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In recent years, the widespread use of pesticides has led to serious health concern for humans and animals. Current study was conducted to assess concentration of pesticide residues (herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, ovacide, acaricide, miticide, veterinary materials, and nematicide) in different vegetables according to the type of vegetables, pesticide, and the mainland. The literature studies regarding the concentrations of pesticides in the different vegetables were collected using international databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed from January 2002 to October 2022. According to the results, the mean pesticide concentration in vegetables was 0.24 mg/kg and 95 % confidence interval (CI) (0.23–0.25 mg/kg). The pesticide level in vegetables was fungicide > herbicide > ovacide > insecticide > acaricide > nematicide > miticide respectively. The biggest and the smallest mean as well as 95 % CI of pesticides belong to green beans 2.57 mg/kg (2.56, 2.58 mg/kg) and Chinese kale 0.010 mg/kg (0.009, 0.011 mg/kg), respectively. Besides, if we consider the location where the vegetables are grown the pesticide concentration in different vegetables was fungicide > insecticide > herbicide > veterinary substance > ovicide > nematicide > acaricide > miticide respectively. The highest amount of pesticide concentration in Europe, Asia, and Africa was attributed to insecticide while herbicide and fungicide were reported in North America, and South America, respectively. The findings of our meta-analysis can be beneficial in risk assessment methods and can be applied by health administrators and programs designed to monitor the environment to o decrease pesticide residues in various vegetables.

Cancer is a primary cause of mortality around the world and imposes a significant physiological, psychological, and financial burden on patients. Lipids regulate cell cycle progression and affect cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Therefore, alterations in serum lipid levels might contribute to carcinogenesis. In this article, we review the relationships between triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and different types of cancer. Then, we examine the association between cancer and familial hypercholesterolemia. Finally, we evaluate the impact of statins on different types of cancer. Increased total cholesterol has been reported to increase cellular proliferation and angiogenesis in tumors and inhibit apoptosis. Increased LDL-C has been reported to induce inflammation and increase susceptibility to oxidative damage. HDL-C has anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties. Increased levels of serum TG can induce oxidative stress and a chronic inflammatory state and therefore contribute to the proliferation and progression of cancer cells. Statins decrease downstream products of cholesterol synthesis that are crucial in cell proliferation and growth. Thus, lipid components can have prognostic value in cancer and management of serum lipid levels through lifestyle changes and medical therapy can be beneficial in cancer prevention and treatment.

Background. Gentamicin (GM) induced nephrotoxicity may be sex hormones related. The effects of sex hormones on GM induced nephrotoxicity in gonadectomized rats were investigated. Methods. Ovariectomized rats received 0.25, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg/week of estradiol (ES) alone or accompanied with 10 mg/kg/week of progesterone (Pro) for two weeks followed by GM (100 mg/kg/day) for 9 days. Castrated rats were also treated with 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg/week of testosterone (TS) for two weeks and then received GM. In addition, a single castrated group received 0.25 mg/kg/week of ES plus GM. Results. GM increased the serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) and kidney tissue damage score (KTDS) (P