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This present research deals with optimizing machining parameters and surface quality improvement of Al2024/SiCp composites which are important materials used in the aerospace industry. The optimal quartet of factors was investigated to achieve the best outcomes using Taguchi design approach and includes cutting speed of 105 m/min, feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev, and depth of cut of 0.35 mm with a minimal level of roughness of 0.9 μm. An ANN model has been trained and validated, and a high level of predictive accuracy with an overall accuracy of 100% after 195 epochs has been achieved. The results indicated that systematic experimentation and the application of advanced modeling approaches, including the beneficial configuration of parameters and validated ANN model, can help to achieve a superior surface quality meeting the requirements of the aerospace industry. As a result, manufacturers can benefit from the proposed solutions to optimize their production practices, enhance the performance of components, and contribute to the field of aerospace engineering.

In the current study, we have explored the wear characteristics of Al 7090 alloy-silicon carbide nanoparticles composites that can be applied to aerospace. The composite material is prepared very carefully by stir casting in the laboratory, and silicon carbide nanoparticles are incorporated to enhance the strength. Wear testing was done using the Taguchi Design of Experiments methodology, and factors like load, speed, and composition were systematically varied. Finally, the results of the experiment, on the basis on which wear behavior was inferred to extract optimal conditions in terms of Sw and friction force , are reported. Furthermore, an ANN model is developed, calculations are done by the feed-forward backpropagation algorithm, and the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm is applied to optimize the parameters . A completely representative of 500 readings are undertaken, and 70% are used for training; 15% are used for testing and the remaining 15% are taken for validation. Surprisingly, the trained ANN model prediction accuracy rate reached 100%, a linear regression plot showing a good representation of the model’s accuracy. Conclusively, our results demonstrate that the developed ANN model is the most effective approach for obtaining the optimal prediction of Sw and friction force , thereby the ANN model can be used for predicting the performance of other composites.

Electrospun biocompatible fiber mats were made with Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) using a biocompatible solvent Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), because of its compatibility. We have also used the herb “Thespesia populnea” to produce herbal doped electrospun mats. Five samples are produced by varying the percentages of PVA and herbal and the parameters in electrospinning machine. Among those samples, fiber is formed properly when PVA and herbal are taken in the ratio of 5% and 10%, respectively and when Distance, Flow rate, Voltage are set as 15 cm, 0.05 mL/h and 14 kV, respectively. The PVA fiber formation is investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) has been done to confirm the presence of functional group of the herbal and PVA in the mat. Antibacterial testing was done for the samples, and the zone of inhibition was found to be 8–12 mm. Drug release test revealed that the drug from the electrospun mat was better around 70%. In vitro cytotoxicity test was done, and the result obtained was negative since a large amount of DMSO was used for dissolving the herbal. Hence it can be controlled by reducing the usage of DMSO.

