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Nonlinear fluid simulation of drift wave turbulence in the presence of symmetry breaking particle source is performed for the cylindrical magnetized plasmas. It is demonstrated that the symmetry breaking of the system directly affects the selection rule of structure formations, the streamers disappear, and the zonal flows are enhanced in the case with the symmetry breaking. The symmetry breaking is introduced in the flux-driven simulation by inducing the particle source whose amplitude depends on the azimuthal angle. The symmetry breaking mode is driven stationarily, and the nonlinear process of the drift waves is significantly modified. By scanning the amplitude of the symmetry breaking source, the structure formation processes are systematically investigated. In addition, the nonlinear forces of the turbulence show the relaxation of the density gradient and the drive of the perpendicular/parallel flows in a two-dimensional manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) hosts a rich population of supernova remnants (SNRs), our knowledge of which is the most complete of any galaxy. However, there remain many candidate SNRs, identified through optical and radio observations where additional X-ray data can confirm their SNR nature and provide details on their physical properties. In this paper, we present XMM–Newton observations that provide the first deep X-ray coverage of ten objects, comprising eight candidates and two previously confirmed SNRs. We perform multifrequency studies using additional data from the Magellanic Cloud Emission Line Survey (MCELS) to investigate their broad-band emission and used Spitzer data to understand the environment in which the objects are evolving. We confirm seven of the eight candidates as bona-fide SNRs. We used a multifrequency morphological study to determine the position and size of the remnants. We identify two new members of the class of evolved Fe-rich remnants in the Magellanic Clouds (MCs), several SNRs well into their Sedov-phase, one SNR likely projected towards a H  ii region, and a faint, evolved SNR with a hard X-ray core which could indicate a pulsar wind nebula. Overall, the seven newly confirmed SNRs represent a ∼10-per cent increase in the number of LMC remnants, bringing the total number to 71, and provide further insight into the fainter population of X-ray SNRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: The type IV intermediate filament, nestin, may be a candidate diagnostic marker for combined hepatocellular–cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC–CCA). Therefore, the significance of nestin as a diagnostic marker for cHCC–CCA categorized by the World Health Organization (WHO) 2019 classification and its relationship with clinicopathological features were examined in the present study. Methods and results: Nestin expression was immunohistochemically assessed in the liver sections from 75 patients with cHCC–CCA, 22 with small duct‐type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), 20 with large duct‐type iCCA and 35 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nestin expression and its relationship with clinicopathological features and genetic alterations were investigated in cHCC–CCA. Nestin expression was detected in significantly more patients with cHCC–CCA (66.7%) than in those with large duct‐type iCCA (5%) (P < 0.01), HCC (2.9%) (P < 0.01) and small duct‐type iCCA (40.9%) (P < 0.05). Nestin expression was partly associated with neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and vimentin expression. Nestin expression was also observed in significantly more patients with small duct‐type iCCA than in those with large duct‐type iCCA and HCC (P < 0.01). Nestin‐positive cHCC–CCA was characterized by a smaller tumour size, the more frequent presence of cholangiolocellular carcinoma (CLC) components, a higher rate of p53 overexpression and a higher rate of multiple genetic alterations (P < 0.05). Furthermore, p53 overexpression was associated with a higher histological grade and multiple genetic alterations (P < 0.05) in nestin‐positive cHCC–CCA. Conclusion: Nestin may be a useful diagnostic marker for a specific subgroup of cHCC–CCA and small duct‐type iCCA associated with CLC components, p53 mutations and multiple genetic alterations, which are related to stemness and multipotent differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pitch-angle diffusion of charged particles via non-resonant interaction with low-frequency magnetohydrodynamic waves is discussed. Even in the presence of finite amplitude waves, a quasi-linear theory in which the normalization using wave energy is carried out agrees well with numerical results of test particle simulations. The quasi-linear theory for non-resonant diffusion is also in good agreement with the numerical results, even if the spectra of the waves are not broad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of density corrugation due to zonal flow, so-called zonal staircase, is investigated theoretically, based on the wave-kinetic framework. The wave-kinetic simulation is performed, considering the profile corrugation and the turbulence trapping mechanism, where the profile corrugation changes the growth rate and the dispersion relation of turbulence. The zonal density is generated by the modulation of particle transport. We obtain the analytical expression for the zonal density, which determines the staircase height. It is found that the amplitude normalized by the ambient density can be comparable to the zonal flow normalized by the diamagnetic drift velocity. The key effect that determines the turbulence profile is found to be the phenomenon of turbulence trapping by zonal flow, while the profile corrugation due to zonal density has weaker effects. Thus, turbulence is localized where the flow curvature is negative, which leads to a flattening of the density profile through the enhancement of particle transport. This fact clearly shows that the effect of turbulence trapping dominates the density gradient dependence of the local linear instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interaction between drift wave turbulence and streamer flow in magnetized plasmas is investigated in the framework of wave-kinetic theory. By performing a wave-kinetic simulation of turbulence coupling with the streamer flow, the role of the phase-space