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Introduction: Humans are the only known reservoir of polio virus. Polio virus infection in humans can cause a crippling paralysis in a fraction of the infected patients. Due to permanent nature of the paralysis, low mutation rate of the virus, restriction of polio virus to human hosts and overall feasibility of polio eradication, the polio virus became the target of aggressive vaccination campaigns via supplemental polio immunization (SPI) across the world for more than two decades. To determine the level of knowledge about supplementary polio immunization in mothers presenting to pediatric Population. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Pediatric Department, OPD, District General hospital Timergara from 29-04-2021 to 29-7-2022. Through a descriptive, cross-sectional study design, 216 mothers of children aged 0-5 years, accompanying their children to the pediatric OPD, were included in the study through a consecutive manner and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Results: In this study 216 mothers were included. Mean age of the mothers was 30.97 years. Most mothers had average level of knowledge (48.6%) while 30.6% had poor level of knowledge regarding supplementary polio immunization. Most common religion was Islam (96.3%). Illiteracy was the most common educational status (32.9%) followed by secondary (22.7%) and primary (19.4%) education. Majority (58.8%) of mothers were housewives. Pearson Chi Square test for Level of Knowledge wise stratification of Educational Status of the mother gave a value of 2=45.793 and was significant at p0.05). Finally, the Level of Knowledge wise stratification of Age groups of mothers had 2=2.87 with p=0.94(i.e. >0.05). Conclusion: Level of Knowledge of mothers regarding supplementary polio immunization is significantly associated with maternal educational status Keywords: Polio, supplementary polio immunization, polio drops

Introduction: The nutritional status of the children is satisfactory in Asian countries like Pakistan however the prevalence of malnutrition is observed to decrease because of the various health programs at national and international level in order to improve the health status of growing children. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence nutritional status and correlation between nutritional status of students and their academic performance of school going children in Timergara. Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted by administering and filling the questionnaire from 400 children, 200 from private and 200 from public sector schools of ages 6 to 11 years in different public and private sector schools of tehsil Timergara Lower Dir, KPK. Nutritional status of children was calculated by anthropometric method and compared with WHO growth chart. Academic performance was calculated from the percentage of the marks obtained in the last annual exam. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS 24.0. Results: The prevalence of male gender were 61% and female gender were 39%. The prevalence of stunting, underweight, thin and Overweight+Obese were25.0 %, 17.0%, 7.5 % and 5.0% correspondingly. The low level of educational performance was significantly higher among the stunted (60.0%), underweight (38.2%), thin (33.3%) and Overweight+Obese (10.0%)children than that of the normal children.The low level of educational performance was significantly higher (p < 0.05) among the stunted, underweight and wasted children than that of the normal children. Conclusion: The nutritional status of school going children of Lower Dir, KPK was satisfactory however emphasis on the awareness regarding nutrition must be given. Keywords: Private, Public, School going children, Nutritional status

Background: Health status of school children and their school environment plays an important role in the development of physical and mental health, and good personnel behaviors had a significant role in future life of children. Objective: This study was conducted to estimate the frequency of health problems among school children of district Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Methodology: This study was conducted in district Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; Pakistan. A total of n=225 school children of age 4-12 years were selected and examined for health problems. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the health status of children regarding health problems. Results: Results showed that 45.56% of children had age < 8 years; 54.44% had age > 8 years; 81.33% of children parents had monthly income < PKR: 45000; 56% children living in mud-made homes; and 46.675 were underweight. Moreover, 15.56% of children had eye discharge; 28.89% backache; 8.44% ear discharge; 16.445 earaches; 47.11% poor oral hygiene status; 60.44% were not using toothbrush; and 22.67% had dental caries. Furthermore, 41.33% had not clean their hair and not took bath within last 48 hours; and 32.89% had poor nail hygiene status for the past one week. Conclusions: It was concluded that school children had several medical health problems and showed relationship with hygiene status of children, tooth-brushing use and its frequency, parents monthly income, and body mass index of children and thus adequate preventive, promotive and behavioral strategies were needed to reduce health problems among school going children. Keywords: School Children, Health Status, Underweight, Eye, Ear, Hygiene, Income, Swat, Kohat.

