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This study describes how the housing markets in Lisbon and Porto have developed over the past decade, in terms of property investment and housing affordability. Like many EU cities, Portugal's two biggest cities have witnessed significant changes, becoming increasingly attractive to tourists and investors. Foreign direct investment in real estate and construction doubled in the last 10 years. This strongly contributed to the regeneration of inner city neighbourhoods. At the same time, these developments are associated with an increasing socio-spatial segmentation. In 2019, the average number of months until a dwelling is sold or rented has decreased to record low values. In parallel, the years of income needed for families to acquire a home substantially increased. In central Lisbon and Porto, as well as adjoining municipalities in the metropolitan area, the percentage of average monthly income spent on rental costs for the lower classes, can increase above 69%. A number of policies have been implemented to attract investment and to stimulate renovation, as well as to support and increase housing affordability. In response to its impact on house prices and evictions of residents, short-term accommodation for tourists has been progressively regulated since 2014. Nonetheless, in general, housing affordability in both cities decreased for the middle classes and the younger generations, whereas locally driven incomes are not compatible with the more globally driven house and rental price developments.

A Segurança é considerada um dos pilares elementares da qualidade de vida nas cidades, mas é principalmente nestas que se concentram as maiores oportunidades de ocorrência de incivilidades e crimes e, consequentemente, dos maiores sentimentos de insegurança registados. Esta problemática tornou-se ainda mais significativa quando as disparidades e as vulnerabilidades espaciais se acentuaram no período pós-crise e, mais recentemente, com a atual pandemia COVID-19. Porém, apesar do paradigma da segurança ter sofrido alterações aos longos das últimas décadas, de um modelo reativo para um preventivo, a dimensão geográfica da criminalidade permanece frequentemente negligenciada, não só em termos da espacialidade dos próprios eventos criminais, como da associação destes a fenómenos de vulnerabilidade e insegurança urbana. A forma como a população perceciona a sua segurança é de difícil medição e a expressão territorial da criminalidade, a várias escalas (da nacional à local), raramente tem sido objeto de estudo, principalmente na sua articulação com as políticas públicas e de segurança. Pretende-se dar contributos para esta articulação entre as diversas componentes da segurança, os contextos urbanos e as políticas de planeamento, usando como caso de estudo a cidade do Porto, em Portugal. Como fonte de dados, utilizou-se um inquérito à população sobre segurança urbana, sentimento de (in)segurança e qualidade de vida, destinado a residentes permanentes e trabalhadores/estudantes. As respostas de cerca de 500 inquiridos foram comparadas com análises estatístico-espaciais derivadas de dados provenientes de outras fontes oficiais (sociodemográficas e criminais). A análise comparativa da criminalidade, insegurança e de outros fenómenos da vulnerabilidade, sob uma perspetiva espacial comum, permite suportar um debate sobre estratégias preventivas de base local, adequando-as a comunidades e a contextos urbanos específicos. Os contributos desta análise permitem circunscrever caminhos alternativos para a integração de estratégias preventivas de base local, na prevenção da criminalidade, na redução do sentimento de insegurança e, consequentemente, na redução da vulnerabilidade social.

Today, commerce is regarded as city-shaping activity that has intrinsic connections with the way urban spaces are composed and function, and the choices people make on where to live and how to travel. Hence the literature is concerned about the territorial reflection of commercial hierarchies, particularly as the sector is increasingly changing due to new types of products, stores and purchase and payment options. In this paper we built on previous research associating retail with geo-morphological patterns, by analysing the hierarchies within the city of Porto, in Portugal, and focusing on neighbourhood clusters where all the five categories of retail considered are present (Daily; Occasional; Exceptional (Comparison); Occasional (Comparison); Isolated purchase). By introducing variables related to geographical proximity, morphology (relation to street segments) and the establishments themselves (activity type, opening date) we dig deeper into the organizational aspects of the commercial network, so that in future works causality effects can be understood, leading to a better managment of urban retail in a perspective of cohesion and equitable access.

