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International audience

Additional file 1. Schematic of Richard Toll sample analysis. A total of 759 samples were received and genotyping yielded 649 samples that passed genotyping (5 or fewer missing alleles in the 24-SNP barcode). Of these 649 samples, 473 were monogenomic (0, or 1 mixed allele in the 24-SNP barcode).

Additional file 8. Map of infections. A. Map of infections collected in 2015 and relative location of Thiès. The distance between Richard Toll and Thiès is approximately 150 miles. The sites of households from which samples were collected in 2015 are shown, with red indicating infections in individuals with a travel history and blue indicating infections from individuals with no travel history (see B). No household locations were collected in any other year. B. Inset from panel A is shown enlarged to indicate the relative locations of households from which parasite infections were identified in 2015. Infections identified in individuals who reported a travel history are shown in red, while those from individuals who reported no recent travel are shown in blue. Tear drop markers indicate infections identified through reactive active case detection (RACD), with index case marked red for positive travel history or blue for no travel history. All of these RACD households with a travel history (red teardrops) had parasites that were different from one another; and all these RACD households with no travel history (blue teardrops) shared genotype infections, with one exception being the household in dark blue in the center of Richard Toll (identified with an asterisk). This household had parasites that were genetically distinct but the index case reported no recent travel. C. Location of passive case detection infections that share a parasite genotype. To provide an example of household location where shared infections were identified by passive case detection at four households with the same parasite genotype are shown in blue teardrops, and a different parasite genotype found among two households are shown in red teardrops. The two infections from the red household were both detected on the same date at the clinic. The infections for the blue households occurred on different dates: (1) September 7; (2) September 12; (3) November 8; (4) November 10. Note that household 4 was positive for additional infections and corresponds to the household in panel B as indicated by the red arrow. The geographic distance between household 1 and 2 is 3.3 miles; between household 2 and 3 is 14 miles and between household 3 and 4 is 0.8 miles.

International audience; The objective of this study was to develop allometric models for estimating the biomass of Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich) Hoscht and Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. ex Poir. The inventory of these ligneous was carried out at Widou Thiengoly (North of Senegal). The sample consists of 43 individuals of Boscia senegalensis and 15 individuals of Sclerocarya birrea. The selected individuals were dendrometrically characterized before being cut, compartmentalized (trunk, branches, and twigs) and weighed entirely. Simple regression tests were performed to examine the most explanatory dendrometric parameter (x) for biomass (y) according to two types of models: the linear model (y = ax + b) and the polynomial model of degrees 2 (y = ax2 + bx + c). The criteria for selection and validity of the models are based firstly on the tests of normality, nullity, heterogeneity and autocorrelation of the residues. The results showed that the most explanatory dendrometric parameter of the biomass was the crown surface for Boscia senegalensis and the 1.30 m diameter for Sclerocarya birrea of all the tests performed, the second-order Polynomial model is the best predictor of above ground biomass for these two species. Thus, the allometric models established to predict the biomass of these two species are: y = 0.0023x2 + 0.4851x - 0.0519 for Boscia senegalensis and y = 0.35x2 + 10.35x - 12.90 for S. birrea; with very significant correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.85 and 0.94 respectively. These results can be used for a sequestered carbon assessment study and will play a role in monitoring the carbon market in Africa.

International audience; Aim : This study focuses on the spatio-temporal dynamics of the ecosystems between 1965 to 2017.Location : sylvopastoral reserve of the six Ferlo boreholes in SenegalMethods : The methodological approach consists in delineating and mapping land cover in the reserve, in 1965 and 2017 and, analyzing changes during this period using remote sensing techniques and Geographic Information Systems (GIS).Results : The results obtained show the identification of 10 land-use patterns in the reserve for the year 2017: savannah woodland, shrub savannah with tree, shrub savannah, shrub steppe with tree, shrub steppe, vegetable crop rainfall, village, pond, bare soil, tree plantation. In addition to savannah with tree, all these classes are present in 1965, except for the "tree plantation" class. The zones of shrub savannah and shrub steppe and shrub steppe with tree gradually changed between these dates, while the zones of shrub savannah with tree decreased. The areas occupied by savannah with tree disappeared completely. Analysis of changes between 1965 and 2017 showed that 19.71% of the reserve area remained in its original state, 70.58% was modified and 9.71% was converted.Main conclusion : This study has been widened to the whole “sylvopastoral reserve” protected area, which will make possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the management plans for protected areas in the Ferlo.

