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Peatland serves as a crucial natural resource with hydrological and other environmental functions essential for all living organisms. In some regions, peat soil isn't limited to lowland areas, it is also found in highland areas. This study is a survey research aiming to examine the characteristics of the highland peatlands of Toba North Sumatera, namely in the Village of Matiti II, Humbang Hasundutan Regency, North Sumatera and lowland peatlands as control of peatlands in general in Sidomulyo Village, Bilah Hilir Subdistrict, Labuhan Batu. The study employed a survey research approach with a descriptive method to determine the differences in the characteristics of highland Toba peat soils. In each area, a representative profile was made, and the soil morphology, characteristics and classification were observed according to the 2014 soil taxonomic classification. Soil samples were taken from each layer in the soil profile for soil analysis in the laboratory. Soil analysis included bulk density, pH H₂O, pH NaF, CEC, base saturation, organic C, total N, C/N, electrical conductivity (EC) and ash content. The results showed that the difference in altitude directly affected the microclimate and the hydrologic conditions, which in turn affected the characteristics of the peat soil. In the context of the Toba highland, the main source of peat soils comes from rainfall. In contrast with the peatland of the lowlands, where the impact of tides is a significant factor, the peat of the Toba highland is affected by the surrounding hills.

The destruction of forests in watershed areas has now become a concern of many parties, resulting in floods, landslides, and droughts that continue to increase. Watershed damage is accelerated by increased utilization of natural resources due to population growth and economic development, conflicts of interest, and lack of integration between sectors between the upstream-middle-downstream areas. For this reason, it is necessary to assess land capability in a watershed so that land development follows the land capability class. The research was carried out in the Krueng Peusangan Hilir Sub-watershed, Bireuen Regency, Aceh, Indonesia, from October 2021 to February 2022, which is geographically located at 95°58''00” - 96°52''00” East Longitude and 5°06''00- 5°17 ''00" North Latitude. Land use in the study is dominated by dry land agriculture, covering an area of 19,100.28 ha with a topography area from 0-8% to 25-40%. A survey method by analyzing land capability classes at the study site was carried out for each land map unit (LMU) by comparing land conditions with the land capability evaluation Hockensmith and Steele’s criteria (overlaid of determined thematic maps). The result shows that soil erodibility decreased linearly with increasing organic matter in the soil. Soils with high organic matter content have high erodibility. For the limiting factor on slopes in land capability classes found in II, III, IV, and VI class categories that are found in all LMUs, if these LMUs are used for agricultural cultivation, soil conservation measures are needed, such as making mound terraces or canal mound terraces, planting in strips and using mulch. The results show that the land capability classes consisted of 16668.30 ha in the land capability II class, 4184.06 ha land capability in the III class, 4524.91 ha in the land capability IV class, and 190.79 ha land capability VI class with a factor inhibiting soil erodibility (medium – very high) and slopes (wavy - rather steep)

Objectives The Indonesian Ministry of Health launched isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) in 2016, with general practitioners (GPs) at the frontline of this program. However, the extent to which GPs have internalized this program remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to identify the knowledge and attitudes of GPs towards the IPT program in Indonesia. Methods This study used an online, self-administered questionnaire distributed via e-mail and social messaging services. A logistic regression model was employed to identify the explanatory variables influencing the level of knowledge and attitudes toward IPT among GPs in Indonesia. An empirical analysis was conducted separately for each response variable (knowledge and attitudes). Results Of the 418 respondents, 128 (30.6%) had a good knowledge of IPT. Working at a public hospital was the only variable associated with good knowledge, with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 2.81). Furthermore, 279 respondents (66.7%) had favorable attitudes toward IPT. In the adjusted logistic regression analysis, good knowledge (aOR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.89), 1–5 years of work experience (aOR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.21 to 3.60), and having experienced IPT training (aOR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.93), were significantly associated with favorable attitudes. Conclusions In general, GPs in Indonesia had favorable attitudes toward IPT. However, their knowledge of IPT was limited. GPs are an essential element of the IPT program in the country, and therefore, adequate information dissemination to improve their understanding is critical for the long-term viability and quality of the IPT program in Indonesia.

