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2. A Computer-Based Instructional Management Program for Classroom Use.

Author

Pittsburgh Univ., PA. Learning Research and Development Center. and Sass, Richard E.

Abstract

An instructional management program was developed to assist students in selecting learning activities. The program was based on a general model for specifying hierarchical curriculum structure. This model was developed using the directed graph, a mathematical form of a structural model. A hierarchy could then be generated from the curriculum designer's responses about the prerequisite relationships among the lessons in his curriculum. Using a student mastery data base, programs were designed to input data on a student's mastery of lessons, list data, and putput options for learning activities for students. The program to provide options eliminated lessons which students had already mastered and printed out an option only if all its prerequisites had been mastered. Also, feedback about activities chosen was returned to the designer. Flowcharts for these programs are included. Field tests of the programs in a first-grade science class led to the conclusion that its future application requires mature students, a relatively free instructional setting, a quick and reliable computer system, outside financing, close ties to classroom management, and a structured curriculum based on well defined objectives. (Author/JK)

Published
1971

6. Tissue mast cells in breast cancer

Author

Fisher, Edwin R., Sass, Richard, Watkins, Gloria, Johal, Jasbir, Fisher, Bernard, and Contributing Investigators of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project, protocol 4

Published
1985
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8. Verfahrensentwicklung

Author

Goedecke, Ralf, primary, Hofen, Willi, additional, Sass, Richard, additional, Wendeler, Helmut, additional, Schembecker, Gerhard, additional, Wozny, Gnter, additional, Hahn, Henrik, additional, and Albert, Wolfgang, additional

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10. Dukes' classification revisited: finding from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Projects (protocol R-01)

Author

Fisher, Edwin R., Sass, Richard, Palekar, Alka, Fisher, Bernard, and Wolmark, Norman

Subjects
Prognosis -- Methods, Colorectal cancer -- Identification and classification, Tumors -- Identification and classification, Tumor staging -- Evaluation, Health
Abstract

Cancer staging takes into account the type of cancer cell, how far it has invaded the local tissues, the amount of lymph nodes involved and the degree of cancer spread (metastasis). This information can be used to predict disease prognosis and determine treatment modalities. The Dukes' classification system is used to stage cancers of the colon and rectum. However, there is some variability and confusion regarding the criteria used for staging. The relative prognostic value of using this type of classification system was compared to TNM (tumor, nodes and metastasis) and Astler and Coller staging systems, a method which subdivides the staging further. The three systems were used to evaluate 745 patients with rectal cancer. All the systems were interrelated and provided sufficient information for predicting the prognosis of colorectal cancer. However, TNM did not provide any additional value over the Dukes method. The Dukes' method of colorectal cancer staging is the simplest method of determining disease prognosis. The incorporation of the C staging of the Coller method would enhance the value of this tool. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Published
1989

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