Objectif: L’objectif est d’évaluer l’importance du parcours Gadoudhé, dans l’alimentation du bétail de la commune rurale de Fabidji au Niger.Méthodologie et résultats: Une enquête a été menée auprès des éleveurs de la commune rurale de Fabidji (Niger), sur l’utilité du parcours dans l’alimentation du bétail. Les résultats indiquent la présence dans la zone d’une flore riche de 47 espèces dont 27 herbacées et 20 ligneuses. Selon les éleveurs, la proportion du bétail fréquentant régulièrement le parcours est d’environ 2 500 têtes par espèce de ruminants, alors que la quantité du fourrage et les ressources hydriques du parcours, bien que sécurisé, sont insuffisantes pour assurer l’alimentation du bétail. Cependant, ils affirment que le fourrage est d’une qualité nutritionnelle convenable.Conclusion et application: Le présent travail montre que le parcours Gadoudhé est la principale localité de pâture pour le bétail de la commune. Cependant, les ressources fourragères disponibles n’assurent plus une alimentation adéquate du bétail. Dès lors, des moyens de gestion et de réhabilitation du parcours doivent être analysés avec les éleveurs afin de permettre aux décideurs publics et privés d’avoir des outils pratiques pour une exploitation rationnelle des ressources dans le parcours afin d’assurer leur durabilité.Mots clés: Parcours Gadoudhé- Alimentation- Bétail- Fabidji-NigerEnglish Title: The Gadoudhé pasture area importance in cattle feeding in the rural town of Fabidji-NigerEnglish AbstractObjective: The goal is to evaluate the Gadoudhé pasture area importance in cattle feeding in the rural town of Fabidji-Niger.Methodology and results: An investigation has been leaded close to cattle-breeders on the utility of the pasture area in cattle feeding in the rural town of Fabidji-Niger. The results show the presence of rich flora in the area about 47 species within which are 27 herbaceous and 20 ligneous. According to cattle-breeders, the balance of cattle that frequent regularly the pasture area is approximately 2 500 heads of breed ruminant. Even if secured, the flora and the hydro resources quantity are still insufficient to ensure cattle feeding. However, the (cattlebreeders) assert that the flora nutritional quality is decent.Conclusion and application: The present work shows that the Gadoudhé pasture area is the principal locality of pasture for cattle in the town. Nevertheless, the fodder resources that are available do not ensure an adequate feeding of cattle. Ever since, the management and rehabilitation of the pasture area should be analysed with cattle-breeders in order to enable private sectors and public decision makers to have a practical tools for rational exploitation of the resources through the pasture area in order to steady their durability.Keywords: Gadoudhé pasture area-Feeding-Cattle-Fabidji-Niger

La flore et la végétation de la communauté rurale de Tessekere ont évolué au cours du temps. Les années à faible pluviométrie ont présenté une faible diversité et une modification tant à l'échelle du secteur écologique qu'à celle des différents parcours. Le maintien dans le temps d'espèces ligneuses malgré les déficits pluviométriques traduit une résistance de la flore aux aléas climatiques. De nombreuses espèces telles Combretum glutinosum, Guiera senegalensis, Syzygium guinnense et Sclerocarya birrea ont régressé dans le temps du fait aussi des pressions zooanthropiques. Balanites aegyptiaca et Boscia senegalensis (espèces xérophytes) se sont substituées aux espèces à longues feuilles, ce qui montre une adaptation de la flore aux conditions climatiques actuelles. Le reverdissement caractérisé par la présence de nouvelles espèces est une capacité de résilience de ces parcours. La répartition spatiale et temporelle de la végétation est influencée par la variabilité pluviométrique, les conditions écologiques et les facteurs zooanthropiques.

New lipophylic compounds LaL(NO3)·5H2O, YbL(NO3)·2H2O, Ce2L (NO3)2(OH)2·6H2O, Eu2L(NO3)2(OH)2·2H2O·2EtOH and LaSnMe2Cl2L(NO3)·5H2O [L  C38H55N3O4] have been synthesized by a template condensation and characterized by using infrared and Mossbauer spectroscopies. In the homopolynuclear compounds, the two compartments in close proximity are both occupied, while for the La/Sn compound the SnMe2Cl2 was bonded by oxygen atoms out of these compartments; the Mossbauer parameters seemed to indicate a severely distorted trans octahedral geometry around the tin atom. For the mononuclear complexes, the metal La or Yb was encapsulated in the inner N3O4 compartment.

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 6(1), 11-14 (1992).

BuII. Chem. Soc. Ethiop., 6(1) 33- 36 (1992).

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop., 4(2), 137-140 (1990).