Onion red is wrong one commodity horticulture which includes plant vegetable and usually used for spice. Increase Request onion red cause needed cultivation plant onion red on condition stress drought for reach production highest . Study this aim for knowing type and dose as well as combination paclobutrazol and sour salicylate on condition stress drought for increase production onion red.Research this held on house glass in the garden test Faculty Agriculture University North Sumatra Muhammadiyah . design experiments that have used in study this is design random factorial group with 3 factors . Factor first level drought with 2 levels treatment ie : 80% capacity roomy and 40% capacity roomy . Factor second paclobutrazol with 4 levels treatment namely 0 mg/l, 15 mg/l, 30 mg/l, 45 mg/l. Factor third Sour salicylate with 3 levels namely 0 mg/l, 50 mg/l, 100 mg/l. Observation parameters observed _ is length plant , number leaf , weight Fresh Bulbs , Weight Bulbs Dry and Bulb Diameter. Results study show gift factor single paclobutrazol and factor single sour salicylate no increase growth and production onion red.. Giving paclobutrazol with level 45 mg/l at 80% capacity roomy have score long plant and amount leaf highest compared to 40% Capacity roomy . Giving sour salicylate on concentration 50 mg/l at condition 80% capacity roomy increase weight tubers fresh , tuber dry and tuber diameter . Interaction treatment paclobutrazole , acid salicylate and stress drought could increase growth and production on K1S1P3 combination.

This article explores Optimizing the Utilization of Funds for sustainable development. This study aims to analyze the Optimization of village funds utilization. The research method used is observation, interviews, and documents. This study was analyzed using a phenomenological approach. The research subjects are the government and the village community. The results of this study indicated the Optimization of the Utilization of village Funds through 6 forms, namely; 1) Village level consultations involving the community and community shops to accommodate various proposals; 2) Every Cash Inflow and Outflow is recorded by the treasurer, and closes the books every month in an orderly manner; 3) The Village Development Implementation Stage involves local communities to be empowered in the implementation of the village funds which prioritizes the poor so that their economy can also improve; 4) The development of village infrastructure is greatly benefited by the community; 5) the village apparatus capacity building program increases the motivation and performance of the village apparatus in carrying out their duties; 6) Community empowerment has representatives from BPD and LPM such as cultivation. Further research will focus on the use of village funds for economic development.

Salak Sub-district has a land area use covering an area of 3607.20 ha or 13.67% of the total area of 25640.99 ha Pakpak Bharat so that other land area use (APL) in Salak Sub-district needs to be supported with information on land suitability so that the potential of very large land can be utilized in agricultural cultivation activities, with the expectation that productivity can improve the welfare of local people who mostly work as farmers. The purpose of this research is to know and evaluate the characteristics of the actual land suitability level and the suitability of potential land in Salak Subdistrict so that it is known that suitable land conditions for agricultural commodities will be developed to increase crop Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) productivity. The research method used survey method. Unit of land based on soil maps, maps of slope, elevation maps, land cover maps, and consists of 8 units of land and 18 sampling points. Research data were analyzed using matching method. Research results Limiting factor and improvement effort of plant commodity of Gambir Plant (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) Rooting factor (rc) and nutrient retention (nr). Improvement efforts that can be done by making drainage and calcification CaCO3,

Willingness to pay (WTP) for booster doses of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines is an under studied research topic. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the WTP for the booster doses of COVID-19 vaccines and its predictors in Indonesia using an online survey distributed all over the provinces of this low-middle-income country. The WTP was evaluated using a basic dichotomous contingent valuation approach, and its associated determinants were evaluated using a linear regression model. Out of 2935 responders, 66.2% (1942/2935) were willing to pay for a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. The majority of respondents (63.5%) were willing to pay within a price range of 100,000-500,000 Indonesian rupiah (IDR), i.e., USD 6.71-33.57. Being older than 40 years, having a higher educational level, having a higher income, knowing and understanding that booster doses were important, and having a vaccine status that is certified halal (permissible in Islamic law), were all associated with a higher WTP for the booster dose of COVID-19 vaccines. The study findings imply that the WTP for a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia is lower compared to acceptance of vaccines provided free of charge. This WTP data can be utilized to develop a pricing scheme for the booster doses of COVID-19 vaccination in the country with potential benefits in other low-income countries. The government may be required to provide subsidies for the herd immunity vaccination process to proceed as anticipated. Furthermore, the public community must be educated on the importance of vaccination as well as the fact that the COVID-19 epidemic is far from being over.