dynamics of turbulence is clarified. Here, the phase-space consists of the real space and wavenumber space. As a consequence of the phase-space dynamics, the turbulence is trapped in the flow and propagates with the streamer. Because of the trapping, the asymmetry of the turbulence intensity with respect to the sign of the flow curvature appears. The trajectories of the turbulence wave-packet, which are the characteristic curves of the wave-kinetic solution, can be categorized by the trapping, passing, and scattering. Therefore, the obtained phase-space structure of the turbulence can be understood by their trajectories. The propagation direction and speed are found to be governed by the turbulence spectrum. The obtained characteristics can be explained by the theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses triad transfer analysis via quadratic nonlinearity. To avoid fictitious interactions, symmetrization of the triad transfer is reviewed, including arbitrary orthogonal decomposition and coarse graining. The directional representation of the symmetrized triad transfer is proposed by minimizing the number of edges in a network graph of triad interactions with keeping the energy consistency. The directional representation simplifies visualization and allows us to reduce the energy transfer into a one-to-one relation, while eliminating fictitious interactions in non-symmetrized triad transfer functions. Energy transfer processes among plasma turbulent fluctuations that decompose by the singular value decomposition are analyzed as an application. A network graph visualization clearly demonstrates the importance of symmetrization and the consistency between the symmetrized triad transfer and its directional representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method to quantify the energy transfer among turbulent structures using singular value decomposition (SVD) is presented. We apply the method to numerical turbulence data obtained from a global plasma simulation using the Hasegawa–Wakatani fluid model, in which the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability plays a dominant role. Using the SVD method, the electrostatic potential is decomposed into a background potential deformation, a zonal flow, a coherent mode and an intermittent structure. Thus there are four key structures, as distinct from the three found in conventional theory. The kinetic energy of each structure is evaluated, and the limit cycle among them is obtained. In the limit cycle, an abrupt change of the background is found to be synchronised with the period of the zonal flow. The energy transfer function of each turbulence structure, which is defined on the basis of a vorticity equation, is evaluated. This then provides physical understanding of how the limit cycle is sustained by dynamical changes in the energy transfer among structures over the its period. In addition, it is shown that the abrupt deformation of the background is caused by the non-linear self-coupling of the intermittent structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neutral drag effect on the parallel velocity gradient driven instability (PVG) in the presence of density inhomogeneity is theoretically investigated. The dispersion relation of PVG mode with the effect of the density gradient and neutral particle drag is derived, and its solution is analytically obtained. The neutral particle drag gives rise to the phase shift between parallel flow and electrostatic potential fluctuations and modifies the parallel compression. As a result, the stability of the PVG mode changes. It is found that the neutral particle drag does not only reduce but also enhances the instability. Specifically, near the marginal condition, the neutral particle effect suppresses the density gradient effect, and the parameter region where the PVG mode is linearly unstable significantly expands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The helicity of flow field is an important quantity for describing the topological feature of turbulent fluids and plasmas. In this work, we discuss how helicity is determined in turbulent plasmas, by considering the drift wave turbulence and the parallel velocity gradient driven turbulence as concrete examples. Helicity evolution for each turbulence is derived and compared against the simulation data. Links between the plasma helicity and the transport channels, such as particle transport and momentum transport, are demonstrated. Several applications including the excitation of the 3D flow patterns in fusion plasmas and dynamo action in astrophysical plasmas are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied thermal fluctuations in magnetoresistance (MR) signals originating from geometrically confined magnetic walls (GCMWs) of nanometer size. To this end, we developed a novel numerical simulation method which quantitatively evaluates the magnitude of thermal fluctuations in MR signals of magnetic nanostructures. Using the method, we first investigated the case when the twist angle Θ between the magnetization in a fixed layer and that in a free layer is 180°. We found that the thermal fluctuations of the magnetic structure of the 180° GCMW do not induce any crucial fluctuations in the MR signal because there is no significant difference among the MR values of the magnetic structures caused by the thermal fluctuations. We next investigated the dependence on the twist angle Θ of thermal fluctuations in MR signals. Since the GCMW is stabilized by decreasing Θ from 180°, the standard deviation (SD) of the MR signal is reduced with decreasing Θ. On the contrary, the SD/M ratio (M is the mean of the MR signal) monotonically increases with decreasing Θ because the attenuation of the mean value of MR is faster than that of the standard deviation. We also found that the SD/M ratio was not large for any of the temperatures (from 300 to 600 K) and twist angles (from 90° to 180°) we examined. The maximum value of the ratio, which was obtained when T = 600 K and Θ = 90°, was about 13%. This result indicates that thermal fluctuations do not cause significant noise in MR devices that utilize GCMWs of nanometer size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We experimentally investigate the roles of drift wave type fluctuations interacting with zonal flow. The drift wave type fluctuations examined in this paper are characterized by nonlinear solitary