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Contrary to the idea that ‘Brexit means Brexit’, the article demonstrates that, in spite of leaving the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice, the UK is not automatically seeking to distance itself from the EU’s activities and approaches to these policy fields. Using the concepts of disengagement, continued engagement and re-engagement and drawing from historical institutionalism, the article further clarifies that present and future trajectories of UK positions in respect of the EU action are conditioned by a path dependence created by the evolution of UK opt-ins and opt-outs in this field, by the politicisation of the Brexit negotiations in the context of the UK–EU relations and by domestic UK politics. We explore this argument across three policy areas: (1) police and judicial cooperation, (2) immigration, borders and asylum, and (3) cybersecurity.

What is the impact of the UK’s withdrawal from the EU on British policies, polity and politics and their future trajectories? This question has been overlooked so far, as many observers have focused on the identity, cultural, and political reasons behind the Brexit vote or scrutinized closely the process of withdrawal. The de-Europeanization literature has tried to capture the new dynamics behind the impact of Brexit on the domestic scene by understanding it as a will to dismantle policies and politics previously Europeanized. On the contrary, we argue here that Brexit is not necessarily the end of UK’s engagement with the EU. This editorial and this special issue provide a more nuanced explanation and support the idea that Brexit is not putting an end to the EU’s influence over British public policies. In fact, we identify several pathways to the EU–UK relationship which can be conceptualized along a continuum from de-Europeanization to re-engagement scenarios. Building on the literature that has suggested the trajectories of disengagement and de-Europeanization, this editorial more specifically contributes to the debate by coining the concept of continued engagement and re-engagement and highlighting the need to analyse British politics, policies, and polity in relation to the EU through a variety of pathways.

This article develops a timely new model for EU foreign policy by advancing the call for a ‘decentring agenda’, focused on the challenge of inclusive ‘reconstruction’. It does so by first staking out an ontological space at the intersection of empirical multiplexity and normative pluriversality. Within this space, it proposes an ethically informed methodological tool: the contrapuntal negotiation of dissonant perspectives on common governance challenges. It then suggests ways to reconstruct analytical and policy-making processes and outcomes on the basis of mutuality and local empowerment. Using three scales of ‘contrapuntality’ (micro, meso and macro) to read key empirical sites at the intersection of the EU's internal and external policies (migration, religious and neighbourhood governance), it argues that by decentring in these and further arenas, the EU can seek to become a more reflexive global actor in sync with the ethical and practical demands of our multiplex world.

Forest certification has become a strategic instrument for businesses, particularly for accessing sensitive envi-ronmental markets and within sustainability commitments. This trend is also visible in Spain, where PEFC (Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) certification has increased by 91% in the past five years. However, there is a weak understanding of the certification impacts at the level of companies, especially when it comes to economic impacts. This study applies a longitudinal methodology to measure financial performance before and after obtaining PEFC-certification in Spain by analysing treatment and selection effects. The results show significant differences in economic profitability and turnover between certified and non-certified com-panies prior to certification. However, these differences are not significant in subsequent periods. Therefore, we could not confirm a treatment effect between forest certification and improved financial performance. Instead, we find a positive selection effect: companies with better financial performance have a greater propensity for certification, as has been previously detected for standards such as ISO 9001/14001. Compared to previous studies that predominantly assess economic impacts qualitatively, we use economic-financial data to avoid possible distortion emerging from perceptions and opinions. The main contribution of this study lies in the quantitative assessment of the impacts of forest certification on economic profitability and turnover. The authors want to express their gratitude to the SAREN Research Group (IT1619–22, Basque Government).

Laser deposition is a growing additive manufacturing process for its applications in repair and functional graded materials. This study investigates the influence of powder deposition for Ti-6Al-4V using synchronized X-ray and thermal infrared imaging. Melt pool geometry and their theoretical estimates as well as thermal histories are compared between a clad without and with powder deposition. The results show how powder deposition causes fluctuations in geometry and thermal histories. Fundamental understanding of the influence of powder deposition into a melt pool can lead to better prediction of melt pool geometry, thermal history, and better controlled processing.

