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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a condition of gradual or chronic decline in kidney function, which is quite severe and caused by various kidney diseases, including urinary obstruction. This disease is progressive and generally irreversible. CKD requires kidney replacement therapy, one of which is continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). To determine the prevalence and risk factors for End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in patients undergoing CAPD due to urinary obstruction. We performed a retrospective cohort with a cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from medical record data of ESRD patients with CAPD accompanied by urinary obstruction at Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia. The prevalence of CKD in patients with CAPD accompanied by urinary obstruction was 6,50% and dominated by males (57,8%) with an age range of 41-50 years (26%). The majority of comorbidities are severely high the Body Mass Index (BMI) (89,0%) and hypertension (80,8%). The location of obstruction is mostly unilateral (5,64%) with mild levels (4,06%). Urinary obstruction is a frequent clinical finding in CKD patients with CAPD. The most common risk factor in this study was hypertension. The prevalence and comorbidities among CAPD patients with Urinary obstruction (UO) are better understood because to this study. It is necessary to recognise its limitations, particularly the small sample size and single-centre design. Future studies should involve more centres and larger patient groups in order to provide a more thorough knowledge of the mechanisms behind the high survival rates among CAPD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition marked by excessive fat accumulation in the liver and poses a significant health challenge. The leaves of Blumea balsamifera and Sargassum aquifolium have been reported to have anti-atherogenic effects. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of B. balsamifera extract (BBLE) and S. aquifolium extract (SAE) in preventing and treating liver fat accumulation in Wistar rats induced by a high-cholesterol diet through the expression of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/Sirtuin 1 (SIRTl)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y (PPARy) pathway, and the leptin receptor. The experimental design of this study is laboratory-based, involving, 20 Wistar rats were fed a high-cholesterol diet over a period of 21 days. The rats were divided into four groups for the evaluation of BBLE and SAE effect: negative control (P0): induced with a high-cholesterol diet + distilled water, positive control (Pl): induced with a high-cholesterol diet + simvastatin, P2: induced with a highcholesterol diet + 4 mg/kg/bw BBLE, and P3: induced with a highcholesterol diet + 4 mg/kg/bw BBLE and 4 mg/kg/bw SAE. The treatment duration extended over three months. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed on liver tissues to measure AMPK, SIRT1, PPARy, and leptin receptor expression. The results indicated that leptin expression was lower in the BBLE+SAE group compared to the simvastatin group, and differences were significant between the BBLE and BBLE+SAE groups. No significant differences were noted in AMPK, SIRT1, and PPARy expression between the simvastatin and BBLE+SAE groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, BBLE and SAE effectively reduce liver lipid accumulation and enhance fat metabolism in hypercholesterolemic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of antibiotics in aquaculture has been associated with the development of multidrug resistance in the environment and in humans. This is also exacerbated by the application of high stocking densities in fish farming systems, including catfish (Clarias sp). This study aims to see the potential of Sargassum aquifolium extract, which is a brown macroalgae, as an antibacterial agent for fish disease, Aeromonas hydrophila. Previous studies have revealed the phytochemical profile of S. aquifolium extract, but its effectiveness as an antibacterial agent has not been studied. The ethanol extract concentrations used were 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% with two repetitions. The MIC test method was carried out to determine the lowest concentration of S. aquifolium ethanol extract that could inhibit the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria, while the MBC test was carried out to determine the bactericidal properties against A. hydrophila bacteria. SEM analysis was carried out to determine the morphological damage to A. hydrophila bacterial cells that had been treated with S. aquifolium ethanol extract. Based on the results, it was revealed that S. aquifolium extract could inhibit the growth of A. hydrophila highest with a very strong category at a concentration of 100%. The MIC value of S. auifolium extract was shown at a concentration of 100% but did not cause bacterial cell death based on the MBC value and SEM observations. These findings indicate that S. aquifolium extract has the potential to inhibit the growth of A. hydrophila. Increasing in vivo parameters such as the immune system, production performance, and survival in catfish is still needed to strengthen these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, we used the nanoparticle delivery system to reduce the side effect of conventional cancer treatment- radiation therapy and chemotherapy. We used rice husk silicon source mesoporous silica nanoparticle doped in Eu3+ and Gd3+ as the carrier in the delivery system and to enable fluorescence and MRI dual-imaging functions for follow-up therapy. In addition, we choose a popular seaweed extract—fucoidan was extracted from the same brown algae—Sargassum aquifolium collected from Taiwan-Pingtung-Kenting-Chuanfan Rock. In this research, we used acid hydrolysis to prepared two different molecular weight fucoidan, the small molecular fucoidan (Fus) as drug, and the molecular weight approximately 1 kDa fucoidan (Ful) as the nanoparticle gatekeeper, and as targeting molecule for overexpressed P-selectin on the surface of the metastatic tumors. The results of the cell cytotoxicity experiment showed that HCT116 cancer cells have a survival rate of approximately 58.12% when treated with 200 μg/mL fucoidan. Dual-imaging rice husk mesoporous silica nanoparticles (rMSN-EuGd) were modified with 1 kDa fucoidan (Ful) as the gatekeeper and target, and the small molecule fucoidan (Fus) was loaded into nanoparticles (Ful-Fus@rMSN-EuGd) at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. The HCT116 cancer cells had a survival rate of approximately 55.56%. The cell cytotoxicity experiment results show that Ful-Fus@rMSN-EuGd can improve the anticancer effect of fucoidan, and the nanoparticle drug delivery system using fucoidan as a drug, target, and gatekeeper was successfully synthesized.

