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Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) was introduced to Southeast Asia in the 16th–17th centuries and has since flourished as an industrial crop. Since the 1980s, Thailand has emerged as the leading producer and exporter of cassava products. This growth coincided with the initiation of cassava breeding programs in collaboration with the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), focusing on root yield and starch production. The success of Thai cassava breeding programs can be attributed to the incorporation of valuable genetic diversity from international germplasm resources to cross with the local landraces, which has become the genetic foundation of many Thai commercial varieties. Effective evaluation under diverse environmental conditions has led to the release of varieties with high yield stability. A notable success is the development of Kasetsart 50. However, extreme climate change poses significant challenges, including abiotic and biotic stresses that threaten cassava root yield and starch content, leading to a potential decline in starch-based industries. Future directions for cassava breeding must include hybrid development, marker-assisted recurrent breeding, and gene editing, along with high-throughput phenotyping and flower induction. These strategies are essential to achieve breeding objectives focused on drought tolerance and disease resistance, especially for CMD and CBSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the structure of palm oil production and government policies related to the stability of food consumption in order to meet the future demand in the next 20 years (2014 - 2034). Applying the principle of zero waste management, the study uses a market value approach by assessing the value of all remainders of oil palms. The remains of oil palms, such as debris, leaves, stem, and shell fiber, were valuated. These remains were converted to fertilizers. Organic wastewater from the crude palm oil production process is used to produce electricity. The value of these remains is approximately 919.35 million USD per year consisting of: (1) the weight of all debris, palm leaves, and shell fiber in Thailand is about 3.64 million tons per year, equivalent to 243.44 million USD of fertilizers; (2) the weight of palm oil trunks is 89,958 tons per year, equivalent to 6.00 million USD of fertilizers; (3) the weight of empty fruit bunches, palm fiber, and waste water is 2.86 million tons per year; equivalent to 191.21 million USD of fertilizers; (4) the weight of fiber and palm shell from crude palm oil extraction process is 7.13 million tons; equivalent to 476.85 million USD of fertilizers; (5) wastewater from palm oil mill is 9.62 million cubic meter per year; equivalent to 1.85 million USD of electricity. The total value of using oil palm remains is 919.35 million USD per year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]