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Summary Oncogenic transformation is associated with profound changes in cellular metabolism, but whether tracking these can improve disease stratification or influence therapy decision-making is largely unknown. Using the iKnife to sample the aerosol of cauterized specimens, we demonstrate a new mode of real-time diagnosis, coupling metabolic phenotype to mutant PIK3CA genotype. Oncogenic PIK3CA results in an increase in arachidonic acid and a concomitant overproduction of eicosanoids, acting to promote cell proliferation beyond a cell-autonomous manner. Mechanistically, mutant PIK3CA drives a multimodal signaling network involving mTORC2-PKCζ-mediated activation of the calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). Notably, inhibiting cPLA2 synergizes with fatty acid-free diet to restore immunogenicity and selectively reduce mutant PIK3CA-induced tumorigenicity. Besides highlighting the potential for metabolic phenotyping in stratified medicine, this study reveals an important role for activated PI3K signaling in regulating arachidonic acid metabolism, uncovering a targetable metabolic vulnerability that largely depends on dietary fat restriction. Video Abstract, Graphical Abstract, Highlights • The iKnife offers near real-time diagnosis of PIK3CA mutant breast cancers • Oncogenic PIK3CA promotes enhanced arachidonic acid via mTORC2-PKCζ-cPLA2 signaling • Mutant PIK3CA regulates proliferation beyond a cell autonomous manner • cPLA2 inhibition and dietary fat restriction suppress PIK3CA-induced tumorigenicity, Metabolic fingerprinting using the iKnife offers near real-time diagnosis of PIK3CA mutant breast cancers and connects oncogenic PIK3CA with enhanced arachidonic acid metabolism. cPLA2 inhibition shows remarkable synergy with dietary fat restriction to restore tumoral immune cell infiltration and inhibit growth of mutant PIK3CA-bearing breast tumors.

A combined proteomics and bioinformatics strategy for mapping interactome dynamics via assessment of subcellular protein–protein colocalisations., Localisation and protein function are intimately linked in eukaryotes, as proteins are localised to specific compartments where they come into proximity of other functionally relevant proteins. Significant co-localisation of two proteins can therefore be indicative of their functional association. We here present COLA, a proteomics based strategy coupled with a bioinformatics framework to detect protein–protein co-localisations on a global scale. COLA reveals functional interactions by matching proteins with significant similarity in their subcellular localisation signatures. The rapid nature of COLA allows mapping of interactome dynamics across different conditions or treatments with high precision.

We assessed structural elements of the retina in individuals with Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) and in mouse models of FRDA, as well as functions of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in FRDA using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We analyzed the retina of the FRDA mouse models YG22R and YG8R containing a human FRATAXIN (FXN) transgene by histology. We complemented this work with post-mortem evaluation of eyes from FRDA patients. Finally, we derived RPE cells from patient FRDA-iPSCs to assess oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and phagocytosis. We showed that whilst the YG22R and YG8R mouse models display elements of retinal degeneration, they do not recapitulate the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) found in the human disease. Further, RPE cells differentiated from human FRDA-iPSCs showed normal OXPHOS and we did not observe functional impairment of the RPE in Humans., Highlights • We examined the retinal pigment epithelium in Friedreich ataxia. • We used mouse models, human postmortem eyes and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium cells. • We did not find evidence of retinal pigment epithelium impairment in humans. • We described elements of degeneration in YG22R and YG8R mouse retina and human eyes.

This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in Human Molecular Genetics following peer review. The version of record Antonella Santoro, Sara Anjomani Virmouni, Eleonora Paradies, Valentina L Villalobos Coa, Sahar Al-Mahdawi, Mee Khoo, Vito Porcelli, Angelo Vozza, Mara Perrone, Nunzio Denora, Franco Taroni, Giuseppe Merla, Luigi Palmieri, Mark A Pook, Carlo M T Marobbio, Effect of diazoxide on Friedreich ataxia models, Human Molecular Genetics, Volume 27, Issue 6, 15 March 2018, Pages 992–1001, is available online at:https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/27/6/992/4793004 Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an inherited recessive disorder caused by a deficiency in the mitochondrial protein frataxin. There is currently no effective treatment for FRDA available, especially for neurological deficits. In this study, we tested diazoxide, a drug commonly used as vasodilator in the treatment of acute hypertension, on cellular and animal models of FRDA. We first showed that diazoxide increases frataxin protein levels in FRDA lymphoblastoid cell lines, via the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. We then explored the potential therapeutic effect of diazoxide in frataxin-deficient transgenic YG8sR mice and we found that prolonged oral administration of 3 mpk/d diazoxide was found to be safe, but produced variable effects concerning efficacy. YG8sR mice showed improved beam walk coordination abilities and footprint stride patterns, but a generally reduced locomotor activity. Moreover, they showed significantly increased frataxin expression, improved aconitase activity, and decreased protein oxidation in cerebellum and brain mitochondrial tissue extracts. Further studies are needed before this drug should be considered for FRDA clinical trials.

