Search

Steroidal sapogenins (SS) are structural analogues of steroidal drugs, which are frequently used for the treatment of several diseases including reproductive, malignancies, neurological, and inflam...

Sea cucumbers or holothurians are marine invertebrates, belonging to the phylum Echinodermata (kingdom Animalia). In Asia, they are commonly used as food, while they are applied in traditional medicine as well. A wide range of secondary metabolites from these animals has been reported, but triterpene glycosides are the most predominant and most studied and are considered as valuable chemotaxonomic markers. With respect to this, the genus Holothuria is an important genus of sea cucumbers, given the high number and variety of triterpene glycosides previously reported. Holothuria triterpene glycosides are typically composed of a 3β-hydroxyholost-9(11)-ene aglycon and a glycosidic moiety comprised of one up to six sugar units, connected to position 3 of the sapogenin. In the past decade (2010–2020) as much as 63 saponins were identified for the first time in the Holothuria genus, of which 36 had not been reported before. Identification was mainly carried out by LC–MS (liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry) analysis, while also NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy is often applied for structure elucidation. However, while carrying out a literature search on these compounds, various inconsistencies were observed. Therefore, this review intends to provide an overview of typical signals that can occur in NMR and MS data, accompanied with an extensive explanation of their interpretation, in order to facilitate any future research on identification/structure elucidation of Holothuria saponins. Moreover, the data published in the past decade were critically reviewed and various questionable results are discussed.

BackgroundTrigonella foenum-graecum(Methi) is a leguminous plant and botanically known asTrigonella foenum-graecumLinn, belong to the family Fabaceae.Trigonella foenum-graecumis used for a variety of health conditions, including digestive problems, bronchitis, tuberculosis, fevers, sore throats, wounds, arthritis, abscesses, swollen glands, skin irritations, diabetes, loss of appetite, ulcers, and menopausal symptoms, as well as in the treatment of cancer.Trigonella foenum-graecumseeds mainly contain Diosgenin [(3β,25R)-spirost-5-en3-ol], a plant-derived steroid sapogenin.ResultsThe identification and quantification results by HPTLC and HPLC studies ofTrigonella foenum-graecumseeds hydrolysedTrigonella foenum-graecumseeds, coded formulation, hydrolysed coded formulation extract with standard Diosgenin biomarker showed a significant highest peak in hydrolysedTrigonella foenum-graecumseeds and hydrolysed coded formulation. The standard Diosgenin is observed in the hydrolysed form of hydrolysedTrigonella foenum-graecumseeds and hydrolysed coded formulation. The literature onTrigonella foenum-graecumconfirms its activity as antidiabetic, and the peak of standard biomarker Diosgenin is seen after derivatization with anisaldehyde sulphuric agent, which possesses medicinal phytoconstituents value. Further related to future scientific aspects, more studies on its potent antidiabetic activity and multipurpose action need to be carried out with medicinal composition and its effects on the human body.ConclusionThis study aims to establish the qualitative and quantitative estimation of standard Diosgenin in reliable with coded ayurvedic formulation andTrigonella foenum-graecumseeds and its activity as antidiabetic by HPTLC and HPLC.

Three new steroidal sapogenins, 3β,8β,14β-trihydroxycarda-5,20(22)-dienolide (1), (20R)-12β,20-epoxy-3β,8β,14β-trihydroxy-17α-pregn-5-en-17-yl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate (2), and 3,20-dioxo-8β,14β,17β-trihydroxy-17α-pregn-5-en-12β-yl 4-hydroxybenzoate (3), along with four known C21-steroidal sapogenins (4-7) were isolated from the hydrolysate of Cynanchum otophyllum roots. Among them, compound 1 harbouring a rare β-OH at the C-8 position in the cardenolide skeleton, was identified for the first time in the genus Cynanchum. Their structures were elucidated via extensive spectroscopic analysis, including UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR. Compounds 1-7 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against four cancer cell lines (MCF-7, H1299, HeLa, and HepG2). Compound 1 exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the growth of the four cell lines, exhibiting IC50 values ranging from 6.86 to 22.09 μM.