As questões de (in)segurança urbana são transversais aos vários domínios da Geografia. No entanto, parece permanecer uma insuficiente cultura territorial que passa pela incapacidade de olhar o território a diferentes escalas. Esta necessidade é de grande atualidade nas políticas públicas, tendo consequência direta na qualidade de vida dos cidadãos.Neste contexto, Portugal tem vindo a implementar Contratos Locais de Segurança, estratégias de participação e integração local. Porém, pouca investigação existe sobre a contextualização destas estratégias no território, e sobre a forma como conseguem gerir e mitigar diferentes vulnerabilidades associadas a contextos de (in)segurança. Este artigo apresenta umavisão multiescalar e multisetorial dos desafios territoriais associados à segurança urbana com base numa avaliação de indicadores de criminalidade e de vulnerabilidade social, suportada em Sistemas de Informação Geográfica. Foram criados perfis territoriais de risco, à escala nacional, sendo posteriormente comparados com a distribuição dos CLS. A organização territorial é assim relacionada com os desafios da segurança, debatendo-se a sua relevância na definição de políticas de prevenção local e coesão territorial.

Em meados do novo ciclo de investimento comunitário (2014-2020), importantes desafios têm ainda de ser superados em termos de compreensão e implementação de modelos de organização territorial policêntrica, ainda não consensuais; principalmente à escala sub-nacional. Assim sendo, primeiro identificamos que desafios são esses através de uma aprofundada revisão da literatura. Depois, considerando o caso português, analisamos o processo de criação sistemas policêntricos na formulação de documentos de planeamento regionais, e avaliamos como este processo respondeu a esses desafios. Concluímos debatendo a natureza multifacetada do policentrismo, e a importância da escala local no reforço das inter-relações institucionais, suportando assim a nova geração de planos nacionais e regionais. In the middle of the new European investment cycle (2014-2020), major challenges still need to be overcome in terms of understanding and successfully implementing non-consensual polycentric models of territorial organization, particularly at sub-national scales. Therefore, first we identify what these challenges are through an extensive literature review. Then, considering the Portuguese experience, we analyse the process of creating polycentric systems within regional planning documents, and evaluate how this process has responded to such challenges. We conclude by discussing the multifaceted nature of polycentrism, and the importance of the local-scale in reinforcing institutional inter-relationships, thus assisting the upcoming generation of national/regional plans.

Apesar da Prevenção Criminal através do Espaço Construído (CPTED) ser reconhecida como uma disciplina eficaz para reduzir os sentimentos de insegurança e a criminalidade, em Portugal é ainda maioritariamente desconhecida, com parca utilização em projetos urbanísticos e ausente a nível legislativo e na formação académica. A investigação portuguesa em CPTED tem pouco mais de uma década e distribui-se pela academia, administração e organizações policiais com graus de integração e transferibilidade variáveis. Este artigo pretende ser o primeiro estudo científico aprofundado sobre a evolução desta disciplina em Portugal, realizando-se para isso uma exaustiva revisão literária cronológica e concebendo-se a rede de conhecimento de coautoria existente. De um modelo inicialmente disperso e fechado, a investigação evoluiu nos últimos anos para um modelo integrado, com importantes pontes a serem feitas entre os vários grupos institucionais. Although Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) has been recognized as an effective mean to reduce feelings of insecurity and crime rates, in Portugal it is still mostly unknown, scarcely used in urban projects and absent from law decrees and academic training. Portuguese research on CPTED has a little over a decade, and is divided into the academia, the administration and the police, with variable degrees of integration and transferability. This article aims to be the first comprehensive study concerning the evolution of this discipline in Portugal. For that an extensive and chronological literature review is performed and a co-authorship knowledge network is devised. From an initially dispersed and closed model, research has evolved in the last few years to an integrated model, with important bridges being raised between the various institutional groups.