Return of previously extinguished fear memories presents a major hurdle in treatment of fear-related disorders. Neuropeptide Y receptors type 2 (Y2R) in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) seem to play a crucial role in modulation of remote fear memories. Here, we targeted Cre-channelrhodopsin-2 to defined subregions of BNST or central amygdala (CeA) in floxed Y2R mice (Y2lox/lox) for functional deletion of Y2R. We combined fear training and behavioral studies in vivo with optogenetic-electrophysiological analysis of BNST synaptic network activity ex vivo, in order to identify regional and cellular specificities of Y2R influence. Deletion of Y2R in the ventral section of anterior BNST (BNSTav) did not affect fear acquisition, but increased conditioned fear during recall and extinction learning, and aggravated remote fear return. By contrast, deletion of Y2R in the dorsal section of anterior BNST (BNSTad) or CeA did not influence acquisition, extinction or return of fear memories. Ex vivo optogenetic-electrophysiological analysis revealed Y2R-expressing local GABAergic inhibitory networks in BNST, both within (intraregional) and in-between (inter-regional) BNST subregions. Stimulation of Y2R resulted in a presynaptically mediated reduction of GABAergic responses, which did not differ between intraregional but predominantly affected inter-regional connections from BNSTav to BNSTad. Moreover, deletion of Y2R decreased the excitation/inhibition balance in BNSTav neurons, suggesting a regulatory influence of endogenous NPY via intraregional GABAergic microcircuits. This study reveals Y2R within local GABAergic networks in BNST as key elements in facilitating extinction and reducing return of remote fear memories, suggesting a potential avenue for translational purposes.

COVID-19 pandemisi dünya çapında birçok endüstri ve ülkeyi şiddetli biçimde etkilemiştir. Küresel finans piyasalarında hemen hemen her türlü ticari faaliyeti etkileyen COVID-19’un özellikle borsalar ve hisse senedi getirileri üzerinde de etkili olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışma ile yeni koronavirüs pandemisinin Ürdün Borsası üzerindeki etkisini ortaya çıkarmak amaçlamıştır. Çalışmada Amman Borsası’nda Sınai, Hizmet ve Finansal Endekslerde listelenen 16 alt endekse ait veri seti Ürdün’ün borsa getirisini temsilen kullanılmıştır. Yöntem olarak panel veri metodolojisinin kullanıldığı bu çalışma, Amman Borsası’nın pandemi nedeniyle 50 günlük bir kapatmanın ardından ticari faaliyetlerine yeniden başladığı 10 Mayıs 2020 ile aşıların ilk kez Ürdün'e ithal edildiği 12 Ocak 2021 arasındaki dönemi kapsamaktadır. COVID-19 göstergesi olarak Ürdün ve dünyadaki yeni COVID-19 vaka sayılarındaki haftalık artış ile dünyadaki COVID-19 kaynaklı ölüm sayılarındaki haftalık büyüme oranı kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, Ürdün'deki haftalık yeni COVID-19 vaka sayılarındaki artışın seçili endeks getirileri üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığını göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte dünyadaki vaka sayılarındaki haftalık artışın ise hisse senedi getirilerini olumsuz etkilediği gözlemlenmiştir. Diğer taraftan beklentilerin aksine dünyada COVID-19 kaynaklı yeni ölüm sayılarındaki haftalık artışın seçili endeks getirileri üzerinde pozitif etkiye sahip olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Kontrol değişkenlerine ilişkin ilave bulgular ise Volatilite Endeksi (VIX)’nin seçili endeks getirilerini istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir şekilde negatif yönde etkilediğini göstermiştir. Ancak petrol fiyatlarının getiri üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi gözlemlenememiştir. The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected many industries and countries around the world. It has been observed that COVID-19 which affects almost all types of business activities in the global financial markets, has also affected stock exchanges and stock returns. This study aims to investigate the impact of the novel coronavirus pandemic on Jordanian stock market. The dataset consists of 16 subindicies from Industrials, Services, and Financial indices in Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) to represent stock return in Jordan. This study which utilizes the panel data methodology, covers the period between 10 May 2020, when trading activity was resumed in the ASE after a 50-day closure due to the pandemic, and 12 January 2021, when the vaccines are firstly imported to Jordan. The growth in number of weekly COVID-19 confirmed new cases for Jordan and the world together with the the growth in number of weekly COVID-19 confirmed new deaths for the world are used as proxies for the novel coronavirus. The evidence indicates that there is no statistically significant relationship between growth in the number of COVID-19 new cases and stock returns in Jordan. However, it is founded that the growth in number of COVID-19 new cases in the world negatively affect the stock returns in Jordan. On the other hand, contrary to expectations it is observed that the growth in number of COVID-19 new deaths in the world has positive impact on index returns of Jordan. Further findings as to the control variables show that the Volatility Index (VIX) has negative significant impact on selected index returns. However, any significant relationship has been founded between oil prices and selected index returns of Jordan during the study period