A scoping review comparing the resolution time and maternal and fetal complications of different maneuvers and/or sequence of maneuvers (protocols) in a context of shoulder dystocia delivery. The search will be carried out in PubMeD, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, Lilacs and Scielo databases alongside with bibliography references of the studies found. Inclusion criteria: studies involving parturient and fetus binomials in a context of shoulder dystocia (SD) in normal cephalic delivery at term; to evaluate SD resolution maneuvers. Exclusion criteria: cesarean sections, non-cephalic normal delivery or normal delivery without SD; twin fetuses; intrauterine fetal death; premature labor; evaluation of training or simulation results; questionnaires to assess bureaucratic issues or knowledge; articles not located in full; languages ​​besides Portuguese, Spanish and English; and articles without a description of the maneuver used or whose maneuver has already been previously documented.

To what extent can a decentred approach improve our understanding of migration governance? In the field of public policy, it ‘highlights the diverse and contingent meanings that inform the actions ...

Resume En 2013, le gouvernement marocain a adopte la strategie nationale d’immigration et d’asile (snia), inaugurant une nouvelle approche dans la gestion des migrations, laquelle consiste a deleguer davantage la coordination de cette politique publique aux autorites municipales et regionales. Cette reforme s’inscrit dans une tendance plus large a considerer les acteurs locaux comme des representants du niveau de gouvernance le plus approprie et le plus efficace pour repondre aux defis migratoires actuels. L’Union europeenne (ue), en particulier, promeut cette gouvernance decentralisee de la gestion migratoire et soutient ces reformes a travers sa cooperation avec le Maroc. Pourtant, malgre les ameliorations que lesdites reformes visent a apporter dans la gestion des migrations au Maroc, de grands defis demeurent. Notre etude s’interesse aux agents locaux de la nouvelle gouvernance migratoire marocaine et propose d’examiner les contextes politiques dans lesquels ils agissent, ainsi que les enjeux concrets qui limitent la realisation des objectifs annonces dans la reforme de 2013. L’analyse de ce tournant « localiste » nous amene a formuler deux conclusions qui remettent en question les objectifs de « democratisation » de la strategie migratoire du Maroc. D’une part, la decentralisation de la gouvernance migratoire a surtout ete deployee en reponse a la perception negative au niveau international de la gestion securitaire des migrations au Maroc. D’autre part, notre analyse revele que le transfert de la gestion migratoire aux autorites locales s’est effectue a travers une « democratisation » de facade. Enfin, nous mettons en garde contre le « piege localiste »1 que doivent eviter les autorites publiques et les chercheurs.

Artificial intelligence has created disruptive possibilities in additive manufacturing towards smarter design, process control, and quality assurance. Nonetheless, the scarcity of data in additive manufacturing significantly limits the wide adoption of artificial intelligent techniques. In this work, we propose the deployment of a novel artificial intelligent structure called model-based deep learning in the context of additive manufacturing which can address scenarios with scarce data but an available underlying iterative mathematical/inference model. Several immediate applications of this technique in the additive manufacturing research as well as a proof of concept on temperature profile prediction in metal AM process are presented.

Additive manufacturing (AM) of metal materials has attracted widespread attention and is shifting the conventional manufacturing landscape toward free-form processes. With increasing concerns about global sustainability, eco-consideration is highly encouraged to be integrated into AM processes. This review provides a comprehensive and timely discussion on the life cycle of metal parts fabricated through AM. The energy consumption required for raw metal material extraction and subsequent AM processes is analyzed. The eco-design and energy efficiency of metal AM are evaluated to reveal the role of manufacturing methods, machine subsystems, and post-processing modes in the eco-integration. AM-induced supply chain management, utilization, and recycling of the printed metal structure are also analyzed. Finally, a comprehensive life cycle assessment regarding the environmental, social, and economic impacts of metal AM is also addressed. Future directions of AM are also briefly discussed to provide insight and vision on the emerging field of additive eco-manufacturing.

To what extent is the EU projecting democratic norms in the area of gender? Gender equality and women’s empowerment have been at the heart of the EU’s external action since the Arab uprisings. This...