Obtaining a booster dose of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is required to maintain the protective level of neutralizing antibodies and therefore herd immunity in the community, and the success of booster dose programs depends on public acceptance. The aim of this study was to determine the acceptance of a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine and its drivers and barriers in Indonesia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the provinces of Indonesia between 1 and 15 August 2022. Individuals who completed the primary series of the COVID-19 vaccine were asked about their acceptance of a booster dose. Those who refused the booster dose were questioned about their reasons. A logistic regression was used to determine the determinants associated with rejection of a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine. A total of 2935 respondents were included in the final analysis. With no information on the efficacy and safety of the COVID-19 vaccine, 95% of respondents agreed to receive a booster dose if it were provided for free by the government. This acceptance was reduced to only 50.3% if the vaccine had a 75% efficacy with a 20% chance of side effects. The adjusted logistic regression analysis indicated that there were eight factors associated with the rejection of the booster dose: age, marital status, religion, occupation, type of the first two vaccines received, knowledge regarding the importance of the booster dose, belief that natural immunity is sufficient to prevent COVID-19 and disbelief in the effectiveness of the booster dose. In conclusion, the hesitancy toward booster doses in Indonesia is influenced by some intrinsic factors such as lack of knowledge on the benefits of the booster dose, worries regarding the unexpected side effects and concerns about the halal status of the provided vaccines and extrinsic determinants such as the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine. These findings suggest the need for more campaigns and promotions regarding the booster dose benefits to increase its acceptance.

Objectives: The Indonesian Ministry of Health launched isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) in 2016, with general practitioners (GPs) at the frontline of this program. However, the extent to which GPs have internalized this program remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to identify the knowledge and attitudes of GPs towards the IPT program in Indonesia., Methods: This study used an online, self-administered questionnaire distributed via e-mail and social messaging services. A logistic regression model was employed to identify the explanatory variables influencing the level of knowledge and attitudes toward IPT among GPs in Indonesia. An empirical analysis was conducted separately for each response variable (knowledge and attitudes)., Results: Of the 418 respondents, 128 (30.6%) had a good knowledge of IPT. Working at a public hospital was the only variable associated with good knowledge, with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 2.81). Furthermore, 279 respondents (66.7%) had favorable attitudes toward IPT. In the adjusted logistic regression analysis, good knowledge (aOR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.89), 1-5 years of work experience (aOR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.21 to 3.60), and having experienced IPT training (aOR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.93), were significantly associated with favorable attitudes., Conclusions: In general, GPs in Indonesia had favorable attitudes toward IPT. However, their knowledge of IPT was limited. GPs are an essential element of the IPT program in the country, and therefore, adequate information dissemination to improve their understanding is critical for the long-term viability and quality of the IPT program in Indonesia.

Significant efforts are devoted to developing artificial photosynthetic systems to produce fuels and chemicals in order to cope with the exacerbating energy and environmental crises in the world now. Nonetheless, the large-scale reactions that are the focus of the artificial photosynthesis community, such as water splitting, are thus far not economically viable, owing to the existing, cheaper alternatives to the gaseous hydrogen and oxygen products. As a potential substitute for water oxidation, here, a unique, visible light-driven oxygenation of carbon-carbon bonds for the selective transformation of 32 unactivated alcohols, mediated by a vanadium photocatalyst under ambient, atmospheric conditions is presented. Furthermore, since the initial alcohol products remain as substrates, an unprecedented photodriven cascade carbon-carbon bond cleavage of macromolecules can be performed. Accordingly, hydroxyl-terminated polymers such as polyethylene glycol, its block co-polymer with polycaprolactone, and even the non-biodegradable polyethylene can be repurposed into fuels and chemical feedstocks, such as formic acid and methyl formate. Thus, a distinctive approach is presented to integrate the benefits of photoredox catalysis into environmental remediation and artificial photosynthesis., Competing Interests: A patent application covering part of this work on lignin model compounds and biomass lignin was filed (11201705500Q PCT‐SG) by NTUitive, the innovation and enterprise company of Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, naming S.G., M.Đ., and H.S.S. as the inventors., (© 2019 The Authors. Published by WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

