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Obra publicada no âmbito do 6.º Colóquio de Expressão Múltipla, decorrido a 13 e 14 de Dezembro de 2022, Foi apresentada em linha no dia 13 e 14 de dezembro de 2022 a sexta edição do Colóquio Expressão Múltipla: Teoria e Prática do Desenho. Esta edição é marcada por um desdobramento do colóquio em dois momentos distintos e complementares - o Colóquio Expressão Múltipla: Desenho Aplicado e o Colóquio Expressão Múltipla: teoria e prática do Desenho. Se o Colóquio Expressão Múltipla já se edificou enquanto plataforma para pensar a teoria e a prática do Desenho, surge agora a vertente do Desenho Aplicado. Importa referir que esta adição desponta em grande parte por uma direção tomada pelos alunos dos diversos ciclos de estudo do ensino superior, que os liga a secções do desenho próximas de áreas como o Desenho Digital, Banda Desenhada, Concept Art, Ilustração, Desenho em Realidade Virtual, Desenho de reconstrução, Desenho Científico, entre tantos outros tipos de Desenho Aplicado. Por Desenho Aplicado entende-se então um tipo de desenho abrangente que não sendo necessariamente um fim em si mesmo, vai contribuir para o desenvolvimento de outras áreas.

Physical exercise is generally recommended. Specific populations have particular needs, but physical exercise is also highly recommended for people with motor, sensory or cognitive disabilities. There are currently adaptive sports, including winter sports. Participation in adaptive sports improves cardiovascular capacity, contributes to integration in the community and decreases pain intensity, leading to improved quality of life. Alpine skiing, Nordic skiing and ice hockey are the most popular paralympic winter sports. The medical teams working with Paralympic winter sports athletes face several challenges such as the need to tailor the adaptative material to the athlete, prevent acute traumatic injuries and treat chronic diseases.

Reservoirs are dynamic ecosystems subject to different pressures that influence and compromise their ecological structure. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of using the macroinvertebrate to assess the water quality of four reservoirs (one site in Miranda—M and Pocinho—P; four sites in Aguieira—Ag1 to Ag4; and five sites in Alqueva—Al1 to Al5). The sites were sampled in autumn 2018 (A18), spring and autumn 2019 (S19 and A19) and spring 2020 (S20). In situ physical and chemical parameters were measured and a sample of water and macroinvertebrate were collected for further analyses. Total phosphorus exceeded the allowed concentrations (maximum values recorded: M—0.13 mg/L, P—0.09 mg/L, Ag3—0.22 mg/L and Al5—0.18 mg/L). Total abundance varied between 4 and 3088. Taxonomic richness was always low, between 1 and 12 taxa. The highest Shannon–Wiener value (1.91) was recorded in Ag1_A18 and Al2_A18. Pielou’s evenness varied widely across all reservoirs, from 0.06 to 0.92. Almost all the organisms found were associated with polluted water, according to the index ratings. Organisms tolerant of disturbances (e.g., Chironomidae and Oligochaeta) were associated with sites with the worst water quality, according to the Water Framework Directive (WFD), (M, Ag3, Ag4 and Al5) while organisms with moderate tolerance to disturbances (e.g., Cordullidae and Polycentropodidae) were associated with sites with better water quality (P, Ag1, Ag2 and Al1 to Al4). The macrozoobenthos index (MZB) used proved to be a sensitive tool to Portuguese reservoirs, corroborating most of the results obtained in the remaining analyses, as well as providing a clear ecological potential complementing the analysis carried out by the WFD. Based on this, the macroinvertebrate community appeared to be sensitive and able to characterize the reservoirs’ water quality.

