to Ext was 26.31% and 31.57%, respectively. Oral administration of Ext (1000 μg/g/day) significantly induced inflammatory cytokine responses (IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ) at 1 and 2 days post-oral administration (dpa). Additionally, IFN-α/β (7-12 dpa), ISG15 (2, 7 and 10 dpa) and Mx (7-12 dpa) were significantly activated in the olive flounder. In conclusion, we demonstrated an inhibitory ability of the E. cava extract and compounds against VHSV in the FHM cell line. Moreover, oral administration of the E. cava extract to the olive flounder enhanced antiviral immune responses and the efficacy of protection against VHSV, resulting in an anti-viral status in the olive flounder., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The stimulation of immune genes by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)) and imiquimod in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and their role in control of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) infection were examined. Poly (I:C) (100 μg/fish) treated olive flounder had very low mortality (5%) post VHSV infection, while the imiquimod treated group had 65% and 85% mortality at a dose of 100 μg/fish and 50 μg/fish, respectively. Though the imiquimod treated group had high mortality, it was lower than the untreated group, which had 90% mortality. In vivo experiments were conducted to determine effect of the two ligands on immune modulation in the head kidney of olive flounder. Poly (I:C) activated the immune genes (TLR-3, TLR-7, MDA-5, LGP-2, IRF-3, IRF-7, IL-1β type I IFN and Mx) very early, within 1 d post stimulation, faster and stronger than imiquimod. Though Mx levels were enhanced by imiquimod, the host was still susceptible to VHSV. The poly (I:C) treated group had a high immune response at the time of infection and 1 dpi, though it decreased at later stages. The imiquimod treated group and the unstimulated group had a higher immune response to VHSV compared to the poly (I:C) treated group. The nucleoprotein copies of VHSV were very low in the poly (I:C) treated group but interestingly, were high in both untreated and imiquimod treated fish. Thus, host survival from a viral infection does not only depend on the quantity of immune response but also the time of response. Although imiquimod enhanced immune gene expression in olive flounder, a delayed response could be the reason for high mortality to VHS compared with poly (I:C), which induced the immune system effectively and efficiently to protect the host., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The normal values of nasal dimensions and position have been established for various racial and ethnic groups. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of information related to these values in South Indian females, leading to surgeons being forced to use statistical data from Caucasians in their decision making. The objective of the present study was to compare statistically the nasal anthropometric measurement of South Indian women (SIW) with published norms for North American white women (NAWW) using independent t-test. Anthropometric analysis was done on standardized frontal, lateral, and basal photographs of South Indian woman's noses (n = 375) ages 18 to 35 years. Comparative analysis showed significant differences between SIW and NAWW in 15 of 17 measurements. All 14 nasal indices revealed significant differences that were calculated. SIW had relatively shorter, wider, and more horizontally oriented noses, and the noses have ellipsoid appearance in submental view, deeper nasal root, underrotated nasal tip, flared alae, and rounded nasal tip. As cosmetic surgery becomes more popular among South Indians, the obtained normative mean values might serve as a prototype for facial surgery., (Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.)

Background. Unequal distribution of dermal collagen and elastic fibers in different orientations of skin is reported to be one of the multifocal causes of scar related complications. Present study is to understand the correlation pattern between collagen in horizontal (CH) and in vertical (CV) directions as well as that of elastic in horizontal (EH) and vertical (EV) directions. Materials and Method. A total of 320 skin samples were collected in two orientations from suprascapular, anterior chest, lateral chest, anterior abdominal wall, and inguinal regions of 32 human cadavers. Spearman correlation coefficient (r) was calculated between the variables (CH, CV, EH, and EV). Results. Significant positive correlation between CH and CV, and between EH and EV observed in all 5 areas tested. A negative correlation between CV and EV at suprascapular, lateral chest, and inguinal regions and negative correlation between CH and EH at anterior chest and anterior abdominal wall have been identified. Conclusion. Knowledge of asymmetric content of dermal collagen and elastic fibers together with the varied strength and degree of association in the given area provides guidelines to the dermatologists and aesthetic surgeons in placing elective incisions in the direction maximally utilizing the anatomical facts for aesthetically pleasing result.