wave, splash, and solitary eddy [Arakawa et al., Sci. Rep. 6, 33371 (2016)]. Compared to the nonlinear solitary wave, splash has a short lifetime, while solitary eddy has a long lifetime. Excitation/damping of the splash and the solitary eddy are synchronized with zonal perturbation. The roles of the splash and the solitary eddy in transport processes are also discussed. Solitary eddy contributes to momentum transport and accelerates zonal flow. The particle flux driven by the solitary eddy and the splash is in the inward and outward directions, respectively, with similar magnitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three-dimensional turbulence simulation is performed in order to understand the role of spiral structures observed in Kelvin-Helmholtz turbulence. The simulation is performed by introducing a vorticity source to drive the plasma rotation. By scanning the intensity of the vorticity source, a quasi-periodic formation of a spiral structure is obtained above a certain source intensity. The quasi-periodic oscillation can be seen in the fluctuation energy and the background, which exhibits a limit cycle oscillation. We clarify the roles of the spiral formation in the limit cycle oscillation: The dynamical change in the radial variation of the phase of the fluctuations causes a strong coupling of the fluctuations with the background through the transport of particles and momentum. The formation mechanism of the spiral structure is also studied. An instability due to the combination of the cylindrical effect and the flow inhomogeneity is consistent with the fluctuation which drives the spiral structure obtained in the simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the classification of topological states of matter has been clarified for non-interacting electron systems, the theoretical connection between gapless boundary modes and nontrivial bulk topological structures, and their evolutions as a function of dimensions are now well understood. However, such dimensional hierarchy has not been well established experimentally although some indirect evidences were reported, for example, such as the half-quantized Hall conductance via quantum Hall effect and extrapolation in the quantum-oscillation measurement. In this paper, we report the appearance of the possible chiral edge mode from the surface state of topological insulators under magnetic fields, confirming the dimensional hierarchy in three-dimensional topological insulators. Applying laser pulses to the surface state of Bi1-xSbx, we find that the sign of voltage relaxation in one edge becomes opposite to that in the other edge only when magnetic fields are applied to the topological insulating phase.Weshow that this sign difference originates from the chirality of edge states, based on coupled time-dependent Poisson and Boltzmann equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on a study wherein the photo-induced transient thermoelectric effect was measured for bismuth single crystals. Methods; Results; Conclusion.

Abstract: This study adopts Oxford's (2017) definition of language learning strategies (LLS) framed by self‐regulation theory and explores the longitudinal development in the use of three second language (L2) writing strategies (global planning, local planning, L1‐to‐L2 translation) by Japanese university students as it interacts with cognitive, affective, and environmental variables. The study is innovative in its use of a comprehensive, theoretically supported definition of LLSs, a long observation period, and its use of an explanatory sequential mixed methods design. Mixed effects modeling, which provides the main statistical analysis, enabled us to simultaneously investigate the participants’ strategy use at both group and individual level while relating these findings to the participants’ emic data from a self‐regulation perspective. The results reveal that (a) developmental trajectories in LLS use were differentially affected by other cognitive and environmental factors at both group and individual level, (b) the self‐regulation perspective was useful in explaining the systematicity and individuality observed in the developing use of the three strategies, and (c) students’ motivation related to study abroad experiences may be a key factor in understanding such trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic abnormalities in mitochondrial complex assembling factors are associated with leukoencephalopathy. We present a 1‐year‐old girl with consciousness disturbance after a respiratory infection. Brain MRI revealed leukoencephalopathy with bilaterally symmetrical hyperintensity in the substantia nigra, medial thalamic nuclei, and basal nuclei, as well as cavities in the cerebral white matter and corpus callosum. Lactate levels in the spinal fluid were high, while magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the cerebral white matter and basal nuclei showed high peak lactate levels, suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction. The respiratory enzyme activity of complex I was reduced to 17% to 21% in skeletal muscle. Whole exome sequencing identified compound heterozygous variations in NDUFAF3, involved in the assembly of mitochondrial complex I (c.342_343insGTG:p.117Valdup, c.505C > A:p.Pro169Thr). Two‐dimensional, blue‐native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate‐PAGE revealed reductions in Q‐module (NDUFS2, NDUFS3, and NDUFA9) and P‐module (NDUFB10 and NDUFB11) subunits, indicating disruption of mitochondrial complex I assembly. Our report expands the spectrum of clinical phenotypes associated with pathogenic variants of NDUFAF3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topological bifurcation of the flow in non-equilibrium magnetized plasmas is demonstrated by a turbulence simulation. A system with two generic sources of turbulence, the gradients of density and parallel flow, is considered. Topological index of the flow is introduced, in order to indicate the chirality of flow pattern. We here report that the turbulence-driven flow forms the structure of co-axial helixes with opposite chirality. By changing the source of plasma particles, which modifies the density gradient, the transition between three turbulent states is obtained. In addition to the two turbulent states, which are dominated by the drift wave and the D'Angelo mode, respectively, the new state is found. In this third