The influence of three factors in the survival of seedlings of two sapogeninbearing Dioscorea species were tested: Season of the year to establish the seedbed, age of the plant at transplanting, and the orientation of the tuber in the soil (with orientation and stem, or without orientation and no stem). No strong or consistent differences between treatments could be demonstrated. This indicates that the farmer can develop his plantings under a flexible system, if dry-season irrigation is practiced. The planting can be adapted for mechanization by seeding tubers directly into the soil without stem and with random orientation.

Saponins are amphiphilic molecules of pharmaceutical interest and most of their biological activities (i.e., cytotoxic, hemolytic, fungicide, etc.) are associated to their membranolytic properties. These molecules are secondary metabolites present in numerous plants and in some marine animals, such as sea cucumbers and starfishes. Structurally, all saponins correspond to the combination of a hydrophilic glycan, consisting of sugar chain(s), linked to a hydrophobic triterpenoidic or steroidic aglycone, named the sapogenin. Saponins present a high structural diversity and their structural characterization remains extremely challenging. Ideally, saponin structures are best established using nuclear magnetic resonance experiments conducted on isolated molecules. However, the extreme structural diversity of saponins makes them challenging from a structural analysis point of view since, most of the time, saponin extracts consist in a huge number of congeners presenting only subtle structural differences. In the present review, we wish to offer an overview of the literature related to the development of mass spectrometry for the study of saponins. This review will demonstrate that most of the past and current mass spectrometry methods, including electron, electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ionizations, gas/liquid chromatography coupled to (tandem) mass spectrometry, collision-induced dissociation including MS3 experiments, multiple reaction monitoring based quantification, ion mobility experiments, and so forth, have been used for saponin investigations with great success on enriched extracts but also directly on tissues using imaging methods.

Diabetes has become one of the world's most serious public health problems. The importance of plant extracts in diabetes management is widely acknowledged. This study was designed to determine the phytochemical compositions of the selected herbal preparations, which is used for treatment of Diabetes in Nigeria. Standard method was employed and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) instrument used for the analysis and quantification of phytochemicals present in the samples. The analyses revealed the presence of 23 bioactive compounds and they include; Proanthocyanin, Phytate, Quinine, Naringin, Epihedrine, Anthocyanin, Lunamarin, Phenol, Spartein, Naringenin, Ribalinidine, Catechin, Resveratol, Flavonoid, Steriods, Kaempferol, Flavone, Sapogenin, Oxalate, Rutin, Epicatechin, Tannin and Flava 3 ol in different concentrations. However, tannin and flava 3 ol are absent in all except Blessed father which have oxalate, ribalinidine and phenol absent. Steroids and spartein are absent in colon cleanser, while epicatechin, rutin, oxalate, sapogenin, kaempferol and resveratrol are all absent in Ashietu Adams. Evaking herbal also does not contain epicathechin. The herbal preparations contained pharmacologically active compounds which support its traditional use for the treatment of Diabetes.

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (Apiaceae) is a commercial medicinal plant, which is rich in pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) named centellosides including asiaticoside and madecassoside as triterpene saponins in addition to their corresponding sapogenins (asiatic acid and madecassic acid). These are well-known bioactive compounds in C. asiatica due to their extensive applications in medicinal and cosmetic industries. In the present study, variability and association of agro-morphological and phytochemical traits in the three Iranian C. asiatica ecotypes were studied to select the best ecotype for further domestication, breeding, and commercial exploitation programs. Among the studied samples, Aziz-Kian showed the highest content of the total PTs, asiaticoside, and madecassoside. The highest leaf length, leaf width, and content of PTs especially asiatic acid were determined in Abkenar ecotype. The highest correlation (0.99) was obtained between asiaticoside and madecassoside. Internode length, leaf length, petiole diameter, petiole length, root diameter, and root length were significantly correlated with total PTs. Cluster analysis based on phytochemical and phenotypical data allocated ecotypes into three different groups. Principle component analysis revealed that leaf length, leaf width, petiole diameter, petiole length, root per node, and asiatic acid had the highest contribution in classification. The studied samples were divided into two distinct chemotypes including I (asiaticoside and madecassoside) and II (asiatic acid and madecassic acid). Based on path analysis, internode length, root diameter, and leaf length can be highly recommended for the plant breeding purposes. These findings can be considered in further breeding programs to release high-yielding cultivar of C. asiatica rich in centellosides.