Crowdfunding platforms direct millions of dollars annually to schools across the country, but the scholarly and policy communities have a limited understanding of their operations. In this paper we leverage data from DonorsChoose and the Common Core of Data to examine the characteristics of schools whose teachers do and do not submit projects to DonorsChoose, the subject areas and resource requests of these projects, and the characteristics of projects that achieve full funding. We find that teachers in schools serving disadvantaged student populations in the lowest-spending states are most likely to post projects on DonorsChoose. Despite accounting for a majority of submitted projects, math and reading projects are less likely to reach full funding than those in other subject areas.

Laser based directed energy deposition (DED) is a competitive method for repairing and remanufacturing metallic parts used in numerous industries including aerospace and biomedical. However, the numerous dynamic phenomena associated with the DED process often result in defects such as entrapped-gas pores, lack of fusion, and undesirable anisotropic properties. The entrapped-gas pore, being one of the most common issues, not only influences melt-pool dynamics but also reduces the fabrication quality and mechanical properties of parts fabricated by the DED process. To reduce and further understand this issue, the real-time observation of the pore formation process needs to be studied first. To directly observe the phenomena in the melt pool, high-speed techniques are needed because rapid solidification leads to rapid pore formation and movement. In-situ high-speed X-ray has been proven to be an effective method in investigating the melt pool dynamics and pore formation mechanisms in the laser powder bed fusion process, in which the fabrication process is quite different from that in DED. Here, the high-speed X-ray method is extended to study the formation of entrapped-gas pores. The real-time formation and quantitative analysis of pores under each set of processing parameters (particle velocity, laser power, and spot welding dwelling time of stationary laser) in the DED process are investigated. We found that the DED with a higher particle velocity (3.19 m/s) produced a smaller average pore size of 27.8 µm and a lower pore area fraction of 0.52%. The DED under lower laser power (156 W) generated a smaller average pore size of 20.3 µm and a lower pore area fraction of 1.94%. The shorter dwelling time (10 ms) benefited the decrease of both average pore size and pore area fraction.

In 2018, the International Organization for Migration stated that ‘migration has nearly become synonymous with urbanization, given the dominance of the city as the destination of most migrants’. Th...

Integrated landscape management (ILM) has received increased interest to reconcile multiple conflicting demands on a landscape scale. ILM aims at addressing major interconnected global challenges, such as poverty, food security, deforestation, and climate change. A principal element of ILM is the consideration of multiple scales, harmonizing local-level needs and ambitions with those that derive from outside the landscape. ILM initiatives are most often initiated by local actors focusing on local priorities, thereby insufficiently realizing that the landscape is embedded in a wider macroeconomic and societal context. We contextualize a landscape initiative located in the high forest zone of southern Ghana, focusing on global socioeconomic and political developments that are expected to have an influence on the region. We built two “sustainability” scenarios for the period between 2015 and 2030, reflecting the demands and ambitions of local stakeholders (bottom-up) and of global environmental policy (top-down) for the region. We find that global climate and cocoa production priorities could induce synergies between food production, biodiversity conservation, and climate change mitigation at the scale of the case study region but could come at the cost of mixed forest systems that play an important role in livelihoods on the landscape scale. Land change scenarios can play a critical role in assessing and visualizing such interactions and provide a platform for discussion and negotiation on how to integrate different objectives in the design of landscape initiatives.

In laser-based directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing, interactions among the laser beam, particle flow, and melt pool influence the properties of the solidified final part. Two separate DED systems, one with high powder flow rates to represent industrial-scale DED processing and the other with low powder flow rates for individual particle tracking, were synchronized with the high-speed imaging setup at the Advanced Photon Source in Argonne National Laboratory. In-situ x-ray imaging of the DED process using both systems highlighted the influence of powder flow rates. Increased powder flow rates resulted in less laser absorption into the melt pool, leading to a transition from a keyhole mode to a melt pool without a keyhole but with surface fluctuations due to powder flow. Increased velocities of particles during powder flow resulted in a decrease in particle melting times and a greater propensity for porosity formation. Overall, better understanding of the interactions that occur during various scales of the DED process will enable flexibility, control, and new materials development in DED-based additive manufacturing.

