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By developing meta-frontier efficiency and structural equation models, the paper examines whether farm economic viability is positively associated with technical efficiency in a highly food insecure context, such as that of rural Sierra Leone. The findings show that technical efficiency can be a sufficient but not necessary condition in determining economic viability of smallholder farming. It is possible to breach reproductive thresholds at the cost of reduced technical efficiency, when the crop diversification strategy of smallholders includes market-oriented high-value crops. This calls for a dual policy approach that addresses farmers’ internal needs for self-consumption (increasing efficiency of food crop production) while encouraging market-oriented cash crop production (diversification assisted through the reduction of associated transaction costs and the establishment of accessible commercialization channels of export related crops and/or high-value crops). The work also calls out for a move-up or move-out strategy for small holders to create viable farming systems in developing world.

This paper explores how different theoretical viewpoints on market integration and socioinstitutional settings alter farm viability assessments based on (semi)subsistence farm income measurements. The measurement of net farm income (NFI) is presented under two approaches: one based on Neoclassical Economics, and another from a Neo-Institutional perspective. Using data from Sierra Leone it is demonstrated that the assumptions about (output and input) market integration/participation, labour usage accounting and other institutional arrangements of (semi)subsistence farming affect NFI calculations. As a consequence, different farm viability readings emerge, directly influencing the outcome of policy decisions.

The present report provides an overview of the scale, speed, drivers, key players and main expected consequences in terms of food security of the recent wave of (international) large-scale land transactions (LSLT´s) which has taken place at world level in the past years. This task is particularly challenging because a universal definition of what constitutes a ¨large¨ land investment as well as the potential advantages and disadvantages to all involved parties at different levels are not straightforward. Moreover, large-scale land transactions usually present different traits depending on the region in which they take place. Similarly, there is a wide range of investors with what appears to be (at first glance) rather different objectives. An added difficulty is related to the availability of reliable data (IFPRI, 2009). In order to overcome these obstacles, three basic steps were taken: i) Assess whether and how the wave of land deals is a new phenomenon, provide a working definition in order to identify actors and motives in both global and regional scenarios, ii) Understand why this new wave of LSLT´s emerged and establish a connection to food security challenges iii) Reflect on the theoretical and empirical consequences of LSLT´s at productivity, environmental and social level., JRC.J.4-Agriculture and Life Sciences in the Economy

In a world of environmental limits, sustainable and productive agriculture is crucial to foster socioeconomic development and food security, primarily in low income economies. The purpose of this paper is to examine the challenges and potential opportunities for Latin American countries which are characterised by tropical agriculture and (semi)subsistence farming. Policy support based on institutional coordination, investment in tropic-specific agricultural technology and the promotion of joint private- public initiatives are evaluated and identified as key factors to increase agricultural development.

The present article reviews selected key challenges regarding food security from both an academic and policy-oriented angle. In the analysis of the main constraints to achieve food access and availability in low and high-income societies, a detailed distinction is made between technological and institutional aspects. In the case of low-income economies, the emphasis is placed on the socio-economic situation and performance of small-scale farmers while in high-income economies the focus is shifted towards issues of price volatility, market stability and food waste. In both scenarios, productivity and efficiency in the use of resources are also considered. The objective of this assessment is to identify the type of policy support which would be most suitable to fulfil the increasing food demand. Innovation programmes and policies which inte- grate institutional coordination and technical support are put forward as strategic tools in the achievement of food security goals at regional and global level., Bio-based and Applied Economics, Vol 1 No 1 (2012)

The present report covers an exercise where a defined development approach (ABD) has been tested in a rural cross border case study area in the Western Balkans. The aim is to draw lessons both for continuing implementation of the ABD in this particular area and more generally initiating it in the Western Balkans. Concretely, the UNDP Area-Based Development (ABD) approach is targeting specific geographical areas characterised by a particular complex development problem (setting it apart from surrounding areas), through an integrated (multi-sector), inclusive (community versus particular groups or individuals), participatory (bottom-up) and flexible (responsive to changes) approach. This approach has been implemented in the pilot case of the Drina valley – Tara Mountain area (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia. As a result of 6 months of interaction among stakeholders, 4 priority development themes were identified in tourism, rural development (with a special focus on agriculture), SME and entrepreneurship and environmental protection. This pilot case allowed drawing relevant lessons for the implementation of ABD to what concerns the area delineation process, the bottom-up process, the top-down accompanying framework and the institutional / legal framework. Lastly, 7 other rural cross border areas within the Western Balkans region have been identified as potential ABD target areas ., JRC.J.4-Agriculture and Life Sciences in the Economy

The Government of Sierra Leone has recently published its National Sustainable Agriculture Development Plan (NSADP) 2010-2030 which contemplates the gradual erradication of shifting cultivation practices and the active promotion of vertically integrated processing and commercialisation chains for selected staple (rice and cassava) and export crops (cocoa and coffee). The aim of this article is to examine the implications of the changing agricultural policy for (semi)subsistance farmers who represent about two-thirds of the Sierra Leonean population. For this purpose farm typologies are introduced according to the diversity of cultivated crops. The analysis focuses on smallholders' food security, employment opportunities and access to inputs and natural resource. For this purpose, socio-economic data from a 2009 survey to 600 farm-households under the two main production systems of Sierra Leone are used. Results illustrate the potential impact on rural livelihoods during the implementation of the NSADP (including land leasing processes) and the challenges related to the transition period required to effectively replace shifting cultivation with permanent agricultural systems., JRC.J.4-Agriculture and Life Sciences in the Economy

This paper computes and analyses total factor productivity (TFP) growth rates for tropical agricultural systems in Central-Western Africa and South-East Asia. Two regions that despite sharing common agro-ecological conditions, have pursued different adoption rates of green revolution technology and have reported dissimilar yields per hectare. A panel data set is constructed for the period 1987-2007 from the FAOSTAT database. A Bayesian stochastic frontier model with country specific temporal variation in technical efficiency is estimated. Technical efficiency estimates reveal that there is substantial room for improvement in both continental sub-sets and that TFP estimates show on average larger rates of growth for South-East Asian countries as compared to Central-Western African countries. Results indicate that TFP is mostly driven by technical change and countries such as Benin, and Gambia display catch-up. Keywords: Bayesian Inference, Stochastic Production Frontier, Time Varying Technical Inefficiency, Total Factor Productivity Growth, Tropical Agricultural Systems JEL Classification: C15, D24, O47, JRC.J.4-Agriculture and Life Sciences in the Economy