Endodontic Pain if occurs after few hours or days after the treatment indicates a poor pathosis and a bad prognosis in long term, due to this a newer generation of instruments for canal treatment has been introduced from Ni-Ti alloy which has even better ability to shape narrow and curved root canals, without causing aberration. To compare the mean postoperative pain score after manual SS (stainless steel) K-files and mechanical Ni-Ti rotary path files in patients with irreversible pulpitis. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Department of Operative Dentistry, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi. Period: 6 months from 01-10-2017 to 30-03-2018. Materials and Methods: Total 60 patients of irreversible pulpitis with moderate pain score ≥5 were included and divided equally in manual stainless-steel k-files and mechanical Ni-Ti rotary path files groups. Treatment was started with local anesthesia. Patients were recalled after 24 hours and the level of postoperative pain was examined. T-test was applied to compare the outcome in both groups. Stratification was done using t-test and P value ≤0.05 was significantly considered. Results: The mean pre-treatment VAS in group-A and group-B was 7.16±1.44 and 7.86±1.38 respectively. Mean post-treatment VAS in group-A and group-B was 2.33±1.02 and 1.10±0.66 respectively. A significant difference between the pre and post op pain was noted between the two groups, when compared after 24hours by using VAS. Conclusion: Mean post-operative pain score was significantly less with NiTi rotary path files as compare to manual stainless steel K-files.

As the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices are increasing, the data that is being produced is increasing as well. Cloud computing provides services for data storage and processing by using IT infrastructure on remote locations. With the increase in data, the load on cloud computing and communication infrastructure is on the rise as well, leading to increase in response time and latency. Fog computing addresses this issue to an extent by brining processing closer to the edge. As fog infrastructures are significantly different from cloud in terms of scale, processing capacity, bandwidth etc., they require focused analysis to improve their performance. In this paper, we analyze impact of resource distribution in small-scale fog infrastructure on its performance and resource utilization. We examine different topological arrangements of fog devices with varying resources. Our results show that the topological arrangement of fog resources affects the overall performance of fog infrastructure.

The announcement of the COVID-19 pandemic by the World Health Organisation in March 2020 and the spread of coronavirus in most parts of the world, including Iraq, have posed severe challenges to the management of cancer patients both psychologically and logistically. Special experts at Hiwa Cancer Hospital, Iraq, took serious action aimed to decrease and prevent the spread of the virus among cancer patients while maintaining standard treatment protocols through compiling expert consensus, focusing on the prevention of COVID-19 and cancer patient management.