Since the 1990s, the debate around Europeanization has been continuous in planning and political discourses. But if economic and social cohesion were already deeply rooted in European policies, only after the Green Paper on Territorial Cohesion (2008) and the signing of the Treaty of Lisbon (2009), was a third dimension added: Territorial Cohesion. However, this is still not a consensual term. The ambiguity in defining and achieving it represents a challenge to various national and regional actors, intent in articulating with EU guidelines. This paper thus wishes to understand how, and in what terms, Territorial Cohesion is being transposed from the EU policy agenda to domestic policies. Using Portugal as a test-bed, the paper compares European with national documents discussing 'Territorial Cohesion', by means of a Qualitative Content Analysis. From this analysis contributions to the debate on Europeanization are made, thus assisting public policy making and territorial planning in Portugal and other European countries.

Today, commerce is regarded as city-shaping activity that has intrinsic connections with the way urban spaces are composed and function, and the choices people make on where to live and how to travel. Hence the literature is concerned about the territorial reflection of commercial hierarchies, particularly as the sector is increasingly changing due to new types of products, stores and purchase and payment options. In this paper we built on previous research associating retail with geo-morphological patterns, by analysing the hierarchies within the city of Porto, in Portugal, and focusing on neighbourhood clusters where all the five categories of retail considered are present (Daily; Occasional; Exceptional (Comparison); Occasional (Comparison); Isolated purchase). By introducing variables related to geographical proximity, morphology (relation to street segments) and the establishments themselves (activity type, opening date) we dig deeper into the organizational aspects of the commercial network, so that in future works causality effects can be understood, leading to a better managment of urban retail in a perspective of cohesion and equitable access.

FR: Les régions et villes européennes doivent faire face à des nombreuses questions liées à l'eau : gestion des eaux pluviales, qualité de l'eau, impact des sécheresses sur les milieux aquatiques. Pour répondre durablement à ces questions, il est évident que l'eau doit être intégrée dans le développement urbain et dans les politiques d'aménagement du territoire. L'objectif général du projet pour la coopération interrégionale Aqua-Add (Mieux intégrer l'eau dans les projets urbains) est de déployer le potentiel de l'eau dans les paysages urbains (potentiel économique, social et environnemental). Dans ce contexte, l'approche hydrologique et un modèle hédonique des prix sont intégrés et appliqués afin de vérifier les effets hydrologiques et socio-économiques des différentes solutions pour la gestion des eaux de pluie, et de faciliter le débat avec les acteurs de l'aménagement. L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer les effets hydrologiques et socio-économiques des espaces verts/bleus pour la gestion des eaux de pluie dans les villes moyennes. Nous présentons et étudions ici plus particulièrement l'étude de cas de Imperia (Italie) European regions and cities face important challenges related to water management, including storage, discharge, quality and periodic stress. To address these challenges, it is evident that water must become an integral part of urban planning policies and their implementation. The international co-operation project Aqua-Add (Deploying the added value of water in local and regional development) aims to deploy the potential of 'water' (economically, socially and environmentally) in urbanized landscapes and to improve the implementation of water measures in local and regional urban planning. In this framework, hydrologic and hedonic-pricing simulation modelling approaches are integrated and applied in order to demonstrate the potential environmental, social and economic impacts of different water management scenarios as well as to facilitate more informed decision making across stakeholders. The objective of this paper is to assess the hydrological as well as socioeconomic implications of green/blue space projects for storm water management in medium-sized cities. In particular, the case study of Imperia (Italy) is here presented and discussed.

