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A Proof of Concept (POC) demonstrator focusing on colour reproduction was designed to investigate the associated principles in the visible spectral range for adaptive camouflage. Consequently, this demonstrator was set up to deliver a fair replica of uniformly specified coloured backgrounds in various background light conditions using a controlled LEDmatrix- panel. For the panel adaption a camera monitors the predefined background colour whilst a regulator-circuit programme simultaneously processes this camera-signal to adjust the LED-colours. Extensive spectrometer measurements carefully quantify the colour replication accuracy. During these measurements the demonstrator and its regulator-circuit-programme were continually developed to handle the following three major concerns: RGB-channel-saturation, RGBchannel- cross-response and background-reflection-correction. The second (RGB-channel-cross-response) concern was mainly considered, which is caused by a mismatch between the spectral sensitivity of the measuring camera (CSS) and emitted spectral range of the LED-panel (SEP) and is relevant in darker environmental conditions. This disagreement causes a complex non-linear interaction behaviour between changes in the set RGB-values of the LED-panel and the camera measuring these changes for regulator circuit programme processing. So, changes in one RGB-component inadvertently affects other RGB-components. If not properly handled, this leads to an erroneous RGB-signal generation for the LED-matrix-panel and eventually to problematic colour-deviations between the panel and background. By spectrometer measurements investigating these emission and sensitivity components, specific white balance settings in the camera were determined to avoid such RGB-channel-cross-response. This replaces in a more elegant way the extensive characterization of the cross-response by response functions. The background was corrected by established standard procedures and worked correctly at the mainly considered darker surrounding illumination, where potential colour-deviations could be better examined. The application of such correction principles, especially with the here developed strategy for a careful chosen white balance setting (WB) wrt. the used regulation circuit method, allows a significantly improved colour-replication.

The parallel-connection of lithium-ion cells and strings is of increasing research interest, mainly due to the energy and power demands of large-scale applications, e.g. electric vehicles (EV). For battery systems an accurate estimation of the current distribution within these parallel configurations is crucial for optimal operation and system design. The present paper provides an analytical model for the current distribution of cells and strings connected in parallel. Eight characteristic values are determined, fully describing these systems. These characteristic values are used to investigate the impacts of cell resistance and capacity distributions on maximum currents, open circuit voltage (OCV) and state of charge (SoC) differences within the parallel-connected cells and strings. It is found, that maximum cell currents and SoC differences within parallel-connected cells increase almost logarithmically with the number of parallel- and serial-connected cells. A linear correlation of these values to the related standard deviation of cell's resistance and capacity is shown by Monte Carlo simulations. Maximum string currents decrease by square root with the number of parallel- and serial-connected cells, due to statistical averaging, which cause a square root correlation of the related standard deviation to the number of parallel- and serial-connected cells.

Electron beam processing of surface-grown coordination polymers is a versatile approach to the fabrication of nanoscale surface structures. Depending on their molecular components, these materials can be converted into pure metallic particles or they can be activated to become a template for the spatially selective decomposition of suitable gaseous precursor molecules and subsequent autocatalytic growth of deposits. However, insight into the fundamental electron-induced chemistry for such processes has been scarce so far. Therefore, we investigated the electron-induced reactions of three self-assembled copper-containing materials, namely, copper(ii) oxalate, copper(ii) squarate, and copper(ii) 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate (HKUST-1) which were grown on the surface of self-assembled monolayers of mercaptoundecanoic acid in a layer-by-layer approach from copper(ii) acetate and various linker molecules. Changes incurred to these materials during electron irradiation were monitored by four complementary techniques. Reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to identify the chemical species that are formed upon electron exposure. The temporal evolution of electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) of neutral volatile fragments was monitored to reveal the kinetics governing the decomposition of the different materials. Furthermore, the morphology was investigated by helium ion microscopy (HIM). A detailed analysis of the results for the different linker molecules provides new insights into the electron-induced chemistry of such surface-grown layers.