In this report, a three-dimensional (3-D) network of core-shell TiO 2 (P25)-mesoporous SiO 2 (P25@mSiO 2 ) nanocomposites was prepared via a controllable surfactant-assisted sol-gel method. The nanocomposites were investigated for photocatalytic reactions of organic dye degradation, water splitting, and CO 2 reduction to understand the roles of the mSiO 2 shell in these photocatalytic reactions. It was found that the mSiO 2 shell accelerates the photodegradation of the organic dye, but dramatically reduces the photocatalytic activity of P25 in water splitting and CO 2 reduction. The roles played by the mSiO 2 shell in the photocatalytic reactions are summarized as: (1) effective prevention of agglomeration of P25 nanoparticles, (2) facilitating the transfer of uncharged photo-generated ˙OH radicals via the abundant -OH groups on the mesoporous surface, (3) provision of increased reaction sites between ˙OH radicals and dye molecules by its mesoporous nanostructure and large surface area, and (4) prevention of diffusion of the photo-generated charge carriers (photoelectrons and photoholes) because of its insulating nature.

Selective C-C bond cleavage under ambient conditions is a challenging chemical transformation that can be a valuable tool for organic syntheses and macromolecular disassembly. Herein, we show that base metal vanadium photocatalysts can harvest visible light to effect the chemoselective C-C bond cleavage of lignin model compounds under ambient conditions. Lignin, a major aromatic constituent of non-food biomass, is an inexpensive, accessible source of fine chemical feedstocks such as phenols and aryl ethers. However, existing lignin degradation technologies are harsh and indiscriminately degrade valuable functional groups to produce intractable mixtures. The selective, photocatalytic depolymerization of lignin remains underexplored. In the course of our studies on lignin model compounds, we have uncovered a new C-C activation reaction that takes place under exceptionally mild conditions with high conversions. We present our fundamental studies on representative lignin model compounds, with the aim of expanding and generalizing the substrate scope in the future. Visible light is employed in the presence of earth-abundant vanadium oxo catalysts under ambient conditions. Selective C-C bond cleavage leads to valuable and functionally rich fine chemicals such as substituted aryl aldehydes and formates. Isotope labeling experiments, product analyses, and intermediate radical trapping, together with density functional theory studies, suggest a unique pathway that involves a photogenerated T 1 state during the C-C bond cleavage reactions. Our study demonstrates a sustainable approach to harvest sunlight for an unusual, selective bond activation, which can potentially be applied in organic transformations and biomass valorization.

Photodegradation of persistent organic dyes (Rhodamine B (RhB), Malachite Green Oxalate (MG) and Crystal Violet 10B (CV)) is studied with Fe(III)-salen complex (λ(max) 494 nm), and hydrogen peroxide under visible light irradiation (λ≥400 nm). The complete decolourization of the dyes (60 mg/L each) was achieved in the aqueous medium. The pseudo-first-order degradation rate constants of RhB, MG, CV were found to be 2.83×10(-3) s(-1), 1.57×10(-3) s(-1) and 1.34×10(-3) s(-1), respectively. The effect of various parameters like concentration of H(2)O(2), pH of the medium, and influence of electrolytes are investigated on the degradation of RhB. A modified benzoic acid hydroxylation method has been used to detect the active oxygen species (OH radicals) in this study. The hydroxyl radical production is increased with the increase in irradiation time. Interestingly, even an excess amount of scavenger could not arrest the degradation of the dyes. This may be due to the formation of some secondary oxidants. Here, active ferryl ion was identified as the secondary oxidant. Degradation products of the dye (RhB) were determined by GC-MS, and phthalic acid was identified as the major one. From the results, a possible photodegradation mechanism has been proposed., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)