state, fluctuations are driven by both of the free energy sources simultaneously and compete with the others. The result illustrates the generic feature of turbulence flow generation in non-equilibrium magnetized plasmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eigenmode analysis of geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) driven by fast ions is performed, based on a set of gyrokinetic equations. Resonance to the magnetic drift of the fast ions can destabilize GAMs. A new branch is found in the family of GAMs, whose frequency is close to the magnetic drift frequency of the fast ions. The poloidal eigenfunction of this branch has bump structures in the poloidal direction where the resonance of the magnetic drift with the mode is strong. The ion heating rate by the GAMs is evaluated in the framework of quasi-linear theory. The heating is localized poloidally around the resonance locations. Owing to the bumps in the eigenfunction, the magnitude of the heating is much larger than that estimated without the magnetic drift resonance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Quantum oscillations on the three-dimensional (3D) Dirac material Bi 0.97 Sb 0.03 single crystals in pulsed magnetic fields up to 50 T with three possible orientations. • The anisotropic behaviors of the Landé g factor were deduced based on a detailed analysis of the observed Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations. • In the vicinity of the quantum limit, the Landau fan diagram from the oscillation data revealed a nontrivial Berry's phase. • Due to electronic instability, unusual quantum oscillations (UQO) were observed beyond the quantum limit under an extremely strong magnetic field. Quantum oscillations are known as the manifestation of the Fermi surface of metals in the presence of a strong magnetic field and of associated geometrical phases such as Berry's phase, playing a critical role in topological quantum materials. This study reports quantum oscillations on the three-dimensional (3D) Dirac material Bi 0.97 Sb 0.03 single crystals in pulsed magnetic fields up to 50 T with three possible orientations. Under a magnetic field, we observe very pronounced Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations originating from the Landau quantization of T -point holes. The SdH oscillations were well indexed with a large Landé g factor. The anisotropic behaviors of the Landé g factor were also deduced based on a detailed analysis of SdH oscillations. The Landau fan diagram revealed a nontrivial Berry's phase. Beyond the quantum limit (QL) under an extremely strong magnetic field, unusual quantum oscillations (UQO) were found. The possible origin of this phenomenon may be electronic instability caused by interactions. These results offer insights into the unusual electronic properties under the extremely strong fields caused by the unique band topology in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims.We present a multi-wavelength analysis of the evolved supernova remnants MCSNR J05067025 and MCSNR J0527-7104 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Methods. We used observational data from XMM-Newton, the Australian Telescope Compact Array, and the Magellanic Cloud Emission Line Survey to study their broad-band emission and used Spitzer and Hi data to gain a picture of the environment into which the remnants are expanding. We performed a multi-wavelength morphological study and detailed radio and X-ray spectral analyses to determine their physical characteristics. Results. Both remnants were found to have bright X-ray cores, dominated by Fe L-shell emission, which is consistent with reverse shock-heated ejecta with determined Fe masses in agreement with Type Ia explosion yields. A soft X-ray shell, which is consistent with swept-up interstellar medium, was observed in MCSNR J0506-7025, suggestive of a remnant in the Sedov phase. Using the spectral fit results and the Sedov self-similar solution, we estimated the age of MCSNR J0506-7025 to be ~16-28 kyr, with an initial explosion energy of (0.07-0.84) × 1051 erg. A soft shell was absent in MCSNR J0527-7104, with only ejecta emission visible in an extremely elongated morphology that extends beyond the optical shell. We suggest that the blast wave has broken out into a low density cavity, allowing the shock heated ejecta to escape. We find that the radio spectral index of MCSNR J0506-7025 is consistent with the standard -0:5 for supernova remnants. Radio polarisation at 6 cm indicates a higher degree of polarisation along the western front and at the eastern knot with a mean fractional polarisation across the remnant of P ≅ (20 ± 6)%. Conclusions. The detection of Fe-rich ejecta in the remnants suggests that both resulted from Type Ia explosions. The newly identified Fe-rich cores in MCSNR J0506-7025 and MCSNR J0527-7104 make them members of the expanding class of evolved Fe-rich remnants in the Magellanic Clouds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background.Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and anorexia nervosa (AN) are both characterized by distorted perception of appearance. Previous studies in BDD suggest abnormalities in visual processing of own and others’ faces, but no study has examined visual processing of faces in AN, nor directly compared the two disorders in this respect.Method.We collected functional magnetic resonance imaging data on 60 individuals of equivalent age and gender in each of three groups – 20 BDD, 20 weight-restored AN, and 20 healthy controls (HC) – while they viewed images of others’ faces that contained only high or low spatial frequency information (HSF or LSF). We tested hypotheses about functional connectivity within specialized sub-networks for HSF and LSF visual processing, using psychophysiological interaction analyses.Results.The BDD group demonstrated increased functional connectivity compared to HC between left anterior occipital face area and right fusiform face area (FFA) for LSF faces, which was associated with symptom severity. Both BDD and AN groups had increased connectivity compared to HC between FFA and precuneous/posterior cingulate gyrus for LSF faces, and decreased connectivity between FFA and insula. In addition, we found that LSF connectivity between FFA and posterior cingulate gyrus was significantly associated with thoughts about own appearance in AN.Conclusions.Results suggest similar