Parallel-connection of lithium-ion cells is of increasing research interest, caused by the commercialization of large-scale applications and their needed amount of energy. However, correlations of cell parameters on the current distribution of parallel-connected cells are not given in present literature. This paper provides an insight into the influence of cell resistance and capacity on the current distribution, open circuit voltage (OCV) differences and the corresponding time constants for parallel-connected cells. Cell currents and OCV differences are evaluated via an analytical model for two parallel-connected cells. The system can be described by four characteristic values, what is mathematically shown. The analytical solution and characteristic values are extended to n parallel-connected (np) cells by a transformation of the np equivalent circuit model (ECM) to a corresponding 2p ECM. The models are used in order to investigate the effects of Gaussian distributed cell parameters on the current distribution by Monte Carlo simulations. Thereby, the influence of the number of parallel-connected cells and the product of cell resistance and capacity is examined. Simulations show increasing cell currents with increasing number of parallel-connected cells and an accelerated SoC balance within the logical cell by decreasing product of cell resistance and capacity.

Measurements on 51 lithium-ion cells undergoing thermal runaway reactions within an autoclave setup are conducted in order to examine venting gas volume, composition and cell mass loss as well as to identify influencing factors on related parameters. A new method to calculate the volume of released gas during thermal runaway is proposed. Comprehensive examination of the gas analysis is done and compared to literature. Seven gas species (CO2, CO, H2, C2H4, CH4, C2H6 and C3H6) are determined to be the most common within venting gas and an independence of gas composition from venting gas volume can be shown. Furthermore, energy density and cell capacity are found to be an influencing factor of venting gas volume, thermal runaway onset temperature and mass loss, thus severity. Finally a difference for pouch and hard case cell formats in solid to gaseous mass loss proportion is discovered and explained.

The local work function is an invaluable feature for the specific analysis of the influences of atomic and molecular nanostructures on each other as well as the underlying surface. Adsorbate molecules can modify this parameter by introducing an electrical dipole moment, which affects the local contact potential. This can be accessed by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). In this paper, we demonstrate, by combining highly resolved topographic atomic force microscopy (AFM) data with the simultaneously acquired local work function signal, how each of these channels yield one angular coordinate, resulting in the three-dimensional determination of surface molecular dipole orientations. We studied the adsorption of terphenylthiol (TPT) self-assembled monolayers on Au(111) and Ag(111), as it is relevant in the light of electron radiation-induced transformation to carbon nanomembranes. We present noncontact AFM data combined with frequency-modulated KPFM in ultrahigh vacuum room temperature without any kind of deliberate tip functionalization. Our results show a surface coverage-dependent Langmuir-like evolution of phases with domains of flat lying as well as with upright molecular arrangements. Whereas we found an almost complete vertical orientation on silver, the orientation on gold was found to be tilted, corresponding to sp- and sp(3)-hybridized bond angles, respectively.

Large-scale battery applications like electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and stationary energy storage systems have high energy and power demands. In order to provide these requirements these battery systems mostly consist of parallel-connected cells and/or strings. These parallel configurations enable closed electric circuits even if a single cell or string gets disconnected, which can be caused by, e.g mechanic stress and chemical degradation. This type of connection error has rarely been investigated in present articles and is therefore the subject of this article. The detachment of one or more cells has to be detected in order to prevent electrical or thermal overloading of the remaining former parallel-connected cells. Otherwise in the worst case non detection can lead to hazardous safety issues like thermal runaway and propagation. This article provides an algorithm detecting the detachment of a cell within a few seconds based on continuous resistance ratio estimation. The algorithm is validated by measurements on a module with three serial-connected cell groups, each consisting of two parallel-connected 50 Ah pouch cells. Under typical driving loads a cell detachment is detected in less than 14 s. Furthermore, the estimated resistance ratios are compared to the pulse response approach with a mean deviation of ξ = 0.69 % for the reference, respectively ξ = 0.9 % for the measurements with one detached cell.

Thermal runaway of single cells within a large scale lithium-ion battery is a well-known risk that can lead to critical situations if no counter measures are taken in today’s lithium-ion traction batteries for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The United Nations have published a draft global technical regulation on electric vehicle safety (GTR EVS) describing a safety feature to warn passengers in case of a thermal runaway. Fast and reliable detection of faulty cells undergoing thermal runaway within the lithium-ion battery is therefore a key factor in battery designs for comprehensive passenger safety. A set of various possible sensors has been chosen based on the determined cell thermal runaway impact. These sensors have been tested in different sized battery setups and compared with respect to their ability of fast and reliable thermal runaway detection and their feasibility for traction batteries.