Pandi Boomi,1 Ramalingam Ganesan,2 Gurumallesh Prabu Poorani,3 Sonamuthu Jegatheeswaran,4 Chandrasekaran Balakumar,5 Halliah Gurumallesh Prabu,6 Krishnan Anand,7 Narayanasamy Marimuthu Prabhu,8 Jeyaraman Jeyakanthan,1 Muthupandian Saravanan9 1Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India; 2Department of Chemistry, Arumugam Seethaiyammal Arts and Science College, Tiruppattur, Tamil Nadu, India; 3Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India; 4The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 5Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; 6Department of Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India; 7Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; 8Disease Control and Prevention Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India; 9Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Pandi Boomi; Muthupandian Saravanan Email pboomi1983@gmail.com; saravanan.muthupandian@mu.edu.etBackground: A diabetic ulcer is one of the major causes of illness among diabetic patients that involves severe and intractable complications associated with diabetic wounds. Hence, a suitable wound-healing agent is urgently needed at this juncture. Greener nanotechnology is a very promising and emerging technology currently employed for the development of alternative medicines. Plant-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles has been intensively investigated and regarded as an alternative strategy for overcoming various diseases and their secondary complications like microbial infections. Hence, we are interested in developing phyto-engineered gold nanoparticles as useful therapeutic agents for the treatment of infectious diseases and wounds effectively.Methods and Results: We have synthesized phyto-engineered gold nanoparticles from the aqueous extract of Acalypha indica and characterized using advanced bio-analytical techniques. The surface plasmon resonance feature and crystalline behavior of gold nanoparticles were revealed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the extract demonstrated the presence of different constituents, while major functional groups were interpreted by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy as the various stretching vibrations appeared for important O-H (3443 cm− 1), C=O (1644 cm− 1) and C-O (1395 cm− 1) groups. Scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy results revealed a distribution of spherical and rod-like nanostructures with 20 nm of size. The gold nanoparticle-coated cotton fabric was evaluated for the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli bacterial strains which revealed remarkable inhibition at the zone of inhibition of 31 mm diameter against S. epidermidis. Further, antioxidant activity was tested for their free radical scavenging property, and the maximum antioxidant activity of the extract containing gold nanoparticles was found to be 80% at 100 μg/mL. The potent free radical scavenging property of the nanoparticles is observed at IC50 value 16.25 μg/mL. Moreover, in vivo wound-healing activity was carried out using BALB/c mice model with infected diabetic wounds and observed the stained microscopic images at different time intervals (day 2, day 7 and day 15). It was noted that in 15 days, the wound area is completely re-epithelialized due to the presence of different morphologies such as spherical, needle and triangle nanoparticles. The re-epithelialization layer is fully covered by nanoparticles on the wound area and also collagen filled in the scar tissue when compared with the control group.Conclusion: The pharmacological evaluation results of the study indicated an encouraging antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the greener synthesized gold nanoparticles tethered with aqueous extract of Acalypha indica. Moreover, we demonstrated enhanced in vivo wound-healing efficiency of the synthesized gold nanoparticles through the animal model. Thus, the outcome of this work revealed that the phyto-engineered gold nanoparticles could be useful for biomedical applications, especially in the development of promising antibacterial and wound-healing agents.Keywords: gold nanoparticles, antibacterial, antioxidant, wound healing, in vivo mice model

Muthupandian Saravanan,1 Hossein Vahidi,2 David Medina Cruz,3,4 Ada Vernet-Crua,3,4 Ebrahim Mostafavi,3,4 Ryan Stelmach,3 Thomas J Webster,3,4 Mohammad Ali Mahjoub,5 Masoumeh Rashedi,6 Hamed Barabadi2 1Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle 1871, Ethiopia; 2Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; 4Nanomedicine Science and Technology Center, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; 5Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 6Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, IranCorrespondence: Thomas J WebsterDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Nanomedicine Science and Technology Center, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USATel +1 617 373 6585Email th.webster@neu.eduHamed BarabadiDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-6153, Tehran 1991953381, IranTel/Fax +982188665250Email barabadi@sbmu.ac.irAbstract: Breast cancer remains as a concerning global health issue, being the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the United States (US) in 2019. Therefore, there is an urgent and substantial need to explore novel strategies to combat breast cancer. A potential solution may come from the use of cancer nanotechnology, an innovative field of study which investigates the potential of nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis, therapy, and theranostic applications. Consequently, the theranostic functionality of cancer nanotechnology has been gaining much attention between scientists during the past few years and is growing exponentially. The use of biosynthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has been explored as an efficient mechanism for the treatment of breast cancer. The present study supposed a global systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of biogenic AuNPs for the treatment of breast cancer and their anticancer molecular mechanisms through in vitro studies. Online electronic databases, including Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, ProQuest, and Embase, were searched for the articles published up to July 16, 2019. Our findings revealed that plant-mediated synthesis was the most common approach for the generation of AuNPs. Most of the studies reported spherical or nearly spherical-shaped AuNPs with a mean diameter less than 100 nm in size. A significantly larger cytotoxicity was observed when the biogenic AuNPs were tested towards breast cancer cells compared to healthy cells. Moreover, biogenic AuNPs demonstrated significant synergistic activity in combination with other anticancer drugs through in vitro studies. Although we provided strong and comprehensive preliminary in vitro data, further in vivo investigations are required to show the reliability and efficacy of these NPs in animal models.Keywords: cancer nanotechnology, nanotoxicity, gold nanoparticles, anti-cancer