Brown seaweeds are known natural antioxidants and antiviral candidates. This study aimed to extract and characterize polysaccharides from Sargassum euryphyllum and Sargassum aquifolium brown macroalgal species and investigate their antiviral potential against avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The chemical composition of the polysaccharides was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was also determined as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) radical, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging, and total antioxidant activity. Data revealed that S. aquifolium polysaccharides encompass significant ash (17.84% ± 0.69%), carbohydrates (57.43% ± 0.40%), sulfates (18.26% ± 0.52%), and uronic acids (45.40% ± 0.39%) content compared to S. euryphyllum polysaccharides. The molecular weight (MW) recorded 557 kDa for S. aquifolium polysaccharide with neutral sugars of mannose, galactose, and fructose, which constituted bulk molar ratios. A lower MW of 317 kDa was recorded for S. euryphyllum polysaccharide with mannose and xylose as the dominant neutral sugars. Both polysaccharides showed no cytotoxicity on chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells. Potent antioxidant activity, measured as DPPH assay, for S. euryphyllum (59.15% ± 2.75%) and S. aquifolium (65.25% ± 2.89%) polysaccharides was established compared to ascorbic acid (67.33% ± 2.24%). The IBV titer on CEK cells in vitro showed a decreasing pattern from 5.4 to 4 log10 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/ml with S. euryphyllum polysaccharide and from 4.5 to 2.2 log10 TCID50/ml with S. aquifolium polysaccharide within 6 days post incubation time. A similar significant anti-IBV activity was estimated in vivo for both polysaccharides with a chorioallantoic membrane inoculation assay. Decreasing IBV titer suggested blocking of the virus entry, probably through disturbing its binding to the host cell receptors. The study recommended sulfated polysaccharides of S. aquifolium and S. euryphyllum seaweeds as potential antioxidants and antiviral natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we used the nanoparticle delivery system to reduce the side effect of conventional cancer treatment- radiation therapy and chemotherapy. We used rice husk silicon source mesoporous silica nanoparticle doped in Eu3+ and Gd3+ as the carrier in the delivery system and to enable fluorescence and MRI dual-imaging functions for follow-up therapy. In addition, we choose a popular seaweed extract—fucoidan was extracted from the same brown algae—Sargassum aquifolium collected from Taiwan-Pingtung-Kenting-Chuanfan Rock. In this research, we used acid hydrolysis to prepared two different molecular weight fucoidan, the small molecular fucoidan (Fus) as drug, and the molecular weight approximately 1 kDa fucoidan (Ful) as the nanoparticle gatekeeper, and as targeting molecule for overexpressed P-selectin on the surface of the metastatic tumors. The results of the cell cytotoxicity experiment showed that HCT116 cancer cells have a survival rate of approximately 58.12% when treated with 200 μg/mL fucoidan. Dual-imaging rice husk mesoporous silica nanoparticles (rMSN-EuGd) were modified with 1 kDa fucoidan (Ful) as the gatekeeper and target, and the small molecule fucoidan (Fus) was loaded into nanoparticles (Ful-Fus@rMSN-EuGd) at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. The HCT116 cancer cells had a survival rate of approximately 55.56%. The cell cytotoxicity experiment results show that Ful-Fus@rMSN-EuGd can improve the anticancer effect of fucoidan, and the nanoparticle drug delivery system using fucoidan as a drug, target, and gatekeeper was successfully synthesized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sargassum aquifolium is a type of brown seaweed that grows in Indonesian waters. The L-glutamic acid in Sargassum aquifolium extract can be optimized to be a natural umami flavor enhancer. Spray drying is used for the manufacture of umami flavor enhancing microcapsules, where the core ingredient (extract of Sargassum aquifolium) is coated with 10, 20, and 30% (w/v) Maltodextrin (MD). The increase in coating material caused the water content, water activity, and hygroscopicity of the microcapsules to decrease