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Ausfuhrungen ist es, die legitimatorische Dimension von Organisationen im Kontext institutionalistischen Denkens zu konzeptionalisieren. Hierzu wurde zunachst mit der Wissenssoziologie ein allgemeines (Kapitel 3) und dem Neoinstitutionalismus anschliesend ein darauf aufbauendes organisationstheoretisches Theorieangebot (Kapitel 4) gesichtet. Beide Ansatze leisten wesentliche Beitrage, zeigen jedoch sowohl hinsichtlich ihres institutionentheoretischen als auch ihres legitimationstheoretischen Verstandnisses Limitationen und (begriffliche) Unscharfen.

Die empirische Analyse hat im Zuge dieser Arbeit eine doppelte Funktion: Zum einen soll sie das gegenstandsbezogene Wissen hinsichtlich des Zweiten Bildungswegs (Abendschulen und Kollegs) anreichern. Zum anderen dient sie als Veranschaulichung einer praktischen Umsetzung der oben entworfenen legitimations- und organisationstheoretischen Perspektive. Das folgende Kapitel ist zweigeteilt. Zunachst werden die Fragestellung und der Untersuchungsgegenstand prazisiert (Kapitel 8.1).

Fur die organisationsbezogene Theoretisierung des legitimatorischen Phanomens wird die neoinstitutionalistische Organisationssoziologie herangezogen. Ihr analytisches Interesse gilt dem Organisation-Umwelt-Verhaltnis, wobei dem Aspekt des Legitimatorischen eine zentrale Rolle in dieser Relation zugewiesen wird. Mit dem organisationssoziologischen Neoinstitutionalismus wird einer der jungsten Ansatze der Organisationsforschung aufgegriffen, dessen Entstehung auf die zweite Halfte der 1970er Jahre datiert und der seit den 1990er Jahren international starke Beachtung erfahrt.

Die berufliche Praxis von Padagoginnen und Padagogen ist von einer Legitimierungsnotwendigkeit durchzogen, die im alltaglichen Handeln zumeist selbstverstandlich bedient, jedoch selten als eigenstandige Herausforderung expliziert wird. Auch von der Erziehungswissenschaft werden Prozesse der Legitimierung padagogischer Praxis kaum aufgegriffen. Bedenkt man den zuweilen existenziellen Charakter legitimatorischer Prozesse, ist diese randstandige Beachtung uberaus erstaunlich.

Basierend auf einer permanenten Krisenrhetorik sind Bildungseinrichtungen seit nunmehr fast zwei Jahrzehnten der Adressat vielschichtiger Reform- bzw. Steuerungsanspruche. Die Entwicklungen im Bildungssystem konnen – so der Ausgangspunkt – nicht zuletzt als eine legitimatorische Thematik verstanden und analysiert werden. Eine solche Perspektive stellt bislang jedoch ein Desiderat der Erziehungswissenschaft bzw.

Die empirische Analyse der Legitimationsmythen von Abendschulen und Kollegs hat im Kontext der Gesamtarbeit eine zweifache Funktion: Sie soll zum einen veranschaulichen, wie die legitimations- und organisationstheoretischen Uberlegungen in ein entsprechendes empirisches Untersuchungsdesign uberfuhrt werden konnen. Sie soll zum anderen das Forschungswissen hinsichtlich Abendschulen und Kollegs erweitern.

The provision of clean water is a global challenge, and membrane filtration is a key technology to address it. Conventional filtration membranes are constrained by a trade-off between permeance and selectivity. Recently, some nanostructured membranes demonstrated the ability to overcome this limitation by utilizing well-defined carbon nanoconduits that allow a coordinated passage of water molecules. The fabrication of these materials is still very challenging, but their performance inspires research toward nanofabricated membranes. This study reports on molecularly thin membranes with subnanometer channels that combine high water selectivity with an exceptionally high permeance. Carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) of similar to 1.2 nm thickness are fabricated terphenylthiol (TPT) monolayers. Scanning probe microscopy and transport measurements reveal that TPT CNMs consist of a dense network of sub-nanometer channels that efficiently block the passage of most gases and liquids. However, water passes through with an extremely high permeance of similar to 1.1 x 10(-4) mol.m(-2).s(-l)Pa(-1), as does helium, but with a 2500 times lower flux. Assuming all channels in a TPT CNM are active in mass transport, we find a single-channel permeation of 66 water molecules s(-l).Pa-1. This suggests that water molecules translocate fast and cooperatively through the subnanometer channels, similar to carbon nanotubes and membrane proteins (aquaporins). CNMs are thus scalable two-dimensional sieves that can be utilized toward energy-efficient water purification.