O câncer de mama envolve além das perdas físicas, todo um aspecto emocional e muitas vezes o tratamento consiste na mastectomia. Essas mulheres na maioria das vezes tem um companheiro, o qual também sofrerá com esse processo. O objetivo geral desse projeto foi compreender a percepção dos companheiros de mulheres mastectomizadas em Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. O estudo trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de abordagem fenomenológica, cuja população foi composta por companheiros de mulheres que passaram pela mastectomia no município de Montes Claros. A amostra foi constituída por saturação e realizada entrevista semiestruturada com duas questões norteadoras. Para a análise de dados foi utilizada a metodologia de análise de conteúdo. Com esse estudo pode perceber que a mastectomia interfere de forma significativa na vida do casal, no entanto o companheiro tende a se preocupar mais com os sentimentos da mulher do que com a mutilação decorrente da mastectomia.

As ferramentas de abordagem familiar visam favorecer a compreensão do funcionamento do sujeito e de suas relações com os membros da família e da sociedade. Tais ferramentas são indicadas principalmente para famílias que apresentam maior vulnerabilidade, como forma de alcance da melhoria da qualidade de vida dos sujeitos. Sendo assim, objetivou-se relatar a experiência na aplicação das ferramentas de abordagem familiar em uma situação de fragilidade quanto aos aspectos biopsicossociais de uma família. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, qualitativo, realizado por profissionais de uma equipe da Estratégia Saúde da Família, no município de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. O trabalho descreve a aplicação dos instrumentos para abordagem de uma família: genograma, ecomapa, FIRO, P.R.A.C.T.I.C.E, ciclo de vida familiar e conferência familiar. A aplicação dessas ferramentas permitiu à equipe conhecer globalmente as fragilidades e potencialidades da família, permitindo assim realizar intervenções eficazes, respeitando-se as singularidades de cada sujeito envolvido. As intervenções foram decisivas para que se promovesse a melhoria do cuidado e a assistência à família, que deverá ser contínua, com acompanhamento ao longo do tempo.

The long evolution process that education has been through along centuries have always been affected by how society itself has evolved, which is, in turn, influenced by events like the Industrial Revolution, the appearance of Internet or a pandemic such as the COVID-19; the most significant events in the last decades were a succession of technological breakthroughs that transformed our world and our lives, the way we live, work, teach, and learn. In this study, building on existing research and review of literature to reflect on how those significant events transformed societies and economies causing subsequent adaptation in education, we have then questioned which and how lasting were the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Literature shows that technology advances have always triggered the need to acquire new skill sets and the pandemic has only accelerated a pathway of change that technology has started, prompting solidarity, collaboration, and new ways of working and learning. Survey results indicate the effects of the pandemic in education are long-lasting and that design education will most likely follow a blended learning model in the future.

In the current available literature, there is strong evidence about the benefits of physical activity (PA) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). PA has shown an improvement in the disease activity that contributes to increase stability and joint strength, promoting a sense of well-being and reducing the symptoms of anxiety and depression, which are often associated with chronic diseases. The aim of this study is to relate the levels of PA in patients with RA under biological treatment and disease activity. Secondarily we intend to increase the educational role of the family doctor in the management of these patients.

Femoral neck fractures are a major source of disability in the elderly. Rehabilitation is fundamental to recover pre-fracture functionality. We conducted an observational cohort study with the aim of comparing the efficacy of rehabilitation programs in different therapeutic settings. We included elderly patients who had undergone surgical stabilization of a hip fracture. The participants were divided into 3 groups: group 1, outpatient rehabilitation, group 2, inpatient rehabilitation, group 3, home-based rehabilitation. Patients were evaluated at baseline, at three months, and at six months after fracture. Our outcome measures were the Barthel Index (BI), Functional Ambulation Categories, passive and active range of motion of hip flexion and abduction, and muscle strength in hip flexion, abduction, and knee extension. At six months, all three groups showed an average statistically significant improvement (p &lt, 0.05) in all outcome measures compared to the baseline. Considering the between-group analysis, final BI was significantly higher in outpatient than inpatient-treated patients (p = 0.018), but no statistical difference was found between outpatient and home-based patients. Our findings suggest that rehabilitation leads to significant functional recovery after hip fracture in elderly patients. Both outpatient and home-based rehabilitation seem to be reasonable options for hip fracture rehabilitation.