Copyright @ 2014 the authors. This article is made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund. It is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. Mammalian telomeric DNA consists of tandem repeats of the sequence TTAGGG associated with a specialized set of proteins, known collectively as Shelterin. These telosomal proteins protect the ends of chromosomes against end-to-end fusion and degradation. Short telomeres in breast cancer cells confer telomere dysfunction and this can be related to Shelterin proteins and their level of expression in breast cancer cell lines. This study investigates whether expression of Shelterin and Shelterin-associated proteins are altered, and influence the protection and maintenance of telomeres, in breast cancer cells. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR) and trichostatin A (TSA) were used in an attempt to reactivate the expression of silenced genes. Our studies have shown that Shelterin and Shelterin-associated genes were down-regulated in breast cancer cell lines; this may be due to epigenetic modification of DNA as the promoter region of POT1 was found to be partially methylated. Shelterin genes expression was up-regulated upon treatment of 21NT breast cancer cells with 5-aza-CdR and TSA. The telomere length of treated 21NT cells was measured by q-PCR showed an increase in telomere length at different time points. Our studies have shown that down-regulation of Shelterin genes is partially due to methylation in some epithelial breast cancer cell lines. Removal of epigenetic silencing results in up-regulation of Shelterin and Shelterin-associated genes which can then lead to telomere length elongation and stability.

Mammalian DNA methylation, which exists mainly as 5-methylcytosine within CpG dinucleotides, is involved in the control of gene expression and is known to be important for neurodevelopment and the normal function of neurons within the adult central nervous system. Defective DNA methylation processes and altered genome-wide or locus-specific DNA methylation profiles may cause or contribute to a number of human diseases, including neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. This review focuses on our current understanding of the role of DNA methylation and its potential as a biomarker in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, and spinocerebellar ataxia type 7.

Copyright © 2015 The Author(s). Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a GAA repeat expansion mutation within intron 1 of the FXN gene, resulting in reduced levels of frataxin protein. We have previously reported the generation of human FXN yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) transgenic FRDA mouse models containing 90-190 GAA repeats, but the presence of multiple GAA repeats within these mice is considered suboptimal. We now describe the cellular, molecular and behavioural characterisation of a newly developed YAC transgenic FRDA mouse model, designated YG8sR, which we have shown by DNA sequencing to contain a single pure GAA repeat expansion. The founder YG8sR mouse contained 120 GAA repeats but, due to intergenerational expansion, we have now established a colony of YG8sR mice that contain ~200 GAA repeats. We show that YG8sR mice have a single copy of the FXN transgene, which is integrated at a single site as confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis of metaphase and interphase chromosomes. We have identified significant behavioural deficits, together with a degree of glucose intolerance and insulin hypersensitivity, in YG8sR FRDA mice compared with control Y47R and wild-type (WT) mice. We have also detected increased somatic GAA repeat instability in the brain and cerebellum of YG8sR mice, together with significantly reduced expression of FXN, FAST-1 and frataxin, and reduced aconitase activity, compared with Y47R mice. Furthermore, we have confirmed the presence of pathological vacuoles within neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of YG8sR mice. These novel GAA-repeat-expansion-based YAC transgenic FRDA mice, which exhibit progressive FRDA-like pathology, represent an excellent model for the investigation of FRDA disease mechanisms and therapy. The European Union Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007–2013] under grant agreement number 242193/EFACTS (C.S. and M.S.), together with funding from Friedreich’s Ataxia Research Alliance (FARA), Ataxia UK and GoFAR (S.A.V. and V.E.) to M.A.P.