Oxide-Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steels with Y2O3 nanoparticles are promising structural materials for fision and future fusion reactors. A large number of experimental as well as theoretical studies provided valuable information on the ODS particle formation process. However, some important details of this process still remain unexplained. We present the results of ab initio VASP calculations of the initial steps of the ODS particle formation. At these steps Y solute atoms are stabilized in the Fe lattice by vacancies, which create a basis for the future growth of Y2O3-particle. Interaction of multiple vacancies and solution Y and O atoms has been studied in various combinations and configurations.

Als Ausgangspunkt der theoretischen Grundlegung wird die von Peter L. Berger und Thomas Luckmann in den 1960er Jahren entworfene ‚wissenssoziologische Institutionentheorie’ herangezogen. Der Begriff kennzeichnet diejenigen institutions- und legitimationstheoretischen Uberlegungen, die von Berger und Luckmann im Zuge bzw. als Bestandteil jener wissenssoziologischen Theorieperspektive entwickelt worden sind, welche heute landlaufig als ‚neue Wissenssoziologie’ verhandelt wird.

Das Anliegen der vorangegangenen Ausfuhrungen war die theoretische Ausarbeitung desjenigen sozialen Phanomens, welches als die legitimatorische Dimension der Organisation gekennzeichnet wurde. Im Kontext eines institutionentheoretischen Denkens wurden legitimationstheoretische und organisationstheoretische Uberlegungen aufeinander bezogen und als ein (neo)institutionalistisches Konzept der legitimatorischen Dimension von Organisationen ausgearbeitet. Nicht zuletzt wurden dabei die Termini der Legitimitat, Legitimation und Legitimierung als Fachbegriffe einer (neo)institutionalistischen Organisationstheorie ausbuchstabiert.

Die beiden Organisationsformen ‚Abendgymnasium’ und ‚Kolleg’ wiesen zunachst eine weitgehend getrennte Entstehungs- und Entwicklungsgeschichte auf. Erst zum Ende der 1960er Jahre wurden sie in der Literatur das erste Mal gemeinsam unter dem Etikett ‚Schulen fur Erwachsene’ subsumiert (vgl. Hamacher 1968, S. 15). Darunter wurden dann auch die Abendreal- und Abendhauptschulen gefasst, die sich seit Ender der 1950er Jahre ebenfalls verbreiteten. Im Verlauf der 1970er Jahre etablierte sich der bis heute anzutreffende Sprachgebrauch, wonach Abendschulen und Kollegs weitgehend synonym mit dem Begriff ‚Zweiter Bildungsweg’ gesetzt werden

Discussing For-Profit-Organizations (FPO) in a pedagogical perspective is neither new nor is it within the educational science exclusively reserved for an organizational research perspective. As an object of educational research FPOs are originally brought into focus in the 1990s by both vocational education and adult education. Three questions arise in regard to this: Firstly, which aspects of an organizational perspective on FPOs have already been discussed by vocational education and adult education? Secondly, what additional insights does the newly emerging discussion of organizational educational research provide? Thirdly, which desiderata are to be stated as a challenge for future research?

The determination of the negative ion yield of 2′-chloro-1,1′-biphenyl (2-Cl-BP), 2′-bromo-1,1′-biphenyl (2-Br-BP) and 2′-iodo-1,1′-biphenyl (2-I-BP) upon dissociative electron attachment (DEA) at an electron energy of 0 eV revealed cross section values that were more than ten times higher for iodide loss from 2-I-BP than for the other halogenides from the respective biphenyls (BPs). Comparison with dissociative ionization mass spectra shows that the ratio of the efficiency of electron impact ionization induced fragmentation of 2-I-BP, 2-Br-BP, and 2-Cl-BP amounts to approximately 1:0.7:0.6. Inspired by these results, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of the respective biphenyl-4-thiols, 2-Cl-BPT, 2-Br-BPT, 2-I-BPT as well as BPT, were grown on a Au(111) substrate and exposed to 50 eV electrons. The effect of electron irradiation was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), to determine whether the high relative DEA cross section for iodide loss from 2-I-BPT as compared to 2-Br-BP and 2-Cl-BP is reflected in the cross-linking efficiency of SAMs made from these materials. Such sensitization could reduce the electron dose needed for the cross-linking process and may thus lead to a significantly faster conversion of the respective SAMs into carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) without the need for an increased current density. XPS data support the notation that DEA sensitization may be used to achieve more efficient electron-induced cross-linking of SAMs, revealing more than ten times faster cross-linking of 2-I-BPT SAMs compared to those made from the other halogenated biphenyls or from native BPT at the same current density. Furthermore, the transfer of a freestanding membrane onto a TEM grid and the subsequent investigation by helium ion microscopy (HIM) verified the existence of a mechanically stable CNM created from 2-I-BPT after exposure to an electron dose as low as 1.8 mC/cm2. In contrast, SAMs made from BPT, 2-Cl-BPT and 2-Br-BPT did not form stable CNMs after a significantly higher electron dose of 9 mC/cm2.