A territorialização é uma ferramenta útil no serviço da Atenção Primária à Saúde, pois viabiliza a elaboração de um diagnóstico situacional, podendo ser utilizada como um instrumento de organização do processo de trabalho e das práticas em saúde, criando possibilidades e estratégias de intervenção. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo quanti-qualitativo, descritivo, transversal e observacional, realizado de março a setembro de 2020. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se a técnica da Estimativa Rápida Participativa (ERP). Durante a territorialização foi possível, seguindo as recomendações das entidades sanitárias de isolamento social, conhecer a realidade do território, fortalecer o vínculo profissional- usuário, levantar as necessidades da comunidade, e planejar de forma participativa ações estratégicas que atendessem às principais demandas. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o processo de territorialização da ESF São Judas I na Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Família no município de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais e evidenciar as ferramentas utilizadas para reconhecimento do território durante a pandemia da Covid-19.

O exercício profissional na Odontologia tem passado por constantes mudanças e, mesmo atravessando um momento de ampliação das áreas de atuação, tem-se percebido um mercado cada vez mais competitivo e saturado. O desenvolvimento do profissional inicia desde o ingresso do acadêmico na faculdade e segue com os estudos em cursos de pós-graduação, visando assim um melhor desempenho em sua área profissional. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar as expectativas sobre o futuro profissional dos acadêmicos do curso de Odontologia das Faculdades Unidas do Norte de Minas - FUNORTE, localizada no município de Montes Claros – MG. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, de corte transversal e análise quantitativa, cuja análise e interpretação de dados foram coletados a partir de questionário estruturado. Verificou-se 570 acadêmicos matriculados, o que produziu uma amostra de 250 participantes. O estudo teve por maioria participantes do sexo feminino, entre 18 e 22 anos. Mais da metade dos alunos informaram ter mudado de cidade para cursar a graduação, e pretendem se mudar novamente para atuação. Os acadêmicos avaliam as clínicas odontológicas e consultórios particulares como áreas mais saturadas e tem por pretensão após a graduação a busca por especializações e concursos públicos. Conclui-se portanto, que os acadêmicos avaliam o mercado odontológico saturado para o serviço autônomo em consultórios e clínicas odontológicas, mas os veem como melhores opções para ingresso. Os futuros profissionais em sua grande parte acreditam que a proposta pedagógica do curso oferecido é adequada, requerendo melhorias para a graduação principalmente no quesito infraestrutura.

To assess the ecological potential (EP), the Water Framework Directive (WFD) uses specific parameters but ignores ecosystem functioning and individual/subindividual biological responses. The heavily modified water bodies (reservoirs) are strongly influenced by human activities that promote their imbalance, with a loss or compromise the biodiversity and the functioning of these ecosystems. This work aims to determinate the EP according physical, chemical and biological parameters of WFD and evaluate the functionality and sensitivity of ecotoxicological tools in the evaluation of water quality of Aguieira reservoir. Four sampling sites were defined in Aguieira reservoir and sampling was conducted in autumn 2018, spring and autumn 2019. WFD showed overall that Aguieira reservoir presented moderate EP. The autumn samples and the two reservoir upstream sites had the worst classification. These results were complemented by a set of ecotoxicological assays (growth inhibition of Raphidocelis subcapitata and Spirodela polyrhiza, and feeding rate of Daphnia longispina) using three natural water treatments. R. subcapitata was the most sensitive species, indicating the presence of a risk that is not detected by chemical analysis, nor by organisms of different trophic levels. D. longispina only showed sensitivity in A3 and A4 in autumn, however this results was difficult to interpret since no reason can be observed to respond the F1 lower feeding rate observed in almost sites. S. polyrhiza, as well as the total chlorophyll, lipid peroxidation, and proline content did not show sensitivity, since no discrimination among the water treatments were recorded. The relevance of bioassays is associated with the fact that an integrated response to a complex mixture can be obtained, which can contain more substances than the measured ones. Thus, we may conclude that WFD are insufficient to draw conclusions about water quality, and the growth inhibition of Raphidocelis subcapitata assay is an important parameter to complement the WFD. In addition, species of different trophic levels are recommended for ecotoxicological analyses due to differences in species sensitivities.