FR: Les espaces verts et bleus sont mis sous pression alors que les zones urbaines se densifient, sedéveloppent et évoluent. Pourtant, il est avéré que ces espaces fournissent des servicesécosystémiques essentiels - dont la gestion des eaux de ruissellement (inondations), la constructiond'abris pour la faune et la flore (biodiversité) et l'amélioration du cadre de vie (esthétique et récréatif).Ces solutions basées sur l'ingénierie écologique pour des risques d'inondation sont une priorité pourla recherche et dans l'agenda politique européen. La mise en place de ces solutions peut toutefoisconduire à la gentrification des quartiers, où une demande accrue immobilière des ménages àrevenus plus élevés conduit à une augmentation des valeurs immobilières et au déplacement desménages à faible revenu. Cette étude vise à évaluer et à comparer les impacts sociaux etéconomiques des solutions écologiques dans un projet de requalification urbaine à La Confluence(Lyon, France), en utilisant un modèle de simulation hédonique (SULD). Les résultats montrent troisgrandes tendances en ce qui concerne la mise en place de ces solutions dans les paysages urbains:i) l'augmentation de la densité de population, ii) l'augmentation des prix de l'immobilier, et iii) lechangement dans les modes de distribution démographiques. Ces effets de gentrification peuvent êtreatténués par, entre autres, la requalification simultanée des grandes infrastructures routières quipeuvent réduire les déplacements des ménages à faible revenu. Urban green and blue spaces are put under pressure as urban areas grow, develop and evolve. It isincreasingly recognized, however, that green/blue spaces provide critical ecosystem services -including regulating (flood control), habitat (biodiversity) and cultural (aesthetic and recreational)services. These so-called nature-based solutions for flood risk adaptation are a key priority on theEuropean research and policy agenda, given their contribution to welfare and human well-being. Theestablishment of nature-based solutions may, however, lead to gentrification where increased realestate demand from higher-income households leads to increased real estate values and thedisplacement of lower-income households. This paper aims to assess and compare the social andeconomic impacts of nature-based solutions in an urban-requalification project in the Confluence(Lyon, France), using the Sustainable Urbanizing Landscape Development (SULD) hedonic pricingsimulation model. Results show three major tendencies regarding the establishment of nature-basedsolutions in urban landscapes: i) population densities increase, ii) real estate values rise, and iii)demographic distribution patterns change. These gentrification effects may be dampened by, amongstothers, the simultaneous requalification of major road infrastructure that leads to reduceddisplacement of lower-income households.

Shopping has been considered the principal wealth-generator of post-modern societies. Yet,two elements continually elude current theories and practices about the role of commerce on a widerperspective. Rarely is it considered an active agent in the structuring of the city and, furthermore, moststudies have solely focused on the geographical, economic and social dimensions of shopping, neglectingits morphological dimension. Only in the last 10 years have authors addressed this perspective, althoughsporadically and presenting focused views, resulting in a lack of knowledge and, ultimately, in the lack ofproper public policies. This paper aims to address the structuring nature of commerce and the influenceof its morphological component. For that it combines knowledge from various fields of research and alarge array of morphological variables at various resolution levels. Using as test-beds four Portuguesemedium-sized cities, GIS-models containing commercial, morphological, structural and temporalvariables were produced, explored and compared. Findings include i) the definition of commercial /morphological indicators, that can constitute values of reference or comparison for commercial policiesand other planning studies; ii) the evidence that morphological, rather than statistical similaritiesgenerate, on the micro-scale, more commercial similarities; and iii) the main bridging aspects betweencommercial activity and the form and structure of cities.

This paper aims to demonstrate the added socio-economic value of green/blue spaces in urban areas. The Sustainable Urban Landscape Development (SULD) hedonic pricing simulation model is applied to the case-study of Confluence in Lyon, France. Scenario simulations are performed for the establishment of urban parks, along with the requalification of riverfronts and development of road infrastructure. Results show that the first two interventions (parks and parks plus requalification) attract high-income households and, hence, lead to increases in real estate values up to +28%. The latter intervention (parks plus new road infrastructure) also attracts low-income households, which leads to a smaller increase in real estate values. SULD aids in improving urban planning strategies, in terms of drafting plans, public discussion and monitoring.

"This report has been developed in the context of the international co-operation project Aqua-Add (Deploying the added value of water in local and regional development), aiming at the sharing of knowledge and experience between project partners as to better deploy the potential of 'water' (economically, socially and environmentally) in urbanised landscapes and to improve the implementation of water measures in local and regional spatial development. Aqua-Add not only collects, analyses, disseminates and promotes the specific functions, services and values of green/blue spaces, but also develops and applies a Decision Support Tool (DST) that: i) demonstrates the (potential) social, environmental and economic impacts of different water management scenarios, and ii) facilitates the planning process and better informed decision making across stakeholders. The objective of this report is twofold. First, the importance of stakeholder meetings in the development and application of the Sustainable Urbanizing Landscape Development (SULD; Roebeling et al., 2007, 2014) decision support tool is assessed. In particular, the extent to which these meetings facilitated the identification, assessment and communication of different views and interests and, in turn, encouraged the effective engagement of stakeholders in the participative design of (peri-) urban development plans. Second, the application of SULD to the other Aqua Cases (Bremerhaven DE; Copenhagen DK; Debrecen HU; Imperia IT; Lyon FR; Sofia BU) is presented and discussed, to assess the impact of location-specific green/blue space and infrastructure projects on the location of residential development, housing quantity, residential development density, population density, population composition, household living space and real estate values. (,,,)"