PARK2 is a gene implicated in disease states with opposing responses in cell fate determination, yet its contribution in pro-survival signaling is largely unknown. Here we show that PARK2 is altered in over a third of all human cancers, and its depletion results in enhanced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) activation and increased vulnerability to PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors. PARK2 depletion contributes to AMPK-mediated activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species, and a concomitant increase in oxidized nitric oxide levels, thereby promoting the inhibition of PTEN by S-nitrosylation and ubiquitination. Notably, AMPK activation alone is sufficient to induce PTEN S-nitrosylation in the absence of PARK2 depletion. Park2 loss and Pten loss also display striking cooperativity to promote tumorigenesis in vivo. Together, our findings reveal an important missing mechanism that might account for PTEN suppression in PARK2-deficient tumors, and they highlight the importance of PTEN S-nitrosylation in supporting cell survival and proliferation under conditions of energy deprivation., We thank Rodrick Bronson, the entire HMS Rodent Histopathology Core, and the ICR Pathology Core for technical help with the mouse histopathology and discussions concerning the project. We also thank David Carling for the generous gift of the 991 activator, Nick Leslie for the pHR-SIN-PTEN-WT and Tina Yuan for the pLV430G-oFL-T2A-eGFP vectors, Pier Paolo Pandolfi for giving us access to Pten knockout (KO) mice, and Olga Corti and Alexis Brice for providing Park2 KO mice. We thank Susanne Breitkopf and Min Yuan for help with mass spectrometry. This work was supported by grants from the NIH P01-CA120964 (J.M.A. and L.C.C.) and R01-GM041890. A.V. was funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport under the Program for Promoting and Hiring of Talent and its Employability (Subprogram for Mobility) of the Spanish Government. G.P. is funded by the ICR. Work in the D.A. lab is supported by MRC grant MC_UP_1202/1. L.C.C. owns equity in, receives compensation from, and serves on the Board of Directors and Scientific Advisory Board of Agios Pharmaceuticals. Agios Pharmaceuticals is identifying metabolic pathways in cancer cells and developing drugs to inhibit such enzymes to disrupt tumor cell growth and survival. Finally, we would like to dedicate this work to the memory of Professor Chris Marshall who was an esteemed colleague and mentor, whose scientific discoveries will continue to inspire us and translate basic science into benefits for cancer patients.

Background Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a progressive inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutation of the FXN gene, resulting in decreased frataxin expression, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. A recent study has identified shorter telomeres in FRDA patient leukocytes as a possible disease biomarker. Results Here we aimed to investigate both telomere structure and function in FRDA cells. Our results confirmed telomere shortening in FRDA patient leukocytes and identified similar telomere shortening in FRDA patient autopsy cerebellar tissues. However, FRDA fibroblasts showed significantly longer telomeres at early passage, occurring in the absence of telomerase activity, but with activation of an alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT)-like mechanism. These cells also showed accelerated telomere shortening as population doubling increases. Furthermore, telomere dysfunction-induced foci (TIF) analysis revealed that FRDA fibroblasts have dysfunctional telomeres. Conclusions Our finding of dysfunctional telomeres in FRDA cells provides further insight into FRDA molecular disease mechanisms, which may have implications for future FRDA therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-015-0019-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund. Background: Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease caused by GAA repeat expansion in the first intron of the FXN gene, which encodes frataxin, an essential mitochondrial protein. To further characterise the molecular abnormalities associated with FRDA pathogenesis and to hasten drug screening, the development and use of animal and cellular models is considered essential. Studies of lower organisms have already contributed to understanding FRDA disease pathology, but mammalian cells are more related to FRDA patient cells in physiological terms. Methodology/Principal Findings: We have generated fibroblast cells and neural stem cells (NSCs) from control Y47R mice (9 GAA repeats) and GAA repeat expansion YG8R mice (190+120 GAA repeats). We then differentiated the NSCs in to neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes as confirmed by immunocytochemical analysis of cell specific markers. The three YG8R mouse cell types (fibroblasts, NSCs and differentiated NSCs) exhibit GAA repeat stability, together with reduced expression of frataxin and reduced aconitase activity compared to control Y47R cells. Furthermore, YG8R cells also show increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and downregulation of Pgc-1α and antioxidant gene expression levels, especially Sod2. We also analysed various DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene expression levels and found that YG8R cells displayed significant reduction in expression of several MMR genes, which may contribute to the GAA repeat stability. Conclusions/Significance: We describe the first fibroblast and NSC models from YG8R FRDA mice and we confirm that the NSCs can be differentiated into neurons and glia. These novel FRDA mouse cell models, which exhibit a FRDA-like cellular and molecular phenotype, will be valuable resources to further study FRDA molecular pathogenesis. They will also provide very useful tools for preclinical testing of frataxin-increasing compounds for FRDA drug therapy, for gene therapy, and as a source of cells for cell therapy testing in FRDA mice. © 2014 Sandi et al.