To prepare students to face a technology-shaped world, education must become creative and innovative. In fact, we live in a fast-changing world, where technological advances have been causing a great disruption in our lives, jobs and societies; job automation and knowledge-based economies require our students to get ready for jobs that do not yet exist, for technology that has not yet been invented. This study contributes to the understanding of which learning approach is more likely to provide learners with the skills for the 21st century, to include critical thinking, problem-solving, collaboration and social-emotional skills. Building on existing research on how technology impacts the way we teach and learn, it asks: which learning model optimizes student’s preparation for the knowledge-based societies? In this context, the outlined learning methods are traditional learning (learning in the physical classroom); e-learning (learning through online learning programs); and blended learning (a mix of face-to-face and e-learning). This paper is based on a review of literature on different learning approaches and respective advantages and disadvantages, both from the student’s and the teacher’s perspectives. This analysis shows that education must change, that the change includes using technology and implies challenges for students, teachers and institutions. The results indicate that to provide students with the crucial skills for an uncertain future, instead of the traditional classroom-based or the fully online learning-based model a blended or mixed approach would be preferable, as it takes advantages of the benefits of both.

The present paper aims at the establishment and testing of construction cost functions for wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) based on their hydraulic and physical characteristics. A five-step meth...

This study presents a means to address therapist accuracy in CBT as it relates to discussion of cognitive errors and coping strategies. Therapist interventions from CBT therapy sessions of 43 patients with depression were identified using the Comprehensive Psychotherapeutic Interventions Rating Scale, and focus of interventions on negative or positive cognitive errors, or affective, behavioural, or cognitive coping strategies was identified using the Cognitive Errors Rating Scale and Coping Patterns Rating Scale, respectively. Patients’ depression symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory. Prior to alpha adjustment, therapist accuracy of cognitive and behavioural coping strategies was found to significantly predict better coping. Tentative conclusions are provided on the value of attuning to patients’ coping strategies.

This work intended to assess the adaptability of bioassay with Raphidocelis subcapitata to be used as a complement to the water quality assessment parameters of reservoirs imposed by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Thus, water samples of Portuguese reservoirs (Miranda, Pocinho, Aguieira, and Alqueva) were analyzed in three sampling periods (spring and autumn 2019, and spring 2020). A physical and chemical report of waters was also performed. R. subcapitata assay proved to be sensitive, indicating the presence of a potential perturbation that was not always associated with chemical analysis performed. In general, in the spring samplings, the water samples showed more disturbances to R. subcapitata, which in some situations may be associated with the higher content of nutrients and metals. Microalgae assay can be an effective complementary tool to indicate the ecotoxicological potential since they responded quickly to all sample components of water samples, in a wide-ranging variety of water conditions (different sites in several reservoirs). High similarities between the final ecotoxicological and the ecological potentials, according to the WFD parameters, were detected. The ecotoxicological approach based on our results allowed to confirm that bioassays with R. subcapitata are suitable and sensible to detect perturbations.

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are plant-derived nanomaterials, showing advantageous physicochemical properties, renewable nature and low cost. CNFs have great potential in several industries, including forest, food, pharmaceutical and biomedicine, as drug-delivery systems or for tissue repair and regeneration. The increased production and application of CNFs leads to greater exposure of both workers and consumers, being extremely important to evaluate possible negative outcomes for human health. Due to their similarities with other fibers, such as carbon nanotubes, they may reveal adverse effects, such as carcinogenesis. The objective of this work was to evaluate the biosafety of CNFs produced by different pre-treatments - TEMPO-mediated oxidation and enzymatic hydrolysis - from a bleached industrial Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulp. For this purpose, the internalization, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of these CNFs was analysed through different parameters: intracellular localization, cell viability and chromosome damage. Human lung epithelial cells (A549) were used, since the most frequent route of exposure is inhalation of CNFs, especially in occupational context