The increasing need for high capacity batteries in plug-in hybrids and all-electric vehicles gives rise to the question of whether these batteries should be equipped with a few large capacity cells or rather many low capacity cells in parallel. This article demonstrates the possible benefits of smaller cells connected in parallel because of discharge effects. Measurements have been conducted proving the beneficial influence of a lower SoC on the thermal runaway behaviour of lithium-ion cells. A second test series examines the short circuit currents during an ongoing thermal propagation in parallel-connected cells. With the help of a developed equivalent circuit model and the results of the test series two major system parameters, the ohmic resistance of a cell during thermal runaway R tr and the resistance post thermal runaway R ptr are extracted for the test set-up. A further developed equivalent circuit model and its analytical description are presented and illustrate the great impact of R ptr on the overall discharged capacity. According to the model, cells with a capacity of no more than C cell = 10&ndash, 15 Ah and a parallel-connection of 24 cells show the most potential to discharge a significant amount.

Die qualitative Inhaltsanalyse erfreut sich im Alltag der padagogischen Forschung einiger Beliebtheit und wird auch als Methode zunehmend reflektiert (in erziehungswissenschaftlichen Handbuchern etwa Mayring und Brunner 2010; Moller 2012; vgl. ebenso den jungst erschienenen Uberblicksaufsatz von Schreier 2014). Dabei steht diese Methode vor der spezifischen Herausforderung, sich in zweierlei Richtung abgrenzen zu mussen (vgl. Meuser 2011; vgl. Schreier 2014, Absatz 4): zum einen gegenuber dem Pendant der quantitativen Inhaltsanalyse, deren Protagonisten die qualitative Vorgehensweise bisweilen als ‚Erganzung’ oder ‚Vorstudie des Eigentlichen‘ (sprich: der quantifizierenden Auswertungsverfahren) zu verstehen scheinen, zum anderen gegenuber den ‚rekonstruktiven’ Verfahren innerhalb der qualitativen Sozialforschung, deren Protagonisten die Inhaltsanalyse als ‚oberflachlich‘ kritisieren. In Abgrenzung zu diesen Einschatzungen wird hier die Ansicht vertreten, dass die qualitative Inhaltsanalyse den Status einer eigenstandigen Methode im Spektrum quantitativer und qualitativer Sozialforschung verdient und als solche auch im Kontext der organisationspadagogischen Forschung ihren Beitrag leisten kann.

The mechanical behavior of a periodically buckled graphene membrane has been investigated by noncontact atomic force microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum. When a graphene monolayer is grown on Ru(0001), a regular arrangement of 0.075 nm high nanodomes forming a honeycomb lattice with 3 nm periodicity forms spontaneously. This structure responds in a perfectly reversible way to relative normal displacements up to 0.12 nm. Indeed, the elasticity of the nanodomes is proven by realistic DFT calculations, with an estimated normal stiffness k ∼ 40 N/m. Our observations extend previous results on macroscopic graphene samples and confirm that the elastic behavior of this material is maintained down to nanometer length scales, which is important for the development of new high-frequency (terahertz) electromechanical devices.

Atomic-scale adhesion phenomena between KBr tip and sample were studied by dynamic force spectroscopy with a small amplitude of down to 285 pm at room temperature. The high-resonance frequency of the second flexural mode of a silicon cantilever (≈1 MHz) suppresses an apparent dissipation energy caused by undesirable mechanicalcouplingsinbetweenthecantileverandtheditherpiezoactuator.Further,theJouleheatingdissipation contribution and the noise-equivalent dissipation energy were reduced by setting a smaller amplitude. Usage of a high resonance frequency and a smaller amplitude enables us to perform highly sensitive measurements of the atomic-scale adhesion and the tip-instability-related energy dissipation. Tip changes, caused by tip-sample interactions and thermal energy, resulted in three different dissipation energy levels (�E ts ≈ 25 meV/cycle). This infrequent change of the tip apex condition often prevents a stable imaging with small amplitude. Our systematic measurement shows that the atomic adhesion is caused mainly in the tip itself, and a sharper and softer tip induced a larger energy dissipation.