The traditional medicinal plants are believed to be an impotent source of phytochemicals with potential therapeutic effects, and caring for different diseases. The plantSolanum surattensehas active phytochemicals like saponins, alkaloid, phenols, solamargine, solasurine, solasonine, gum, ascorbic acid, sterols, torvoside K, torvoside L, khasianine, glycosides, flavonoids, aculeatiside A, solamargine, glycoalkaloid, steroidal compound, steroidal alkaloids, polyphenol (caffeic acid), coumarins (esculentin and aesculin), steroids (carpesterol, campesterol, daucosterol, stigmasterol, cycloortanol, and cholesterol), triterpinins, and sapogenin. This medicinal plant is widespread in pharmaceutics and still presents a large source of active phytochemicals with different activity such as antimicrobial, anti-larvicidal, anthelmintic, antimalarial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-asthmatic, and anti-cancerous. This review of the literature revealed new researches on the phytochemicals ofS. surattensethat how the active phytochemicals are performed different activities on the molecular level in vital aspects.

Synthetic surfactants are widely used in a wide array of cleaning products due to their ability in lowering the surface tension of water. These surfactants also come with bad effects on people's health and the environment. Plant-based surfactant, or saponin, is expected to produce the same desired effect of chemical surfactant, minus the negative effect. The purpose of the current research was to discover the surface-active properties of saponin extracted from Nephelium Lappaceum or rambutan leaves, relative to commercial surfactant, Tween 80, and SDS. Rambutan’s leaves were extracted by maceration technique and liquid-liquid extraction to remove proteins and lipids of the plant. The presence of saponin in crude rambutan leaves was verified by foam test, which showed positive results. The crude rambutan leaves extracts were further analyzed by FTIR, GC-MS, and LC-QTOF-MS. The surface-active test consisted of a wetting test and cleaning test. The results from the IR spectrum show the presence of functional groups of saponin; OH, C=O, C-H, C=C, then, C-O which indicates the glycosides linkages to sapogenins. The wetting time for leave extracts, SDS, and Tween 80 were 32.33s, 7.33s, and 17.62s respectively. The cleaning test of saponin fraction, SDS, and Tween 80 showed the percentage of 20.98, 80.40, and 37.3 respectively. Generally, Rambutan leaves extract showed promising, but lower surface activities compared to commercial surfactants. Considering that the saponin fraction was not yet in the purest or isolated form of a single compound, it can be said the potential can be further enhanced by further isolating a pure surface-active compound from the saponin fraction.

Two novel acylated steroidal sapogenins, 3β-acetoxy-1α, 2α, 4β, 5α, 7α-pentahydroxy-spirost-25(27)-en-6-one (1) and (25S)-3α-acetoxy-1α, 2β, 4α, 5α, 7α-pentahydroxyspirostan-6-one (2), together with two known steroidal sapogenins (3 and 4), were isolated from Rohdea chinensis rhizomes. Their structures were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data. In addition, the antifungal activities of the isolated compounds against Penicillium digitatum and Rhizopus stolonifera were evaluated. Compound 2 significantly inhibited R. stolonifera growth, which was comparable to the positive control (sodium benzoate and carbendazim). Compound 4 showed the highest potency to inhibit P. digitatum growth compared to other compounds.

Demissidine is an indolizidine alkaloid isolated from several potato species. A simple synthesis of demissidine stereoisomers and analogues from a common steroidal sapogenin tigogenin is presented ...

Surfactants are typically organic compounds containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups bearing polar and non-polar classes. Saponin is one of the surfactant classes present in the plant species with steroidal aglycone or triterpenoid and one or more chains of sugar characterized by its structure. Now days, consumers are becoming more aware of natural products associated with their physicochemical properties. Saponin's potential use as surfactant is caused by the combination of a non-polar sapogenin side chain and a water-soluble one, which is close to the structure of most lipophilic and hydrophilic molecular sections of synthetic surfactants. The foaming power of the 0.6% crude saponins solution, 0.6% SLS solution and 0.6% Tween 80 solution were found to be 80%, 93.87% and 97.56% respectively. It showed that 0.6% crude saponins possessed moderate foaming ability. The surface active properties of saponin were also compared with the synthetic surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and Tween 80. Surface tension of 0.6% solution of saponin, SLS and Tween 80 was determined as 37.39 mN/m, 26.15 mN/m and 37.18 mN /m respectively. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of saponin and Tween 80 was comparable.