A large variety of oils, surfactants, cosurfactants, and aqueous phases are available to obtain microemulsions. The percentage (or ratio) of the different components, as well as the interaction between them, should be insightfully controlled due to their capacity to induce alterations in microemulsion properties, namely structure, electric conductivity, viscosity, and drug solubilization. Microemulsions are endowed of a small droplet size and the capacity of solubilizing lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs, allowing for a superior drug accumulation in the active site. These drug delivery systems act as penetration enhancers, due to the presence of surfactants and oily components, increasing the transdermal absorption of the drug. The addition of a cosurfactant to the surfactant mixture enhances this effect synergistically. Nevertheless, some of the components in microemulsions, particularly, surfactants, cosurfactants, and oily components, may be responsible for the occurrence of skin irritation reactions and comedogenic effects, although these adverse effects can be minimized. Currently, the search worldwide for new drug delivery systems is one of the greatest scientific purposes. Current technological developments enable the improvement and the production of new and advanced analytical devices. Improvements in the analytical 92devices allow consequently for a more efficient and reliable characterization of microemulsions. Furthermore, to maximize clinical and cosmetic potentials of microemulsions, not only the characterization of the formulations but also the safety concerns must be addressed during the optimization process.

During the last few decades successive technological advances have brought innovation that facilitates our day-to-day life but also induces business transformation, bringing employment instability and constantly changing required skills. The intent of this paper is to help understanding what challenges workforce must face, which core skills must be mastered and what has been done so far. Reflecting about past challenges, present difficulties, and solutions found along the years may help us in preparing for the future. We first reflect on the changes caused by increased technological advances in every sector of activity during the last decades; then we analyze existing approaches in defining future challenges, present and future critical skills and solutions implemented by policy makers, universities and industry. We also analyze the most common barriers to that implementation, how to overcome them, and how may we prepare to those future challenges.

O presente trabalho analisa o trabalho de Emília Nadal no que concerne à sua temática das "caixas," principalmente focando-nos no seu trabalho dos anos setenta. Este trabalho procura também reflectir sobre a problemática da "caixa" de uma forma muito mais abrangente, partindo de um atlas de imagens. Como resultado, procura-se explorar a extrema complexidade do tema da "caixa", relacionando-o com o trabalho de Emília Nadal, mas também fazendo referência ao trabalho de muitos outros artistas. The present work analyses the work of Emilia Nadal in what concerns her theme of 'boxes', mainly focusing on her work of the seventies. This work also seeks to reflect on the thematic of the 'box' in a much more comprehensive way, starting from an atlas of images. As a result, this work tryes to explore the extreme complexity of the "box" theme, relating it to the work of Emília Nadal, but also referring to the work of many other artists.

O presente artigo apresenta parte de um processo de investigação de Doutoramento que analisa alterações não formais no espaço, através do desenho, explorando igualmente o próprio processo de desenho em si. O espaço escolhido para a investigação é um espaço mínimo interior, ou melhor um pressuposto espaço arquitectónico levado a um mínimo. Nesta investigação procura-se explorar como se altera o espaço através de variações de luz, sombra, texturas e reflexos, ou seja, factores que não alteram a sua configuração física, mas que alteram totalmente a maneira como o espaço é percepcionado e sentido. Como metodologia, privilegiou-se a análise directa do espaço, desenho à vista, utilizando-se o desenho como processo de investigação, registando as variações, que vão sendo induzidas metodicamente e propositadamente no espaço, de modo a chegar a algumas conclusões.