Background. Descriptive evaluation of nerve variations plays a pivotal role in the usefulness of clinical or surgical practice, as an anatomical variation often sets a risk of nerve palsy syndrome. Ulnar nerve (UN) is one amongst the major nerves involved in neuropathy. In the present anatomical study, variations related to ulnar nerve have been identified and its potential clinical implications discussed. Materials and Method. We examined 50 upper limb dissected specimens for possible ulnar nerve variations. Careful observation for any aberrant formation and/or communication in relation to UN has been carried out. Results. Four out of 50 limbs (8%) presented with variations related to ulnar nerve. Amongst them, in two cases abnormal communication with neighboring nerve was identified and variation in the formation of UN was noted in remaining two limbs. Conclusion. An unusual relation of UN with its neighboring nerves, thus muscles, and its aberrant formation might jeopardize the normal sensori-motor behavior. Knowledge about anatomical variations of the UN is therefore important for the clinicians in understanding the severity of ulnar nerve neuropathy related complications.

Background: Golgi-Cox staining method is considered as one of the best neurohistological and fascinating staining techniques to reveal the cytoarchitecture of the brain. Requirement of longer time (more than a month), laborious section processing steps, requirement of sophisticated equipment's and costly ready to use kits limits extensive use of this technique., New Method: The need for a modified staining technique is to overcome some of these hurdles. Here we describe a modification of Golgi-Cox staining involving reduced impregnation time (7 days), omitting tissue dehydration steps, and alterations in section processing steps. Different impregnation duration (7 days, 14 days, 1 month, 6 months and 10 months) effects on optimized staining of dorsal hippocampus and basolateral amygdala were investigated., Results: Modified Golgi-Cox staining method was found to be effective in staining rat hippocampus and amygdala. Impregnation for 7 days, 14 days and 1 month resulted in giving good results and they were comparable. However, artifacts were slightly elevated with 6 months group but not extensively. Impregnation for 10 months negatively affected the staining process., Comparison With Existing Method(s): Compared to existing methods the current method was found to be cost effective, fast, reliable and can be executed in labs where infrastructure is limited., Conclusions: Current modification considerably benefitted in obtaining better results (good clarity and lesser artifact) in a short time. Longer impregnated brain sections were found to be unsuitable for morphometric evaluation due to more stain precipitation and artifact. The modified technique can be used to study cellular architecture in other brain regions., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Environmental enrichment (EE) exposure is known to influence the structural changes in the neuronal network of hippocampus. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of EE exposure on the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and stressed rat hippocampus., Methods: Male albino rats of Wistar strain (4-5 weeks old) were grouped into normal control (NC), vehicle control (VC), diabetes (DI), diabetes + stress (DI + S), diabetes + EE (DI + E), and diabetes + stress + EE (DI + S + E) groups (n = 8 in each group). Rats were exposed to stress and EE after inducing diabetes with STZ (40 mg/kg). Rats were sacrificed on Day 30 and brain sections were processed for cresyl violet staining to quantify the number of surviving neurons in the CA1, CA3, and dentate hilus (DH) regions of hippocampus., Results: A significant (p < 0.001) decrease in the number of survived neurons was noticed in DI (CA1, 34.06 ± 3.2; CA3, 36.1 ± 3.62; DH, 9.83 ± 2.02) as well as DI + S (CA1, 14.03 ± 3.12; CA3, 20.27 ± 4.09; DH, 6.4 ± 1.21) group rats compared to NC rats (CA1, 53.64 ± 2.96; CA3, 62.1 ± 3.34; DH, 21.11 ± 1.03). A significant (p < 0.001) increase in the number of survived neurons was observed in DI + E (CA1, 42.3 ± 3.66; CA3, 46.73 ± 4.74; DH, 17.03 ± 2.19) and DI + S + E (CA1, 29.69 ± 4.47; CA3, 36.73 ± 3.89; DH, 12.23 ± 2.36) group rats compared to DI and DI + S groups, respectively., Conclusions: EE exposure significantly reduced the amount of neuronal damage caused by complications of diabetes and stress to the neurons of hippocampus.

