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INTRODUCTION: The Anterior Cruciate Ligament tends to stabilise the knee in various range of extension and flexion. Precise study of anatomy, attachments and position of bundles is important for successful ACL reconstruction. In our study, we attempt to assess general anatomy of ACL, determine and compare its morphometric data pertaining to length and width and its tibio-femoral foot prints in different gender and secondarily determine changes in the same during ACL dynamics witnessed during knee flexion changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 19 knees from 10 cadavers were used in the research with mean age of 61±7 years. After dissecting the skin, muscles, patellar and articular capsule were removed and bundle attachments were studied. Thereafter the relative length, width and stiffness of ACL bundles at 0, 90, 140 (maximum) angles of knee flexion were measured along with maximum horizontal and vertical bundle footprints at tibio-femoral attachments were recorded. RESULTS: Mean length and width of insertion of anteromedial (AM) bundle on the tibial surface was 8.8mm and 9.0mm in males and 8.1mm and 8.8mm in females. Furthermore, that of PL bundle was 9.1mm and 7.8mm in males and 8.9mm and 7.1mm in females. CONCLUSION: The anteromedial (AM) bundle and posterolateral (PL) bundle of ACL were found to be most relaxed at full extension and were most taut at maximum flexion of 140°. AM bundle underwent greater stretching and change of length in comparison to the PL bundle, indicating that it is comparatively a more dominant bundle.

Ghrita is a clarified butter mostly used in formulations mentioned in different ayurvedic texts for its effectiveness in treatment of different dosha. It acts as excellent base in which different herbs can be incorporated for treatment of various CNS disorders. Potential protective nature of cow ghee proves to be safe for use indifferent CNS disorders including Memory loss and intellectual property. CNS protective and nootrophic action has made ghrita formulation a better choice as compared to other conventional drugs due to established Blood brain barrier penetrability, increase in the absorption and transportation of essential phytoconstituent to the target site. Due to lipid nature of cell membrane. Ghrita formulations facilitates passive diffusion of lipid soluble drugs, non-ionized nature of fat soluble drugs that helps in attaining highest concentration of drug inside cell. Psychiatric illness treatment with traditional ghrita formulation has been effective in revitalizing degenerative neuronal disorders. Herbal drugs which have enhanced lipid solubility can be administered scientifically regardless of its bimolecular characteristics in favor of its clinical importance. Clinical conditions of most nervous system disorders have been effectively managed by traditional herbs cited in ayurvedic literatures by this preparation. In this review an attempt has been done to rationalize the use of various medicated ghrita which can minimize the adverse effect and help in treatment outcome of different CNS ailments like epilepsy, mood disorders and degenerative disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineralogically distinct coal samples respond differently to microbial attack. In the present study, a mixed meso-acidophilic bacterial consortium predominantly comprising of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain was investigated for its biodesulphurization abilities for three distinct sulphur bearing samples (Goa CPC, Rajasthan Lignite, Assam Coal) of Indian origin in iron (9K+) and iron-free (9K−) media. A media devoid of Fe (II) iron was more effective for sulphur removal with maximum desulphurization of 45.19% for Assam coal followed by 36.8% for Rajasthan Lignite and 23.38% for CPC respectively. The proximate analysis, FTIR patterns and XRD analysis of the samples provided better insights into understanding the mineralogical and compositional changes in the coal matrix. Owing to the higher efficiency, Assam coal was additionally subjected to further optimization studies and characterization of the treated coal through TGA. The study indicated that the gross calorific values for all the samples increased following microbial treatment in 9K− media thereby providing a scope for further scale-up studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an analysis of thin MnAs films on GaAs(001) by the x-ray grazing incidence diffraction during molecular-beam epitaxy and immediately after deposition near the growth temperature. Separate MnAs peaks are detected for average thicknesses starting from ≈1 monolayer, indicating the formation of a relaxed MnAs lattice. The variation of the position and shape of the MnAs peaks during growth yields the time dependence of relaxation and island sizes. The MnAs domains of different orientations are detected and their amount is analyzed quantitatively. A line broadening due to the size and strain effects is observed. Both the effects are separated for each of the main directions along the interface. The lateral domain sizes of 10–40 nm and strain values of 0.2%–0.6% are found in the MnAs films. We find that the positions of the misfit dislocations at the interface are correlated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]