Single sheets of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) on transition metals provide a model system for layered insulating materials as well as a functional substrate for molecules and metal clusters. The progress in the understanding of h-BN layers on transition metals was mainly driven by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) measurements within the last decade, while direct measurements of mechanical and electrical properties are still rare. Our investigations of the two-dimensional (2D) h-BN nanomesh on a Rh(111) substrate by high-resolution noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) reveal a complex surface structure including a frequently observed contrast inversion. Detailed 2D force spectroscopy measurements are revealing towards a mechanical elastic deformation of the h-BN monolayer caused by the tip–sample interaction. Furthermore, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and spectroscopy measurements show local work function variations of the nanomesh, proving the results obtained by PES but additionally providing detailed local information.

The three-dimensional force field above an NaCl(001) surface was measured on a fine grid by small amplitude dynamic force spectroscopy at room temperature. After careful drift corrections, maps in nominally equivalent symmetry planes as well as in sections parallel to the surface reveal distance-dependent shifts of characteristic atomic-sized features. These shifts reflect asymmetries of the probing tip apex but are mainly due to atomic displacements induced by short-range forces. In addition, weak decaying force oscillations with a period close to the interlayer spacing are detected at distances where no atomic-scale variations are expected. Stronger site-dependent changes appear in the interaction-induced energy dissipation.

Seit nunmehr drei Jahrzehnten gehort es zu den zentralen Aussagen der deutschen Schul(leitungs)forschung wie auch der angelsachsischen Debatte um ‚Educational Leadership‘, dass eine aktive, leistungsorientierte sowie das padagogische Anliegen betonende Schulleitung eine wesentliche Komponente wirksamer Schulen (School Effectiveness) wie auch gelingender Schulentwicklung (School Improvement) darstelle (vgl. resumierend Bonsen 2010). Geht man einen Schritt weiter und fragt, wie eigentlich genau Schulleitung in die Organisation hineinwirkt bzw. mit dieser interagiert, bleiben Antworten auf diese Frage zumeist unscharf. So halten auch Huber/Niederhuber (2004, 44)mit Blick auf die internationale sowie nationale Schul(leitungs)forschung fest: „Allerdings wird in den Studien nur ansatzweise deutlich, wie Schulleitungen konkret wirken“.

„Cherry Picking“ und nomadische Kunden: Wie konnen Kreditinstitute den anhaltenden und durch die Finanzkrise verstarkten Trends einer abnehmenden Kundenbindung und Kundenloyalitat begegnen? Dr. Ingo Kipker und Sascha Koch von der Unternehmensberatung Horvath & Partners pladieren fur ein gezieltes strategisches Management der Beziehungen zwischen Kunde und Kreditinstitut. Dabei spielen die verschiedenen Facetten der Kundenzufriedenheit eine zentrale Rolle. Die Autoren stellen einen dreistufigen, modularen Ansatz fur die Einfuhrung und dauerhafte Implementierung eines strategischen Kundenbindungsmanagements vor und verweisen auf die kritischen Erfolgsfaktoren.

Enhanced sensitivity to lateral forces on the nominally flat and inert (0001) surface of graphite is demonstrated via room-temperature dynamic force microscopy using simultaneous excitation and FM detection of the lowest flexural and torsional cantilever resonance modes. The site-independent long-range tip-sample interaction causes no significant lateral force variations except near atomic steps but unprecedented sensitivity to short-range forces is achieved on flat terraces in the attractive range. Two-dimensional bimodal force vs distance maps confirm the stronger distance dependence of the torsional frequency shift compared to the flexural resonance shift. This agrees with model calculations based on theoretical expressions. The lateral force gradient is extracted from the measured torsional shift, and a lateral force variation in at most $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20\text{ }\text{pN}$ is obtained by integrating this gradient parallel to the surface. A further integration reveals a potential-energy variation in the attractive force range of only 3 meV.