While innumerable studies have demonstrated the efficacy of CBT with patients with depression, the mechanisms responsible for depression reduction are not well understood. Aim. This study explored the relationship between therapists’ individual techniques and patients’ symptoms of depression, cognitive errors, and coping. Of particular interest was the relative importance of techniques specific to CBT and those common to all therapies. Method. CBT therapy sessions of 43 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) were analyzed using observer-rated measures: the Comprehensive Psychotherapeutic Interventions Rating Scale (CPIRS; Trijsburg et al., 2002) for therapist interventions, and the Cognitive Errors Rating Scale (CERS; Drapeau, Perry, & Dunkley, 2008), and Coping Patterns Rating Scale (CPRS; Perry, Drapeau, & Dunkley, 2005) for patients’ cognitive errors and coping strategies. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979) was used to assess symptoms of depression. Results. Results of hierarchical multiple regressions, controlling for pre-treatment depression scores and early cognitive errors and coping scores, showed the common factor intervention ‘rapport’ as the only intervention that significantly predicted improvement. Among CBT interventions, only the structuring intervention ‘scheduling and structuring activities’ emerged as a positive predictor of symptoms of depression. Discussion. These results provide further support for the importance of the therapeutic alliance in predicting depression outcome. While the lack of positive results on therapist CBT technique seem to cast doubt on their relative importance, it may also highlight the importance of measuring technique more contextually.

In order to understand how partial shading at the cell level affects modules normal operation, a standard monocrystalline silicon PV module, divided in three equivalent cell strings by bypass diodes, was submitted to several shading fractions ranging between 10% and 100% of a solar cell area. The modules were characterized by thermal imaging using a thermal camera and I-V curves were also obtained. A loss in the current produced in the string containing the shaded cell was verified. Such current loss increases with the shaded area, plummeting the electrical power produced by the module by one third for larger shading fractions. For all the shadings tested, a significant and non-uniform increase of temperature of the shaded cell was detected. For shaded fractions of 50% and 70%, the temperature differences between the shaded cell and the rest of the module were as high as 36.6 °C and 56.9 °C respectively.

Summary While there has been an abundance of research on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the past several decades, clinical studies on the neurobiological mechanisms involved in the disorder are only recently receiving attention. This paper will collate available information on the neurobiology of PTSD for clinical and lay audiences. This paper reviews the literature surrounding typical symptoms of PTSD, with a specific focus on the neurobiological evidence suggesting altered brain functioning among those with the condition. It will also present literature reviewing common treatment methods of PTSD and their potential effects on brain functioning, including attention, working memory, and emotional regulation. The concept of post-traumatic growth will also be introduced, indicating an alternate trajectory of PTSD. treatment / PTSD / neurobiology / post-traumatic growth

Intimate partner violence (IPV) has received increasing public awareness in recent decades because of its prevalence and widespread deleterious and sometimes fatal effects. While clinicians and researchers alike are turning their attention more than ever to the treatment of the problem, there is continuing debate in the field on how to best address and manage the problem legally, socially, and therapeutically. This article adds to the debate by reviewing some of the major issues in IPV and its treatment. In spite of advances in our understanding, the use of gender exclusive batterer groups continues to be a preferred approach to dealing with the problem. We describe how and why, in many cases, conjoint couple therapy has replaced group treatment as an alternate approach and provide empirical evidence in support of this practice. We conclude with some practical guidelines for clinicians who are to engage in conjoint treatment for IPV.

Aim: Cognitive errors (CE) and coping strategies (CS) can bear weight on how individuals relate to others and perceive interpersonal relationships. However, there is little research into how clients' erroneous beliefs and maladaptive coping strategies can interfere with the therapeutic process. This study utilised a sample of healthy clients to explore the relationship between their CEs and CSs and their evaluation of therapy. Method: Therapy sessions of undergraduate student clients (N =26) were rated using the Cognitive Error Rating Scale (CERS – 3rd edition), the Coping Patterns Rating Scale (CPRS;), the Session Evaluation Questionnaire (SEQ) and the Session Impact Scale (SIS). Results: Clients who engaged in dichotomous thinking endorsed problem solving less and were more likely to feel unsupported and misunderstood by the therapist. Clients who discounted the positive tended to feel more pressured and judged by therapists. Conversely, those who engaged in problem solving were more likely to f...