significantly. This is followed by an increase in bulk and tapped density, as well as powder flowability. The particle size distribution is getting smaller, with smooth surface morphology and uniform shape, and the microcapsule L-glutamic acid levels increased with the addition of the MD concentration. The increase in coating material had a negative impact on the wettability time of the flavor enhancer, the color of the product was slightly degraded but the brightness increased significantly. Meanwhile, the water soluble index and water absorption index for microcapsules did not increase the coating material's increase. In conclusion, the best umami flavor enhancing microcapsules from Sargassum aquifolium seaweed extract was produced by adding 30% MD coating material which was dried by spray drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fucoidan preparation named FSA was isolated from the brown alga Sargassum aquifolium collected from the coastal waters of Vietnam. l -Fucose, d -galactose, d -mannose, d -glucuronic acid, d -xylose, and sulfate were found to be the main constituents of FSA. The preparation was fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel eluted stepwise with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 M NaCl to give four fractions differing in monosaccharide composition and degree of sulfation. Their NMR spectra were too complex to be completely interpreted. Fractions 1.0 M and 1.5 M were analyzed by methylation before and after desulfation. In addition, desulfated 1.0 M was fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography into six fractions according to the uronic acid content. They were characterized by methylation and NMR spectral data, and three structurally different polysaccharides were identified. One of them has a core of alternating 2-linked α- d -Man p and 4-linked β- d -Glc p A residues, about a half of the former bearing single α- l -Fuc p or β- d -Xyl p at position 3. The second polymer is a (1 → 3)-β- d -glucopyranuronan partially substituted with single β- d -Xyl p or single α- l -Fuc p at position 4. The third polysaccharide is a xylo(fuco)galactan having a linear core of alternating 4-linked α- d -Gal and 3-linked β- d -Gal residues. The latter bear single β- d -Xyl p or a short chain of 4-linked β- d -Xyl, 6-linked β- d -Gal, and variously linked α- l -Fuc. In FSA, these polysaccharides are sulfated at different positions and devoid of regularity. Fractions of FSA possess anticoagulant, cytotoxic, and antitumor activities, which increase with the degree of sulfation. The most sulfated fraction 2.0 M that contains mainly a sulfated fucogalactan, is about half as active as anticoagulant as the standard low-molecular mass heparin (enoxaparin). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive efforts have been undertaken in the fields of prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of lung cancer. Fucoidans exhibit a wide range of biological activities, which are dependent on the degree of sulfation, sulfation pattern, glycosidic branches, and molecular weight of fucoidan. The determination of oversulfation of fucoidan and its effect on anti-lung cancer activity and related signaling cascades is challenging. In this investigation, we used a previously developed fucoidan (SCA), which served as a native fucoidan, to generate two oversulfated fucoidan derivatives (SCA-S1 and SCA-S2). SCA, SCA-S1, and SCA-S2 showed differences in compositions and had the characteristic structural features of fucoidan by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. The anticancer properties of SCA, SCA-S1, and SCA-S2 against human lung carcinoma A-549 cells were analyzed in terms of cytotoxicity, cell cycle, Bcl-2 expression, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), expression of caspase-3, cytochrome c release, Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining, DNA fragmentation, and the underlying signaling cascades. Our findings indicate that the oversulfation of fucoidan promotes apoptosis of lung cancer cells and the mechanism may involve the Akt/mTOR/S6 pathway. Further in vivo research is needed to establish the precise mechanism whereby oversulfated fucoidan mitigates the progression of lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]