Background. Clinically, scar related complications are observed to be dissimilar in different regions of the body. Unequal distribution of dermal collagen and elastic fibres in different orientations could be one of the multifocal causes of scar related complications, for which this evaluating study has been taken up. Materials and Method. 300 skin samples collected in horizontal and vertical orientations were studied histomorphometrically. This study involved image analysis of specially stained histological section using tissue-quant software. The outcome result was termed as quantitative fraction. From the result, various ratio values were also calculated for the ratio analysis. Results. The differences in the quantitative fraction of dermal elastic content between 2 directions were statistically significant at joint areas (shoulder joint, wrist, and ankle) (P < 0.001) but for collagen, significant difference was observed at shoulder joint and wrist only. Dermis of the forearm and thigh did not show any differences in their collagen content, but for elastic, thigh did show a significant difference while forearm had no change between 2 directions. Conclusion. Analysis of unequal content of dermal element in two directions under the perspective of wound healing consequences is subjective depending upon the anatomical position and functional status of the areas.

Background. Histomorphic evaluation of dermal collagen and elastic fibres was analysed by image analysis technique. The quantification of dermal elements was performed in skin tissues, collected in horizontal and vertical directions from trunk region and discussed under the perspective of consequences of scar related complications. Materials and Method. Total number of 200 skin samples collected from 5 areas of trunk region were processed histologically and subjected to tissue-quant image analysis. Statistical analysis involving mean with SEM and paired t test by SPSS were employed to the percentage values obtained from image analysis. Result. Among the chosen 5 areas of trunk region, abdomen showed the statistically significant difference for both collagen and elastic content between horizontal and vertical orientations (P< 0.05), whereas upper back, presternal, and lateral chest areas showed significant difference (P< 0.05) only for collagen and groin only for elastic content. Conclusion. The differences in the distribution of dermal collagen and elastic fibres in 2 directions of the samples from the same areas might be attributed to final outcome of wound healing process by influencing the appearance and behaviour of scar related complications in the region of trunk.

Background: To determine the prevalence and severity of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) among habitual gutkha, areca nut and pan chewers of Moradabad, India., Method: A survey was conducted for a period of one year in east, west, north and south zones of Moradabad district, Uttar Pradesh. One thousand habitual chewers were selected as study participants, using a stratified random sampling technique, between the ages of 11-40 yrs, with a habit of chewing gutkha, areca nut, pan for over a year. A detailed history was recorded and meticulous clinical examination was conducted. Evaluation of taste sensation, hearing, interincisal distance, clinical staging was done in the OSMF patients found amongst habitual chewers. The obtained data was statistically analyzed using an SPSS 16.5 version soft ware., Results: The prevalence of OSMF was 6.3% (63/1000) and gutkha chewing was the most common abusive habit (42/63) amongst OSMF patients. Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3 OSMF was seen in 28, 19 and 16 patients respectively. Restricted mouth opening, altered taste perception and defective hearing was observed in 37/63 (58.7%), 24/63 (38.09%) and 14/63 (22.22%) respectively., Conclusion: Our study shows a prevalence of 6.3% OSMF among habitual chewers of Moradabad. Prevalence and severity were more in urban and rural patients respectively.