The uncoordinated closing down of internal borders, lock-downs and quarantines have limited the freedom of movement in Europe as never before. How have EU institutions framed this unprecedented imm...

Laser powder bed fusion is a metal additive manufacturing technique that has received significant scientific and industrial attention over the past decades. However, the quality and reproducibility of parts manufactured by this technique is still a problem. Overcoming this issue requires an understanding of multiple complex physical phenomena which occur simultaneously during the process. This work illustrates a powerful new technique which synchronizes high-speed x-ray imaging with high-speed infrared imaging to study laser powder bed fusion processes in real time. Using this technique, we demonstrate the simultaneous observation of multiple phenomena including three-dimensional melt pool visualization, vapor plume dynamics, spatter formation, thermal history, and point cooling rates. The paired observation of these dynamic phenomena is critical to understanding the fundamentals of laser powder bed fusion, and the overall impact of process parameters on print quality.

Despite a growing number of national-scale ecosystem service (ES) assessments, few studies consider the impacts of ES use and consumption beyond national or regional boundaries. Interregional ES flows ecosystem services imported from and exported to other countries are rarely analyzed and their importance for global sustainability is little known. Here, we provide a first multi-ES quantification of a nation's use of ES from abroad. We focus on ES flows that benefit the population in Germany but are supplied outside German territory. We employ a conceptual framework recently developed to systematically quantify interregional ES flows. We address four types of interregional ES flows with: (i) biophysical flows of traded goods: cocoa import for consumption; (ii) flows mediated by migratory species: migration of birds providing pest control; (iii) passive biophysical flows: flood control along transboundary watersheds; and (iv) information flows: China's giant panda loan to the Berlin Zoo. We determined that: (i) Ivory Coast and Ghana alone supply around 53% of Germany's cocoa while major negative consequences for biodiversity occurred in Cameroon and Ecuador; (ii) Africa´s humid and sub-humid climate zones are important habitats for the majority of migratory bird species that provide natural pest control services in agricultural areas in Germany; (iii) Upstream watersheds outside the country add an additional 64% flood regulation services nationally, while Germany exports 40% of flood regulation services in neighboring, downstream countries; (iv) Information flows transported by the pandas were mainly related to political aspects and - contrary to our expectations - considerably less on biological and natural aspects. We discuss the implications of these results for international resource management policy and governance. (c) 2020 The Authors Thomas Kastner was supported by the Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF), project no. ESR17-014. Laura Lopez-Hoffman acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (NSF) awards DEB-1118975 and DEB-1518359. Support for Liu's time was provided by US National Science Foundation and Michigan AgBioResearch. Javier Martínez-López acknowledges the support of the Spanish Government through María de Maeztu excellence accreditation 2018-2021 (Ref. MDM-2017-0714). Sarah Wolff was supported by the European Research Council grant GLOLAND (grant no. 311819)

Ecosystem services (ES) assessments commonly focus on a specific biophysical region or nation and take its geographic borders as the system boundary. Most geographical regions are, however, not closed systems but are open and telecoupled with other regions, such that the use of ES in one location is dependent on ecosystem processes and ecological management in other locations. Interregional ES flows often affect national economies and may trigger issues of national security and global equity. To date, however, methodologies for assessing interregional flows of ES have been published in dispersed literature. This paper provides a three-step guidance for how to assess four different types of interregional ES flows (traded goods, passive biophysical flows, species migration and dispersal as well as information flows). This guidance is intended to complement national and regional ecosystem assessments. The three steps are to (i) define the goal and scope of interregional ES flow assessments, (ii) quantify the interregional ES flows using a tiered approach and (iii) interpret results in terms of uncertainties, consequences and governance options. We compile different indicators for assessing interregional ES flows and evaluate their suitability for national and regional ES assessments. Finally, to assess the implications of interregional ES flows for environmental sustainability and human well-being, we relate our flow indicators to the Sustainable Development Goals. This guidance towards systematic assessment of interregional ES flows provides a first step to measure and quantify externalised environmental costs and can contribute to the development of indicators to address interregional imbalances in trade, foreign policy and beyond.