Gastric mucosal injury is caused by an imbalance between the mucosal defense and gastro-irritants, leading to gastroenteritis. Diosgenin is a steroidal sapogenin found in the wild Yam plant that has been reported with several pharmacological properties. The aim of this study is to explore the gastroprotective role of diosgenin on gastric mucosal damage caused by HCl/ethanol in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intragastrically administered with diosgenin (20 mg/kg) before HCl/ethanol (0.15 M HCl in 98 % ethanol) administration. Omeprazole was used as a positive control. Diosgenin-attenuated oxidative stress by enhancing (p < 0.05) antioxidant enzymes, reducing lipid peroxidation (MDA), and modulating nitric oxide (NO) levels. Anti-inflammatory effects of diosgenin were observed by a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines (p < 0.05), decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities (p < 0.05), and histopathological observation of gastric mucosal damage. Western blot analysis provided evidence on the downregulation of NF-κβ by diosgenin. The findings showed that diosgenin has a significant protective role on gastric injury caused by HCl/ethanol, through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory role, and suppression of NF-κβ and MPO activities.

Asparagus racemosus the queen of herbs is an important medicinal plant regarded as a ayurvedic rasayana, a plant drug which prevent ageing, increase longevity, impart immunity, improve mental function, vigour and add vitality to the body. It recommended for female health in habitual abortions, weakness of the uterus, excessive bleeding during menstruation etc. Based on the fragmentary information an investigation of the crude methanolic extract of the roots for the presence of bioactive components was done adopting Harborne method. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of chemical constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroidal saponins and carbohydrates. The TLC profiling of the methanolic extract showed four active spots for flavonoids, saponins and other secondary metabolites. The spectral analysis using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry identified about 13 major and 5 minor active constituents. Identification of steroidal sapogenin from the GC/MS spectra was the highlight of this present study. Diosgenin, the steroidal sapogenin is the precursor for the semisynthesis of progesterone.

In the current study, antiproliferative effects of 3 s- hydroxyl- Olean - 12 - en - 28 - oic acid (Oleanolic acid ; OA) & 3-s-hydroxyolean - 12-en–27, 28 dioic acid (Cincholic acid; CA); triterpene sapogenins isolated from the ethyl-acetate fraction of Lotus glaber-mill herb were evaluated against three human cancer cell lines, the liver cancer cell line( HepG-2), the colon cancer cell line (HCT-116), & the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The structures of isolated phytoconstituents were identified by careful analysis of 1D NMR spectra and negative ESI-MS data. Oleanolic acid & Cincholic acid displayed cytotoxic activities against the tested cell lines. Oleanolic acid has lower IC50 than Cincholic acid for both MCF-7 & HCT-116 at 27.99 & 18.66µg/ml respectively.While Cincholic acid has a lower IC50 in HEPG-2 than Oleanolic acid at 22.81µg/ml. Further investigations have shown that Oleanolic acid & Cincholic acid- induce apoptosis and cause cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase.

We develop a method on the basis of high-performance liquid phase chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) for determination of triterpene glycosides in ginseng extracts. In contrast to procedures based on HPLC with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV), commonly used for extract standardization, superior selectivity afforded by the developed method enables identification and quantitation of 23 major and minor ginsenosides. For this, in addition to using MS for highly selective detection of adduct ions composed of ginsenoside molecules and sodium and fragment sapogenin ions, we identify the conditions for chromatographic separation on a sorbent with grafted pentafluorophenyl groups. The effects that the temperature and mobile phase composition have on the selectivity of glycoside determination receive special attention here. For some pairs of compounds (F4/Rg6 and Rk3/Rh4), complete separation of chromatographic peaks is not achieved; nevertheless, even if present simultaneously, they can be determined owing to their different m/z ratios. The linearity ranges, equations for calibration curves, and analytical parameters (i.e., the limit of detection and reproducibility) are established for all analytes. The developed method is tested for standardization of reference extracts of Asian (P. ginseng) and American (P. quinquefolius) ginseng roots. For some ginsenosides, the content claimed by the manufacturer is at variance with the actual values, while for others the determined concentrations proved to be close to the claimed values. Additionally, we succeed in expanding the range of determinable ginsenosides, which is important for medical application of such extracts.