Melaku Ashagrie Belete,1 Muthupandian Saravanan2 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie 1145, Ethiopia; 2Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, 1871, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Melaku Ashagrie Belete Tel +251 913867849Email melakuashagrie@gmail.comMuthupandian Saravanan Tel +251 924381557Email saravanan.muthupandian@mu.edu.etBackground: Urinary tract infection is one of the most common health problems during pregnancy. It is most commonly reported among pregnant women and is a known reason of morbidity during pregnancy worldwide, predominantly in developing countries. The etiological agents include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococci, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species, non-hemolytic streptococci, Citrobacter species and others. Different risk factors expose pregnant women to urinary tract infection. Drug resistance by uropathogenic bacteria is a current problem of the world. This study was aimed at reviewing the prevalence of bacterial uropathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns among pregnant women in developing countries in Asia and Africa, during the past decade.Methods: A systematic literature search was accomplished to identify published studies between January 2005 and November 2016. The literature search strategy in this paper included searching PubMed, PMC, Science Direct, Springer open, Google scholar and BioMed Central databases.Results: The overall prevalence of UTI among pregnant women was 13.5%. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from all eligible studies. Gram-negative bacteria (83.7%) accounted for majority of infections while Gram positives accounted for 15.9%. Among the isolated bacteria, Escherichia coli was the most predominant uropathogen; it was shown to be present in all 26 eligible studies that were included in this review. Four studies from Africa and four from Asia were reviewed for antimicrobial resistance patterns of uropathogenic bacteria. In most of the regions, almost all the bacterial uropathogens had high resistance to ampicillin (67.2%) whereas all the strains showed relative sensitivity to ciprofloxacin (71.2%), nitrofurantoin (65%) and ceftriaxone (74.1%).Conclusion: The prevalence of UTI in the selected regions of the two continents is different. A significant prevalence of UTI among pregnant women is mainly observed in Africa and Asia. Uropathogenic bacteria showed resistance to antimicrobial drugs that are regularly used in developing countries. This may show the need to incorporate culture and drug susceptibility tests into the routine antenatal care for pregnant women and drug resistance should be monitored.Keywords: urinary tract infection, bacterial profile, pregnant women, antimicrobial resistance, developing countries

Recently, it has been very common for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to be used in several applications (surveillance, home automation, and vehicle tracking), as well as in environmental monitoring and wildlife tracking. A typical sensor node has a limited amount of battery life. To overcome this, one method is to use an energy harvesting device to recharge the batteries of sensor nodes. Energy reaping WSNs still lack intelligent strategies for intelligently using both energy organization and harvesting systems, though. To maximize the harvesting of renewable energy sources (RES) and minimize power scheme losses, this study provides an optimal generation scheduling strategy for a power scheme combined with distributed generation (DG) and sustainable energy storage systems (ESSs). The major goal of this work is to make it possible to use RES in a power system while still maintaining a profit. By using ESS management, we are able to get the most out of our renewable energy resources and maximize our harvesting potential. It is also possible to reduce operating losses in the power system by scheduling ESS and controlled generation at the optimal times. Near global optimal solutions are sought using a hybrid algorithm combining Reptile Search Algorithm and Remora Optimization Algorithm (RSA-ROA). The power system operational restrictions are taken into account when formulating and evaluating the optimization issue. It has been tested in a variety of circumstances to see if the proposed strategy is effective. The proposed model has 0.260 J of remaining energy, when the number of rounds is 5000, but the existing techniques have only 0.110 J and 0.045 J for the same number of rounds.

The paper investigates single band planar resonant antenna inspired by phi-shaped slotted metamaterial superstrate and a square patch antenna is used as a primary radiator. The antenna is modeled using finite difference time domain method and resonates at S band. The antenna comprises of single layer symmetrical metamaterial superstrate which is used to suppress surface waves based on μ-negative characteristics. The effective material parameters of the metamaterial structure are extracted from S-parameters using Nicholson–Ross–Weir method. The antenna achieves −28.64 dB reflection coefficient of 2.4 GHz and also maintains good radiation characteristics with a peak measured gain of 7.94 dB at its operating frequency. Due to its advantages, the antenna can be used for modern wireless communications. Keywords: Patch antenna, Metamaterials, Nicholson–Ross–Weir method, Radiation pattern, Surface waves