To design microstructure and microhardness in the additive manufacturing (AM) of nickel (Ni)-based superalloys, the present work develops a novel data-driven approach that combines physics-based models, experimental measurements, and a data-mining method. The simulation is based on a computational thermal-fluid dynamics (CtFD) model, which can obtain thermal behavior, solidification parameters such as cooling rate, and the dilution of solidified clad. Based on the computed thermal information, dendrite arm spacing and microhardness are estimated using well-tested mechanistic models. Experimental microstructure and microhardness are determined and compared with the simulated values for validation. To visualize process–structure–properties (PSPs) linkages, the simulation and experimental datasets are input to a data-mining model—a self-organizing map (SOM). The design windows of the process parameters under multiple objectives can be obtained from the visualized maps. The proposed approaches can be utilized in AM and other data-intensive processes. Data-driven linkages between process, structure, and properties have the potential to benefit online process monitoring control in order to derive an ideal microstructure and mechanical properties. Keywords: Additive manufacturing, Data science, Multiphysics modeling, Self-organizing map, Microstructure, Microhardness, Ni-based superalloy

Process−property relationships in additive manufacturing (AM) play critical roles in process control and rapid certification. In laser-based directed energy deposition, powder mass flow into the melt pool influences the cooling behavior and properties of a built part. This study develops predictive computational models that provide the microhardness of AM components processed with miscible dissimilar alloys, and then investigates the influence of varying process parameters on properties in experiments and modeling. Experimentally-determined clad dilution and microhardness results of Ni-based superalloy Inconel 718 clads deposited onto 1045 carbon steel substrates are compared to the values from a computational thermo-fluid dynamics (CtFD) model. The numerical model considers the fluidic mechanisms of molten metal during powder deposition and the resulting transient melt pool geometry changes. The model also handles the change in thermo-physical properties caused by the composition mixture between the powder and substrate materials in the melt pool. Based on the computed temperature and velocity distributions in the melt pool, cooling rate, dilution of the melt pool and microhardenss are evaluated. The capability to predict thermal histories in such models is calibrated and validated with experimental thermal imaging and microstructures of additive manufactured clads. In addition, the roles of cooling rate and alloy composition on the microhardness are examined. The results show that variation in microhardness is dominated by composition mixture between the powder and substrate materials, rather than cooling behavior or dendrite arm spacing at liquid-solid interface in laser deposited Inconel 718 on AISI 1045 carbon steel.

In additive manufacturing (AM) processes, materials are selectively added in layer-wise fashion to build three-dimensional objects. This approach provides several advantages over conventional manuf...

The main argument is that improving migrants’ rights and conceptual linkages between SSG/R and migration is best achieved, by decentring our gaze, namely going beyond the ‘national’ and ‘state-centric’ view that characterizes traditionally SSG/R and to consider the agency of both migrants and SSR actors. First from a migrants’ perspective, it is key for SSR actors to go beyond traditional legal classifications and to consider the diversity of personal situations that involve refugees, stranded migrants and asylum seekers, which might endorse different roles at different times of their journeys and lives. Second, the transnational nature of migration calls for a transnationalization of SSG/R too. For too long the concept has mostly been applied within the national setting of SSR institutions and actors. Migration calls for a clear decentring that involves a transnational dimension and more work among transnational actors and policymakers to facilitate a norm transfer from the domestic to the interstate and international level. As such, the ‘transnational’ nature of migration and its governance needs to be ‘domesticated’ within the national context in order to change the mindset of SSG/R actors and institutions. More importantly, the paper argues that poor SSG/R at home produces refugees and incentivizes migrants to leave their countries after being victims of violence by law enforcement and security services. During migrants’ complex and fragmented journeys, good security sector governance is fundamental to address key challenges faced by these vulnerable groups. I also argue that a better understanding of migrants’ and refugees’ security needs is beneficial and central to the good governance of the security sector. After reviewing the key terms of migration and its drivers in section 2, section 3 reviews how SSG is part of the implementation of the GCM. SSR actors play a role in shaping migratory routes and refugees’ incentives to leave, in explaining migrants’ and refugees’ resilience, in protecting migrants and refugees, and in providing security. Although it cautions against artificial classifications and the term of ‘transit migration’, section 4 reviews what the core challenges are in the countries of origin, transit and destination. Section 5 provides a detailed overview of the linkages between migration and each security actor: the military, police forces, intelligence services, border guards, interior ministries, private actors, criminal justice, parliaments, independent oversight bodies and civil society. Section 6 formulates some recommendations.