In recent years, the presence and effects of pharmaceutical drugs in aquatic ecosystems has received increasing attention from the scientific community. The increasing use of pharmaceutical drugs, such as antibiotics, is cause of concern due to their potential biochemical and physiological deleterious effects. Antibiotics are particularly important because they include a variety of substances widely used in medical and veterinary practice, livestock production and aquaculture. These compounds, such as oxytetracycline (OXY), may act not only on cultured organisms, but also in non-target species. OXY is tetracycline, being used worldwide in aquacultures, due to its high efficacy against bacterial diseases (e.g. vibriosis, enteric redmouth, and also furunculosis). The present study aimed to assess the toxic effects of OXY in the freshwater fish Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish were exposed during 96 h to OXY in concentrations of 0.005, 0.050, 0.500, 5.00 and 50.0 mg/L. In order to evaluate OXY effects in the rainbow trout, biochemical markers were analyzed, include those focused on oxidative stress parameters [catalase (CAT), total glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRed), and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) activities); lipid peroxidation levels (TBARS levels), in liver and gills]; and neurotransmission, (acetylcholinesterase AChE, in muscle and eyes). The here-obtained data showed the occurrence of oxidative stress, reflected by an increased activity of GPx, GRed and GSTs (in gills) and increase of TBARS levels in liver. Additionally, it was possible to observe significant alterations in AChE activities, with decreases in the eyes and increases in muscle. Short-term effects of antibiotics were observed indicating that physiological impairment in fish may occur, with the involvement of multiple organs and biochemical pathways. The global significance of the entire set of results is discussed, giving emphasis to the ecological relevance of the responses.

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The edible clam Venerupis decussata is widely distributed in European aquatic systems, some of which are under strong anthropogenic pressure, which can contribute to trophic transfer of xenobiotics to humans. Accordingly, the present study focused on the tolerance, bioconcentration, and biochemical responses of V. decussata after exposure to ecologically relevant concentrations of lead. Health risks to humans after consumption of clams was also explored. An acute toxicity assay (96 h) was conducted with wild clams, using Pb exposure concentrations ranging from 0 mg L(-1) to 1.80 mg L(-1). Lethality, bioconcentration factor (BCF), intracellular partitioning, and a relevant set of biomarkers were used as endpoints. Clams, interstitial water, water column, and sediment samples were collected to analyze Pb concentration. The Pb concentration in wild clams was below international consumption guidelines. Under laboratory conditions, clams revealed high sensitivity to Pb (median lethal concentration of 0.65 mg L(-1)), with a high bioconcentration ability (bioconcentration factor1) during exposure. The intracellular partitioning data showed that most of the Pb had accumulated in the insoluble fraction (80%). Several significant biochemical changes were observed, namely on catalase and glutathione-S-tranferase activities and metalothionein content. Overall, it was demonstrated that the European clam has a reduced tolerance to Pb, compared with other bivalves. However, consumption of clams from the Ria de Aveiro lagoon (Portugal) does not raise public health concerns in terms of Pb.

Tese de mestrado, Desenho, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Belas Artes, 2013 1º Vol.: 125 p ; 2º Vol.: Imagens de referência e desenho. - 69 p Submitted by Licínia Santos (biblioteca@fba.ul.pt) on 2013-10-21T10:22:35Z No. of bitstreams: 3 ULFBA_TES641_1_CAPA.jpg: 125783 bytes, checksum: 6d80dc344636edab19f8d596ec0ebb83 (MD5) ULFBA_TES641_1.pdf: 1572380 bytes, checksum: 65d73885dd9a3265cadf7457cf690c13 (MD5) ULFBA_TES641_2.pdf: 18026239 bytes, checksum: c29f5b572b9134ba22b1a3ef4abcdf3f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-21T10:23:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 ULFBA_TES641_1_CAPA.jpg: 125783 bytes, checksum: 6d80dc344636edab19f8d596ec0ebb83 (MD5) ULFBA_TES641_1.pdf: 1572380 bytes, checksum: 65d73885dd9a3265cadf7457cf690c13 (MD5) ULFBA_TES641_2.pdf: 18026239 bytes, checksum: c29f5b572b9134ba22b1a3ef4abcdf3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013