Background: The foramen ovale is an oval opening in the greater wing of sphenoid bone transmitting the mandibular nerve as its major content. It serves as an important landmark for neurosurgeons in certain procedures as to gain access to trigeminal nerve. Therefore, its topographic position in relation to adjacent bony landmarks provides useful tool during these procedures., Aim: To analyse the morphometric measurements of the foramen ovale among South Indian population., Material and Methods: Morphometric analysis was carried out on 104 foramina ovalia of 52 dry human skulls from South India. Following dimensions of foramen ovale were measured: antero-posterior length, transverse width, distance (d(1)) from tubercle of root of zygoma to the centre of the foramen (CF) and distance (d(2)) from the midline of the base of the skull to CF., Results: The mean antero-posterior length was 7.0±2.17mm on right side and 6.8±1.40mm on left side, mean transverse width was 5.0±0.42mm and 4.70±0.91mm on right and left side respectively. Mean d(1) was 32.58±1.72mm on right side and 32.75±1.76mm on left side. Mean d(2) was 25.83±1.26mm on right side and 25.08±1.31mm on left side., Conclusion: Regional variations in the morphometric measures may be useful in neurosurgical procedures like administration of anaesthesia involving the mandibular nerve.

During regular dissections, we observed an unusual organization of the inferior root of Ansa Cervicalis (AC). The superior root of ansa arose normally from the hypoglossal nerve. The ventral ramus of the C2 spinal nerve divided into two branches. One of its branches joined the superior root independently to form a loop at a higher level. Another branch ran along the vagus nerve, joined with the ventral ramus of C3 spinal nerve, finally connected with the superior root and formed the second loop at a lower level. No variation was found in formation of superior root. Knowledge on the possible deviations in the formation of these roots is clinically important, to prevent iatrogenic injuries in surgical procedures such as thyroplasties, arytenoids adductions, and Teflon injections.

Aim: To evaluate the anatomical disposition of the renal hilar structures in human cadavers of south Indian origin, considering their antero-posterior distribution., Material and Methods: Ninty-six renal hila of the isolated kidneys from adult south Indian cadavers were observed for the branching patterns and the distributions of the renal hilar structures. The number of branches of the renal artery and the divisions of the renal vein in the pre hilar region were noted, along with their pattern of arrangement with respect to the renal pelvis., Results: In the present study on the pre hilar region, we observed that the highest division of the renal artery was 8 and that the highest incidence was of 4 divisions of the renal artery in 30.2% cases. The highest number of venous divisions which was observed was 7. The highest incidence of 40.6 % cases showed 2 divisions of the veins. Regarding the patterns of arrangement of these structures, we observed 12 patterns of arrangement, with a higher incidence (45.8%) of the classical arrangement (V-A-P), as has been described in the standard text books of anatomy, which was followed by the A-V-P pattern (28.1%)., Conclusion: An anatomical knowledge on the possible variant topography of the renal hilar structures is of great importance when urological surgical procedures are performed.

In the current study the modulatory role of mobile phone radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on emotionality and locomotion was evaluated in adolescent rats. Male albino Wistar rats (6-8 weeks old) were randomly assigned into the following groups having 12 animals in each group. Group I (Control): they remained in the home cage throughout the experimental period. Group II (Sham exposed): they were exposed to mobile phone in switch-off mode for 28 days, and Group III (RF-EMR exposed): they were exposed to RF-EMR (900 MHz) from an active GSM (Global system for mobile communications) mobile phone with a peak power density of 146.60 μW/cm(2) for 28 days. On 29th day, the animals were tested for emotionality and locomotion. Elevated plus maze (EPM) test revealed that, percentage of entries into the open arm, percentage of time spent on the open arm and distance travelled on the open arm were significantly reduced in the RF-EMR exposed rats. Rearing frequency and grooming frequency were also decreased in the RF-EMR exposed rats. Defecation boli count during the EPM test was more with the RF-EMR group. No statistically significant difference was found in total distance travelled, total arm entries, percentage of closed arm entries and parallelism index in the RF-EMR exposed rats compared to controls. Results indicate that mobile phone radiation could affect the emotionality of rats without affecting the general locomotion.