In the face of accelerating forest degradation and deforestation, forest certification emerged in the early 1990s as a voluntary and market-based mechanism to promote environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and economically viable management of the world’s forests. A key goal of forest certification is to reduce forest degradation and deforestation while enhancing forest enterprises’ economic viability. However, whether forest certification contributes to meeting such goals is unclear. We conducted a systematic literature review on such impacts, reviewing empirical studies published between 1993 and 2021 regarding the impact of forest certification on forest degradation, deforestation, and economic viability. Drawing on 98 empirical studies, we analyzed these impacts and provide an overview of the studies’ findings in terms of geographical distribution, indicators considered, and the certification schemes assessed. We found that the impact of forest certification on deforestation has been specifically understudied (n = 11) compared to forest degradation (n = 42) and economic viability (n = 45). On deforestation, studies have focused on Africa (45%) and South America (36%); on forest degradation, studies have focused on Europe (40%) and Asia (20%); on economic viability, studies have focused on Asia (33%), Europe (33%) and South America (20%). We found positive-neutral (54%; 46%) impacts on deforestation, positive-neutral-mixed (70%; 21%; 9%) impacts on forest degradation and positive-negative-mixed (50%; 33%; 17%) impacts on economic viability. We did not find clear evidence that impact is linked to a specific region or certification scheme. However, scarce evidence on the impacts of the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC), the application of various methods, and site-specific indicators in the individual studies challenge such comparison and hamper the generalization of findings. This systematic review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art research on the effectiveness and economic viability of forest certification, evaluates and discusses the current evidence base, and concludes with future research lines.

Motivated by applications in ranked-choice voting, we consider the problem of recovery of an election profile—encoded by a function f on the symmetric group—given only partial data. In particular, we investigate the combinatorial structure of the matrix of first order marginals, which gives the number of votes cast that ranked each alternative in each position. We investigate conditions on f that allow us to exploit this combinatorial structure to recover the original function f. As the matrix of first order marginals is the Fourier coefficient of the permutation representation of the symmetric group, this work sits within the context of algebraic compressed sensing, which tackles the question of how to recover a sparse function f on a finite group given only a subset of the Fourier coefficients of f.

This special issue expands on the existing literature on the international dimension of democratization by focusing on democracy projection, defined as the projection of (democratic) norms in the every-day practice of interactions, beyond any donor-recipient relationship, between states and foreign civil society actors on issue areas where both have interests to defend. The SI examines the issue areas of trade, anti-corruption, applied research, gender and LGBTI, focusing on EU practices in its everyday dealings with civil society in the Southern Mediterranean. The authors conclude, based on comparative case studies relying on extensive interviews, direct observations and content analysis, that democracy projection varies according to four main factors: EU’s perceived interest, its ideational commitment to norms of dialogue and inclusion, the degree of institutional inertia and discourses/structures of meanings dominating in some policy areas which preclude EU engagement on substance., peer-reviewed

Exploring the challenges of Covid-19 for the European Union (EU) during March-August 2020, this article argues that contrary to prior crises the EU has demonstrated a certain degree of adaptability...

In laser melting processes of metallic parts, including welding and additive manufacturing, there are challenges in porosity formation and developing predictive multiphysics of the process. Surrounding a melt pool with an external magnetic field has promise in changing the Marangoni flow and reducing porosity formation. In-situ X-ray imaging enables the observation of melt pool behavior and porosity formation in real-time. This preliminary study shows that an external magnetic field can achieve both, with potential to scale up in industrial processes and to validate multiphysics models.