"This report has been developed in the context of the international co-operation projectAqua-Add (Deploying the added value of water in local and regional development), aiming atthe sharing of knowledge and experience between project partners as to better deploy thepotential of 'water' (economically, socially and environmentally) in urbanised landscapes andto improve the implementation of water measures in local and regional spatialdevelopment. Aqua-Add not only collects, analyses, disseminates and promotes the specificfunctions, services and values of green/blue spaces, but also develops and applies a DecisionSupport Tool (DST) that: i) demonstrates the (potential) social, environmental and economicimpacts of different water management scenarios, and ii) facilitates the planning processand better informed decision making across stakeholders.The objective of this report is to present, not only, the theory and methodologyunderpinning, but also, the application of the Sustainable Urbanizing LandscapeDevelopment decision support tool (SULD; Roebeling et al., 2007). Case studies arepresented for the two frontrunner Aqua Cases (Aveiro PT; Eindhoven NL), to assess theimpact of location-specific green/blue space and socio-economic scenarios on the location ofresidential development, housing quantity, residential development density, populationdensity, population composition, household living space and real estate values. (...)"

The present document aims to sum up the first year of research in the on-going doctoral thesis, whichdwells on the balance between commercial activity and city realm. Both these entities have latelywitnessed new stages of evolution, which reflect themselves in changing variables and patterns. Initially,commerce was considered as an after-the-fact consequence of the urban form and structure preexistence,but because it has the ability to change and adapt more rapidly than the city, as well as havinglarge economic and social power, the flow of influence can be inverted. The research tends then to knowwhether the two entities are convergent or divergent in their patterns and what overlaps in theirdichotomies, bearing in mind that, although evolving separately, they must have to some degree commonvariables that can be assessed for further understanding the urban realm, finding solutions for regulatingand balancing estimated forms of distribution, proposing integrated political and technical mechanisms,and ultimately strengthening the use of commerce to reshape urban spaces. Aware that medium-sizedcities are now at the core of a network-base territory, are synonyms of equilibrium, sustainability andinnovation, and places of opportunity and (inter)national projection, the literature review focuses on fourdistinct points of view: city's, commerce's (three fronts: traditional retail, new commercial formats andweb-based), citizen's and planner's (merging the above and finding research tools). The "thesis" thatsubstantiates the research is then proposed. The last point presents the early makings of a workingmethodology, which presently is being developed.

Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Civil (especialização em Planeamento). Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2008

The economic crisis of the past decade has exacerbated existing vulnerability problems in Europe, particularly in the southern countries. These relate to unemployment, poverty, housing conditions, access to basic services or insecurity issues, among others, and have affected particular groups as migrant or the elderly. Although the increase in quality of life is a transversal goal to cohesion and urban policies, the effects of vulnerability have only recently begun to be documented in scientific research. Generally, comparative vulnerabilities' assessments are based on limited (often economic) indicators or, if they are more comprehensive, on a limited territorial scale. Thus, they don't perform holistic analysis at national scale, nor comprehensive regional/municipal comparisons. Consequently, this paper presents a multivariate diagnosis of vulnerabilities at national scale, considering an array of indicators of quality of life in various domains as housing, health, accessibility, education, security or employment. Each indicator was geo-referenced and represented at municipal level, leading to the creation of indexes of vulnerability for each theme. An overall index of vulnerability combining all parcels was then composed through advanced statistical analyses' techniques. More than displaying territorial differences, this approach allows discussing different geographical realities within Portugal, and provide outputs for supporting planning policies concerning integration, social cohesion, urban equity, and the development of urban systems.