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Objective: To study the effect of aloe vera extract on glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) and blood glucose levels in albino rats. Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Army Medical College, Rawalpindi and National Institute of Health, Islamabad Pakistan, from Oct 2018 to Mar 2019. Methodology: Ninety male Sprague Dawley rats, aged 10-12 weeks, weighing 250±50 grams, were divided into three Groups. In Group-A, non-diabetic rats were given a standard lasb diet. In Groups B and C, diabetic rats were given a standard laboratory diet. In Group-C, an extract of Aloe Vera at 300mg/kg body weight was also given once daily. Before the commencement of the experiment, blood glucose was measured, and then after injection, STZ on the fourth-day record of blood glucose was taken. At the end of the experiment, a blood sample was taken from the tail vein to analyze glycosylated haemoglobin levels and blood glucose. Results: The difference in blood glucose levels at the start of the experiment was significant statistically (p-value

Objective: This study was aimed to assess the histomorphological changes in rat mandible induced by injection botox in masseter muscle and to assess the possible remedial effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on histomorphology of the rat mandibular condylar cartilage. Study Design: Laboratory based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Army Medical College Rawalpindi, Pakistan from 16th June 2020 to 07th August 2020, with the collaboration of the Military Hospital, Rawalpindi and the National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad. Methods: Forty, healthy, female (non-pregnant) “Sprague Dawley rats”, 10 weeks of age with weight of 200- 250gm were selected and divided into four groups. Group A control, Groups B, C and D were experimental groups. Group B was sham injected whilst group C and D were injected by botox in left masseter muscle. Group D was treated with Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract for 1 month whereas rats from group B and C were given saline solution as a vehicle. H&E and Toluidine Blue after decalcification of the mandible were used for staining. Data was analyzed using the SPSS 23. The P-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant. One-way analysis of variance was applied followed by Tukey's post-Hoc test to seek distinction of quantitative variables between the groups. Result: Botox injected group C developed changes when compared with the control group A and sham group B, including the discontinuation of the condylar cartilage surface and chondrocyte hypertrophy, cluster formation and disorientation of chondron columns. The experiment did not show any improvement in experimental group D after treatment with grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Conclusion: The administration of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract did not yield the expected improvements in the histomorphology of the mandibular condylar cartilage. How to cite this: Iram M, Kiani MRB, Qamar A, Atta MF, Shan M, Zia MS. Ameliorative Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract on Histomorphological Changes in Rat Mandible Induced by Intramuscular Injection of Botox in Masseter. Life and Science. 2024; 5(4): 482-490. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.766

Objective: To study the effect of diltiazem on monosodium glutamate induced histomorphological changes in the fallopian tube. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Material and Methods: In this experimental study 30 adult female Sprague Dawley rats of average weight of 500g were randomly divided into three groups A (control group), B and C with 10 rats in each. The experimental group B was given 0.08 mg/kg of monosodium glutamate (MSG) orally and experimental group C was given 0.08 mg/kg of MSG and 10 mg/kg of diltiazem in distilled water for 14 days. The control group (A) received only laboratory diet prepared at National Institute of Health (NIH) Islamabad with liberal water intake. Blood was taken from each animal through intracardiac route. The rats were sacrificed on 15th day of the experiment. The fallopian tubes were carefully dissected out and fixed in 10% formalin for routine histological procedures. Results: The fallopian tubes of the control group A showed normal histological features, a well-defined tubal wall consisted of three distinct layers. Oviducts of group B also showed three distinct layers. The cells forming the external serosal layer were flat with centrally located nuclei giving the appearance of simple. The cells forming the intermediate muscular layer were fusiform in appearance with centrally placed nuclei giving the appearance of smooth muscle cells. The cells in the inner mucosal layer were taller than broader with oval nuclei giving the appearance of simple columnar epithelium resting on the basement membrane. There were marked vacuolations appearing in the stroma cells. The blood vessels in stroma were dilated. The histological sections of oviducts of group C showed three layers: serosa, myosalpinx, endosalpinx the external serosal layer were flat with centrally located nuclei. At the inner side of this layer, there were lying irregularly scattered thin fibers, blood vessels and irregular shaped cells. The stromal cells were loosely arranged and in all animals of this group there was no vacuolations in stroma of this group. The mean serum estrogen level for group A was 83.53 ± 9.87 pmol/l. The mean serum estrogen level in group B was 136.97 ± 12.51 pmol/l. The mean serum estrogen level in group C was 64.79 ± 17.85 pmol/l. Conclusion: The findings obtained from our study after administration of MSG and diltiazem showed stromal vacuolations in the fallopian tube of rat leading to change in its functional aspect and impairing the female fertility while treatment with diltiazem prevents these effects.

Introduction: The category of Small Round Blue Cell Tumors includes neoplasms that are undifferentiated and contain similar-looking growth of small round blue cells having bigger nuclear size as compared to the cytoplasm (high N/C). It includes Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, Synovial Sarcoma, Ewings Sarcoma/ Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Hepatoblastoma, Retinoblastoma, Neuroblastoma, Neuroendocrine carcinoma, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor, Dysgerminoma, and Wilm's tumor. Immunohistochemistry can be very helpful in the accurate diagnosis of this diverse group of tumors. Objective: The objective of the study is to sub-categorize pediatric malignant small round blue cell tumors using immunohistochemistry. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study Setting: Meezan private lab, Faisalabad, Pakistan Duration of study: 4 years, from January 2017 to December 2020. Sample size: 46 cases. Sampling technique: Non-probability purposive sampling Materials and Methods: 46 cases, which fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for the study. All these cases were subjected to immunohistochemistry. The IHC technique used was based on the Peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) method. Based on site and morphological clues, initially Leukocyte common antigen (LCA), Myogenin, Cytokeratin (CK), Desmin, Chromogranin, Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE), S-100, Smooth Muscle Actin (SMA), and CD99 were used. Further immune stains panels were used afterward, as and when needed like CD20, CD3, CD30, BCL2, CD117, Ki-67, Tdt, Synaptophysin, SMA, CD56, Melan A, HMB45, and WT1. Results: Among all the malignant Small Round Cell Tumors, Rhabdomyosarcoma was the highest in frequency i.e. 8 (17.4%), followed by Ewing’s sarcoma/PNET 7(15.2%). Both Diffuse Large B cell lymphoma and Neuroblastoma were 5 each in number (10.9%). Non-Hodgkins lymphoma as a whole was 13 (28.2%), including 5 cases (10.9%) of diffuse large B cell lymphoma, 4 cases (8.7%) of T lymphoblastic lymphoma, 3 cases (6.5%) of Burkitt’s lymphoma, and only 1 case (2.2%) of NK/T cell lymphoma. Conclusion: Immunohistochemistry is an essential tool for accurate sub-categorization of pediatric small round blue cell tumors.