abnormal functional connectivity within higher-order systems for face processing in BDD and AN, but distinct abnormal connectivity patterns within occipito-temporal visual networks. Findings may have implications for understanding relationships between these disorders, and the pathophysiology underlying perceptual distortions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We show experimental and theoretical evidence that BiTel hosts a disordered metallic state named diffusive helical Fermi liquid, characterized by a pair of concentric spin-chiral Fermi surfaces with negligible intervalley scattering. Key experimental observations are extreme disparity of the mobility between inner and outer helical Fermi surfaces near the Weyl point and existence of the so-called universal scaling behavior for the Hall resistivity. Although the extreme enhancement of the inner-Fermi-surface mobility near the Weyl point is quantitatively explained within the self-consistent Born approximation, the existence of universal scaling in the Hall resistivity shows its breakdown, implying necessity of mass renormalization in the inner Fermi-surface beyond the independent electron picture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine–threonine protein kinase that controls protein synthesis in the nervous system. Here, we characterized the role of protein synthesis regulation due to mTOR signaling in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) following plantar incision. The number of phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR)-positive neurons was increased 2–4 days after the incision. Rapamycin inhibited p-mTOR expression in the DRG and thermal hypersensitivity 3 days but not 1 day after the incision. Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) expression was increased after the plantar incision, which was inhibited by rapamycin. These results demonstrated that tissue injury induces phosphorylation of mTOR and increased protein level of VGLUT2 in the DRG neurons. mTOR phosphorylation involves in maintenance of injury-induced thermal hypersensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. We present an X-ray study of the supernova remnant SNR J0533-7202 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and determine its physical characteristics based on its X-ray emission. Methods. We observed SNR J0533-7202 with XMM-Newton (background flare-filtered exposure times of 18 ks EPIC-pn and 31 ks EPIC-MOS1, EPIC-MOS2). We produced X-ray images of the supernova remnant, performed an X-ray spectral analysis, and compared the results to multi-wavelength studies. Results. The distribution of X-ray emission is highly non-uniform, with the south-west region much brighter than the north-east. The detected X-ray emission is correlated with the radio emission from the remnant.We determine that this morphology is most likely due to the supernova remnant expanding into a non-uniform ambient medium and not an absorption e ect. We estimate the remnant size to be 53:9 (±3:4) × 43:6 (±3:4) pc, with the major axis rotated ∼64° east of north. We find no spectral signatures of ejecta emission and infer that the X-ray plasma is dominated by swept up interstellar medium. Using the spectral fit results and the Sedov self-similar solution, we estimate the age of SNR J0533-7202 to be ∼17-27 kyr, with an initial explosion energy of (0:09-0:83) × 1051 erg. We detected an X-ray source located near the centre of the remnant, namely XMMU J053348.2-720233. The source type could not be conclusively determined due to the lack of a multi-wavelength counterpart and low X-ray counts. We found that it is likely either a background active galactic nucleus or a low-mass X-ray binary in the LMC. Conclusions. We detected bright thermal X-ray emission from SNR J0533-7202 and determined that the remnant is in the Sedov phase of its evolution. The lack of ejecta emission prohibits us from typing the remnant with the X-ray data. Therefore, the likely Type Ia classification based on the local stellar population and star formation history reported in the literature cannot be improved upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bifurcation from a streamer to a solitary drift wave is obtained in three dimensional simulation of resistive drift waves in cylindrical plasmas. The solitary drift wave is observed in the regime where the collisional transport is important as well as fluctuation induced transport. The solitary drift wave forms a steep wave front in the azimuthal direction. The phase of higher harmonic modes are locked to that of the fundamental mode, so that the steep wave front is sustained for a long time compared to the typical time scale of the drift wave oscillation. The phase entrainment between the fundamental and second harmonic modes is studied, and the azimuthal structure of the stationary solution is found to be characterized by a parameter which is determined by the deviation of the fluctuations from the Boltzmann relation. There are two solutions of the azimuthal structures, which have steep wave front facing forward and backward in the wave propagation direction, respectively. The selection criterion of these solutions is derived theoretically from the stability of the phase entrainment. The simulation result and experimental observations are found to be consistent with the theoretical prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. We present a detailed study of the superbubble 30 Dor C and the newly identified supernova remnant MCSNR J0536-6913 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Methods. All available XMM-Newton data (flare-filtered exposure times of 420 ks EPIC-pn, 556 ks EPIC-MOS1, 614 ks EPICMOS2) were used to characterise the thermal X-ray emission in the region. An analysis of the non-thermal X-ray emission is also presented and discussed in the context of emission mechanisms previously suggested in the literature. These data are supplemented by X-ray data from Chandra, optical data from the Magellanic Cloud Emission Line Survey, and radio data from the Australia Telescope Compact Array and the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope. Results. The brightest thermal emission towards 30 Dor C was found to be associated with a new supernova remnant, MCSNR J0536-6913. X-ray spectral analysis of MCSNR J0536-6913 suggested an ejecta-dominated remnant with lines of O, Ne, Mg, and Si, and a total 0:3-10 