Return of fear by re-exposure to an aversive event is a major obstacle in the treatment of fear-related disorders. Recently, we demonstrated that local pharmacological stimulation of neuropeptide Y type 2 receptors (Y2R) in anteroventral bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNSTav) facilitates fear extinction and attenuates retrieval of remote fear with or without concomitant extinction training. Whether Y2R activation could also protect against re-exposure to traumatic events is still unknown. Therefore, we investigated reinstatement of remote fear following early Y2R manipulation in BNSTav in relation to concomitant extinction training in mice. We combined local pharmacological manipulation of Y2Rs in BNSTav with or without extinction training and tested for reinstatement of remote fear 15 days later. Furthermore, we employed immediate early gene mapping to monitor related local brain activation. Y2R stimulation by local injection of NPY3–36 into BNSTav facilitated extinction, reduced fear reinstatement at remote stages, and mimicked the influence of extinction in groups without prior extinction training. In contrast, Y2R antagonism (JNJ-5207787) delayed extinction and increased reinstatement. Y2R treatment immediately before remote fear tests had no effect. Concomitantly, Y2R activation at early time points reduced the number of c-Fos positive neurons in BNSTav during testing of reinstated remote fear. Local Y2R stimulation in BNSTav promotes fear extinction and stabilizes suppression of reinstated fear through a long-term influence, even without extinction training. Thus, Y2Rs in BNST are crucial pharmacological targets for extinction-based remote fear suppression.

Objectives: To compare clinical retention of a low-shrinkage posterior resin composite by using incremental versus bulk placement technique in deep Class I cavities. Setting: Operative Dentistry Department, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi, Pakistan. Period: 6 months from 1st Oct 2017 – 30th March 2018. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Materials and Methods: This study was a randomized control trial study which consists of total of 94 teeth having class I cavity of 3mm minimum depth on occlusal surface. The restorative material evaluated in this study was Filtek Z250 (3M, ESPE) and the cavities were restored according to two different techniques. Patients in Group A were treated with bulk fill technique and patients in Group B were treated with incremental technique. The retention of the composite were clinically evaluated after 6 months (180 days) post-operatively. SPSS version 23 was used to analyze data. Results: The result of 6 months observation revealed retention of 43(91.4%) incremental fill composite and 39(85.4 %) bulk fill composite resin restorations which was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Outcomes of incremental fill composite resin in terms of retention is equal to bulk fill composite resin with Filtek Z250 (3M, ESPE) in class I restorations of permanent molar teeth.

Contains fulltext : 193221.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Early-life stress (ELS) creates life-long vulnerability to stress-related anxiety disorders through altering stress and fear systems in the brain. The endocannabinoid system has emerged as an important regulator of the stress response through a crosstalk with the glucocorticoid system, yet whether it plays a role in the persistent effects of ELS remains unanswered. By combining, behavioral, pharmacological and biochemical approaches in adult male rats, we examined the impact of ELS on the regulation of endocannabinoid function by stress and glucocorticoids. We employed a postnatal limited-nesting/bedding induced ELS between postnatal days 2-9 in rats. Exposure to postnatal ELS compromised the ability of both acute stress and glucocorticoid administration to mobilize the endocannabinoid ligand 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) in the hippocampus of adult male rats. These findings suggest that ELS compromises the coupling of the glucocorticoid and endocannabinoid systems in the hippocampus. Since 2-AG signaling is essential in mediating glucocorticoid-induced suppression of fear recall, we further examined the impact of ELS on the ability of glucocorticoids to suppress fear memory recall. While ELS did not affect normative fear recall, it impaired the ability of glucocorticoids to dampen fear recall. Notably, bypassing glucocorticoids and directly amplifying hippocampal 2-AG signaling with a monoacyl glycerol lipase inhibitor produced a suppression of fear memory recall in animals exposed to ELS. These findings suggest that ELS results in an uncoupling of glucocorticoid-endocannabinoid signaling in the hippocampus, which, in turn, relates to alterations in stress regulation of memory recall. These data provide compelling evidence that ELS-induced deficits in the glucocorticoid-endocannabinoid coupling following stress could predispose susceptibility to stress-related psychopathology.