keV X-ray luminosity of ~8*1034 erg s-1. Based on derived ejecta abundance ratios, we determined the mass of the stellar progenitor to be either ~18 M or as high as>40 M_sun, though the spectral fits were subject to assumptions (e.g., uniform temperature and well-mixed ejecta). The thermal emission from the SB exhibited enrichment by alpha-process elements, evidence for a recent core-collapse SNR interaction with the SB shell. We detected non-thermal X-ray emission throughout 30 Dor C, with the brightest regions being highly correlated with the H-alpha and radio shells. We created a non-thermal spectral energy distribution for the north-eastern shell of 30 Dor C which was best-fit with an exponentially cut-off synchrotron model. Conclusions. Thermal X-ray emission from 30 Dor C is very complex, consisting of a large scale superbubble emission at the eastern shell wall with the brightest emission due to MCSNR J0536??6913. The fact that the non-thermal spectral energy distribution of the superbubble shell was observed to roll-off is further evidence that the non-thermal X-ray emission from 30 Dor C is synchrotron in origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. We reported that deficiency of the eNOS protein exacerbates colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS-induced colitis). However, the role of eNOS in colitis remains controversial. Therefore, we studied how over-expression of eNOS affected this inflammatory condition, using vascular endothelial cells and mice as in vitro and in vivo models, respectively. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of a polymorphism in the eNOS gene on the clinical features of ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods. We examined the effect of eNOS overexpression on the expression of adhesion molecules in the endothelium and assessed the degree of DSS-induced colitis in eNOS transgenic (eNOS-Tg) mice. We also investigated the relationship between a polymorphism in the eNOS gene and clinical features of patients with UC. Results. The expression of adhesion molecules, under inflammatory conditions, was attenuated in eNOS gene-transfected vascular endothelial cells, as measured by western blot analysis. Symptoms of DSS-induced colitis were likewise attenuated in eNOS-Tg mice, which exhibited lower weight loss, mortality, histological damage (by inflammation score and crypt damage score), and colonic myeloperoxidase activity, tumor necrosis factor-α expression, and MAdCAM-1 expression than in wild-type mice. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between intractable cases of UC and a polymorphism in the eNOS gene promoter (c.-786 T > C) that decreases eNOS expression. Conclusion. The eNOS gene plays an important role in the regulation of colonic inflammation. The level of eNOS expression may be a predictive marker for prognosis of UC, and eNOS expression may be a novel therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta (C/EBP-beta) is a transcription factor that belongs to the C/EBP family. To understand the role of C/EBP-beta in the peripheral nervous system, we investigated the expression of C/EBP-beta in the dorsal root ganglion. C/EBP-beta was weakly detected in nuclei of naive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Spinal nerve ligation increased the expression of C/EBP-beta in L4 and L5 DRG neurons. Treatment with anti-TNF-alpha prevented SNL-induced pain hypersensitivity and C/EBP-beta expression in the DRG. Injection of TNF-alpha into the sciatic nerve produced transient pain hypersensitivity and induction of C/EBP-beta expression in the DRG. These results demonstrate that C/EBP-beta is activated in the DRG neurons by a TNF-alpha-dependent manner and might be involved in the activation of primary afferent neurons after nerve injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. We study the X-ray emission of the Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) CTB 109 (G109.1-1.0), which is well-known for its enigmatic half-shell morphology both in radio and in X-rays and is associated with the anomalous X-ray pulsar (AXP) 1E 2259+586. Aims. We want to understand the origin of the X-ray bright feature inside the SNR called the Lobe and the details of the interaction of the SNR shock wave with the ambient interstellar medium (ISM). Methods. The Lobe and the northeastern part of the SNR were observed with Chandra ACIS-I.We analysed the spectrum of the X-ray emission by dividing the entire observed emission into small regions. The X-ray emission is best reproduced with one-component or two-component non-equilibrium ionisation models depending on the position. In the two-component model, one emission component represents the shocked ISM and the other the shocked ejecta. Results. We detect enhanced element abundances, in particular for Si and Fe, in and around the Lobe. There is one particular region next to the Lobe with a high Si abundance of 3.3 (2.6-4.0) times the solar value. This is the first, unequivocal detection of ejecta in CTB 109. Conclusions. The new Chandra data confirm that the Lobe was created by the interaction of the SNR shock and the supernova ejecta with a dense and inhomogeneous medium in the environment of SNR CTB 109. The newly calculated age of the SNR is t ≈ 1.4 × 104 yr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: The phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) promotes primary afferent sensitization. The role of p38MAPK signaling in the DRG in the pathogenesis of plantar incision hyperalgesia has not been investigated. Results: Levels of phosphorylated p38MAPK (p-p38MAPK) obviously increased in the DRG after plantar incision. Unmyelinated and myelinated DRG neurons that express p-p38MAPK contained small to medium cell bodies, suggesting that p-p38MAPK expression is induced in neurons with C- and Aδ-fibers. The p-p38MAPK inhibitors FR167653 or SB203580 inhibited incision-induced mechanical hypersensitivity and spontaneous pain behavior. The systemic administration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitor prevented subsequent incision-induced activation of p38MAPK in the DRG and alleviated mechanical hypersensitivity after the incision. Conclusions: p38MAPK signaling in the DRG plays a crucial role in the development of primary afferent sensitization and pain behavior caused by plantar incision. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cardiac nuclear medicine, cardiac computed tomography (CT), interventional cardiology procedures, and electrophysiology procedures are increasing in number and account for an important share of patient radiation exposure in medicine. Complex percutaneous coronary interventions and cardiac electrophysiology procedures are associated with high radiation doses. These procedures can result in patient skin doses that are high enough to cause radiation injury and an increased risk of cancer. Treatment of congenital heart disease in children is of particular concern. Additionally, staff [1] As indicated in the Glossary, the term ‘worker’ is defined by the Commission in Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007b) as ‘any person who is employed, whether full time, part time or temporarily, by an employer, and who has recognised rights and duties in relation to occupational radiological protection’. In a hospital, these persons are part of the staff. The term ‘staff’ is preferred in this report because the intended audience is more familiar with this term. 1 in cardiac catheterisation laboratories may receive high doses of radiation if radiological protection tools are not used properly. The Commission provided recommendations for radiological protection during fluoroscopically guided interventions in Publication 85, for radiological protection in CT in Publications 87 and 102, and for training in radiological protection in Publication 113 (ICRP, 2000b,c, 2007a, 2009). This report is focused specifically on cardiology, and brings together information relevant to cardiology from the Commission’s published documents. There is emphasis on those imaging procedures and interventions specific to cardiology. The material and recommendations in the current document have been updated to reflect the most recent recommendations of the Commission. This report provides guidance to assist the cardiologist with justification procedures and optimisation of protection in cardiac CT studies, cardiac nuclear medicine studies, and fluoroscopically guided cardiac interventions. It includes discussions of the biological effects of radiation, principles of radiological protection, protection of staff during fluoroscopically guided interventions, radiological protection training, and establishment of a quality assurance programme for cardiac imaging and intervention. As tissue injury, principally skin injury, is a risk for fluoroscopically guided interventions, particular attention is devoted to clinical examples of radiation-related skin injuries from cardiac interventions, methods to reduce patient radiation dose, training recommendations, and quality assurance programmes for interventional fluoroscopy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Context. The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) hosts a rich and varied population of supernova remnants (SNRs). Optical, X-ray, and radio observations are required to identify these SNRs, as well as to ascertain the various processes responsible for the large array of physical characteristics observed. Aims. In this paper we attempted to confirm the candidate SNR [HP99] 1234, identified in X-rays with ROSAT, as a true SNR by supplementing these X-ray data with optical and radio observations. Methods. Optical data from the Magellanic Cloud Emission Line Survey (MCELS) and new radio data from the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST), in addition to the ROSAT X-ray data, were used to perform a multiwavelength morphological analysis of this candidate SNR. Results. An approximately ellipsoidal shell of enhanced [S ii] emission, typical of an SNR ([S ii]/Hα > 0.4), was detected in the optical. This enhancement is positionally coincident with faint radio emission at λ = 36 cm. Using the available data we estimated the size of the remnant to be ∼5.1′ x 4.0′ (∼75 pc x 59 pc). However, the measurement along the major-axis was somewhat uncertain due to a lack of optical and radio emission at its extremities and the poor resolution of the X-ray data. Assuming this SNR is in the Sedov phase and adopting the ambient mass density of 1.2 × 10-25 g cm-3 measured in a nearby Hii region, an age estimate of ∼25 kyr was calculated for a canonical initial explosion energy of 1051 erg. However, this age estimate should be treated cautiously due to uncertainties on the adopted parameters. Analysis of the local stellar population suggested a type Ia event as a precursor to this SNR, however, a core-collapse mechanism could not be ruled out due to the possibility of the progenitor being a runaway massive star. Conclusions. With the detection of X-ray, radio and significant optical line emission with enhanced [S ii], this object was confirmed as an SNR to which we assign the identifier MCSNR J0527-7104. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. We present the analysis of supernova remnants (SNRs) and candidates in M 31 identified in the XMM-Newton large programme survey of M 31. Supernova remnants are among the brightest X-ray sources in a galaxy. They are good indicators of the recent star-formation activities of galaxies and the interstellar environment in which they evolve. Aims. By combining the X-ray data of sources in M 31 with optical data as well as optical and radio catalogues, we aim to compile a complete, revised list of SNRs emitting X-rays in M 31 detected with XMM-Newton, study their luminosity and spatial distributions, and understand the X-ray spectra of the brightest SNRs. Methods. We analysed the X-ray spectra of the 12 brightest SNRs and candidates that have been observed with XMM-Newton. Our study of the four brightest sources allowed us to perform a more detailed spectral analysis and compare different models to describe their spectrum. For all M 31 large programme sources, we searched for their optical counterparts in the Ha, [S II], and [O III] images of the Local Group Galaxy Survey. Results. We confirm 21 X-ray sources as counterparts to known SNRs. In addition, we identify 5 new X-ray sources as X-ray and optically emitting SNIRs. Seventeen sources are no longer considered as SNR candidates. We thus create a list of 26 X-ray SNRs and 20 X-ray SNIR candidates in M 31 based on their X-ray, optical, and radio emission, which is the most recent complete list of X-ray SNRs in M 31. The brightest SNRs have X-ray luminosities of up to 8 × 1036 erg s-1 in the 0.35-2.0 keV