Gastric cancer is a disease of elderly patients and mainly metastasis to liver, lung, and peritoneum, while signet ring cell is a variant of gastric cancer and commonly metastasis to peritoneum and lymph nodes. Metastasis to mammary is a rare condition which account for 3% and has poor prognosis. Generally extra mammary carcinoma precedes breast metastasis by 2 years. It’s uncommon to have breast metastasis as a first manifestation of extra mammary malignancies. There is no age limit and presentation my mimic primary breast cancer. Due to rarity of this condition there are no consensuses about clinical, radiological and histological features which make it a challenging task to distinguish primary from metastatic breast neoplasm. The case bellow is a young woman with diagnoses of diffuse-signet ring cell gastric cancer. First presentation was right breast edema with ascites, peritoneal nodules, and enlarged enhancing ovaries on imaging. Biopsy from each site confirmed involvement by metastatic adenocarcinoma with signet ring pattern. Her condition progressed after 5th cycle of EOX.

Aims and Objectives: Direct pulp capping is a procedure which aims at protecting pulp vitality. When the dental pulp is exposed as a result of trauma, caries or by the dentist preparing for a deep restoration, then, it can be capped with a biocompatible material. It is expected that this procedure was allowed the pulp to heal normally and regenerate reparative dentine, thus preventing the need for more extensive and expensive root canal treatment (RCT). Materials and Methods: A total of 86 teeth of 85 patients diagnosed with reversible pulpitis were included in this study. After administration of local anesthesia, teeth were isolated with rubber dam. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was mixed according to manufacturers' instructions and 1–2 mm of MTA was placed over the pulpal exposure with a plastic filling instrument. All patients were scheduled for routine recall visits after 1, 3, and 6 months to monitor for pain on visual analog scale. All these readings were recorded on pro forma. The collected data were entered into SPSS version 19 and analyzed accordingly. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for quantitative variables like age. Frequency and percentage were calculated for qualitative variables such as the efficacy of MTA and gender. Stratification with respect to age and gender was done. Poststratification Chi-square test was applied. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The average age of the patients was 37.59 ± 10.88 years. There were 30 (35.29%) male and 55 (64.71%) female. The effectiveness of MTA as a direct pulp capping material in cariously exposed mature permanent teeth was observed in 87.06% (74/85). Conclusion: Taking into consideration, the results of this study, it seems that when an exposure site is immediately sealed with MTA, the prognosis is promising. We found success rate of 87.06%. MTA can induce the formation of reparative dentine thus allow the pulp to heal normally and maintain pulp's vitality and regenerative potential so the need of RCT can be avoided.

The goal of the CubeSat Deformable Mirror Demonstration (DeMi) is to characterize the performance of a small deformable mirror over a year in low-Earth orbit. Small form factor deformable mirrors are a key technology needed to correct optical system aberrations in high contrast, high dynamic range space telescope applications such as space-based coronagraphic direct imaging of exoplanets. They can also improve distortions and reduce bit error rates for space-based laser communication systems. While follow-on missions can take advantage of this general 3U CubeSat platform to test the on-orbit performance of several different types of deformable mirrors, this first design accommodates a 32-actuator Boston Micromachines MEMS deformable mirror.

The ion Electrospray Propulsion System (iEPS) is a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based electrostatic thruster for space propulsion applications. This device leverages the purely ionic electrospray emission regime, as well as a porous emitter substrate, to eliminate the need for cumbersome ancillary components and achieve small mass, volume, and area footprints that are favorable to nano/pico-satellite integration. In this paper, we review the early maturation of the iEPS concept and a first generation device. We outline the fabrication process, including a unique electrochemical etching technique for the porous metal substrate, and highlight the salient problems and conclusions. Potentials solutions to these issues are posed and incorporated within the framework of a second generation design that expands capability to variable specific impulse, constant power (multi-modal) operation using a dual-grid scheme. The merits of multi-modal operation are explored, along with a preliminary study of the ion optics problem governing the achievable performance.