band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, the efficacy and safety of transglucosidase (TGD) were compared with placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). At 12 weeks, TGD 300 mg/day and TGD 900 mg/day significantly reduced HbA1c (0.18 and 0.21%) and insulin concentration (19.4 and 25.0 pmol/l), respectively, vs. placebo. TGD 300 mg/day and TGD 900 mg/day also significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.22 and 0.17 mmol/l, respectively). TGD 900 mg/day significantly reduced triglyceride by 0.24 mmol/l and diastolic blood pressure by 8 mmHg. Placebo was associated with a significant increase from baseline in body mass index, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (0.17 kg/m2, 3 and 2 U/l, respectively), whereas TGD was not. TGD 300 mg/day significantly increased high-molecular-weight adiponectin by 0.6 µg/ml. Adverse events did not differ significantly between the groups. TGD resulted in lowering of HbA1c and blood insulin level and improvements in metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. The high sensitivity of the XMM-Newton instrumentation offers the opportunity to study faint and extended sources in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies such as the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) in detail. The ROSAT PSPC survey of the LMC has revealed more than 700 X-ray sources, among which there are 46 supernova remnants (SNRs) and candidates. Aims. We have observed the field around one of the most promising SNR candidates in the ROSAT PSPC catalogue, labelled [HP99] 456 with XMM-Newton, to determine its nature. Methods. We investigated the XMM-Newton data along with new radio-continuum, near infrared and optical data. In particular, spectral and morphological studies of the X-ray and radio data were performed. Results. The X-ray images obtained in different energy bands reveal two different structures. Below 1.0 keV the X-ray emission shows the shell-like morphology of an SNR with a diameter of ~73 pc, one of the largest known in the LMC. For its thermal spectrum we estimate an electron temperature of (0.49 ± 0.12) keV assuming non-equilibrium ionisation. The X-ray images above 1.0 keV reveal a less extended source within the SNR emission, located 1' west of the centre of the SNR and coincident with bright point sources detected in radio-continuum. This hard component has an extent of 0.9' (i.e. ~13 pc at a distance of ~50 kpc) and a non-thermal spectrum. The hard source coincides in position with the ROSAT source [HP99] 456 and shows an indication for substructure. Conclusions. We firmly identify a new SNR in the LMC with a shell-like morphology and a thermal spectrum. Assuming the SNR to be in the Sedov phase yields an age of ~23 kyr. We explore possible associations of the hard non-thermal emitting component with a pulsar wind nebula (PWN) or background active galactic nucleus (AGN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonlinear dynamics of zonal flows (ZFs) is investigated when geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) have substantial influence on plasma states. Simultaneous existence of multiple GAMs with different radial phase velocities gives additional nonlinear mode couplings, and asymmetry of the turbulence spectrum induces energy exchanges between GAMs and a ZF. A set of model equations is derived to describe the nonlinear dynamics of a ZF, GAMs and ambient turbulence. The model includes the mechanism of ZF generation by a pair of GAMs, and the back interaction from the turbulence is solved self-consistently. Two stationary solutions are obtained; one is the known solution that the GAM propagates as a travelling wave with no ZF excitation, and the other is a new solution that a pair of GAMs forms a standing wave, which induces a ZF. The accessibility to the steady states, and the threshold for the transition between them are obtained. The GAM and ZF formation in the new state affects the background plasmas. The effects on the turbulent heat diffusivity and the ion heating rate are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The magnetic properties of β-FeSi2 single crystals were investigated using magnetization and anomalous Hall effect measurements. These measurements clearly show the appearance of superparamagnetism, the origin of which is attributed to defect-induced magnetic aggregates. Unlike previous reports, based on our combined analysis using magnetization and the anomalous Hall effect, we found that two kinds of aggregates, which are magnetically distinct, exist in our samples. Among the two types found, one gives an anomalous Hall term, which follows a side-jump mechanism while the other is a completely new kind, suggesting that magnetic properties of β-FeSi2 are very unconventional. The sizes of the aggregates were estimated from our experimental data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The giant dielectric response in Cd-doped CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics was studied over the temperature range from 40 K to 850 K. In all CaxCd1-xCu3Ti4O12 system, two broad dielectric dispersions around 150 K and 650 K and a dielectric anomaly at T1 were observed. The T1 decreases linearly with increasing Cd-molar ratio (x) from 733 K for CaCu3Ti4O12 to 632 K for CdCu3Ti4O12. CdCu3Ti4O12 exhibits ε ∼ 0.6 × 104 at room temperature and 1.4 × 104 at T1 (1 MHz). This evidence shows CdCu3Ti4O12 is still a member of high-dielectric materials in contrast to a previous work (ε ∼ 409 at 100 kHz). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transport and magnetic properties of single-crystalline Fe-intercalation-compound FeTiSe have been compared with the transport properties of single-crystalline Ti-self-intercalation-compound TiTiSe. At low concentration of intercalated guest atoms, FeTiSe exhibits carrier localization behavior without magnetic ordering, while TiTiSe shows an itinerant behavior. The superstructure and the carrier localization observed in FeTiSe single crystals simultaneously disappear at the critical concentration x∼0.07, which agrees well with theoretical value based on a percolation theory. Fe intercalation compounds show paramagnetism and nonexistence of magnetism is attributed to the large distance between guest Fe atoms. We discuss the effect of guest intercalation on the stability of superstructure formed in the host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]