An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography – high-resolution mass spectrometry profiling method was used for a comprehensive study of flavonoid and saponin-rich fractions from the aerial parts of wild spinach (Chenopodium bonus-henricus L.). Thirty-six compounds, respectively, 22 saponins of eight sapogenins (phytolaccagenin, bayogenin, medicagenic acid, 2β-hydroxygypsogenin, 2β-hydroxyoleanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-30-nor-gypsogenin, 2-hydroxyakebonic acid, and akebonic acid) together with 12 flavonoid glycosides of 6-methoxykaempferol, isorhamnetin, patuletin, spinacetin as well as two ecdysteroids (20-hydroxyecdysone and polypodine B) were detected. The occurrence of sapogenins 2-hydroxy-30-nor-gypsogenin, 2-hydroxyakebonic acid, and akebonic acid in the Chenopodium genus is reported here for the first time. The flavonoid and saponin-rich fractions showed in vitro hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity comparable to those of flavonoid complex silymarin (60 μg/mL) in a model of metabolic bioactivation, induced by CCl4. All tested fractions, compared to silymarin, significantly reduced the cellular damage caused by CCl4 in rat hepatocytes, preserved cell viability and GSH level, decreased LDH leakage, and reduced lipid damage. The results showed that saponin-rich fractions F3A and F3B possessed better hepatoprotective activity than flavonoid-rich fractions (F2A and F2B). The most active was fraction F3B and this is probably due to the synergism between the saponins and some acylated flavonol glycosides found there.

Introduction. Modern pharmacognostic research is aimed at searching for plant biologically active individual compounds (hereinafter referred to as RBAIS) isolated from plant extracts.Aim. Validation of HPLC-UV quantitative determination of sapogenin diosgenin in plant extracts from fenugreek seeds.Materials and methods. The object of study was raw materials-fenugreek seeds produced as medicinal plant raw materials by LLC «Sage» (Irkutsk). Validation of the method was carried out according to the parameters: specificity, linearity, correctness, precision in accordance with the requirements of SP XIV. One series of medicinal plant raw materials was used for the analysis, such as serial number – 010117, release date – 15 february 2017.Results and discussion. Validation characteristics were determined and their compliance with the necessary acceptance criteria was experimentally confirmed.Conclusion. It is established that the developed method of identification and quantitative determination of diosgenin in fenugreek seed extracts by HPLC-UV is correct, precise, specific and linear in the analytical field.

Introduction . Modern pharmacognostic research is aimed at searching for plant biologically active individual compounds (RBAIS) isolated from plant extracts. Aim . Study of the content of the steroid sapogenin diosgenin in fenugreek seeds in plant extracts by HPLC-UV method. Materials and methods . The object of study was raw materials-fenugreek seeds produced as medicinal plant raw materials by LLC «Sage» (Irkutsk). Series of extraction and chromatographic separation by HPLC-UV method were performed. Results and discussion . In this work, the method of diosgenin extraction was successfully optimized (after acid hydrolysis of dioscin with a 5 % aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid when heated for at least 4 hours in a sand bath at a power of 150 W) from raw fenugreek seeds using a 50 % aqueous solution of isopropanol, h.h. A simplified technique for chromatographic separation of diosgenin from fenugreek seed extracts using an isocratic mode of 99.9 % acetonitrile elution (h.h.) was proposed. Conclusion . The average content of diosgenin (after acid hydrolysis of dioscin) in fenugreek seeds, taking into account the humidity of raw materials, is (M ± σ ) 5,3 ± 0,05 mg/g (95 % CI: 5,1-5,4 mg/g; n = 6).

Hit anti-leishmanial saponin structures selected following primary and secondary screening., Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by insect-vector borne protozoan parasites of the, Leishmania species. Whilst infection threatens and affects millions of the global poor, vaccines are absent and drug therapy limited. Extensive efforts have recently been made to discover new leads from small molecule synthetic compound libraries held by industry; however, the number of new chemical entities identified and entering development as anti-leishmanials has been very low. This has led to increased interest in the possibility of discovering naturally derived compounds with potent antileishmanial activity which may be developed towards clinical applications. Plant-derived triterpenoid and steroidal saponins have long been considered as anti-microbials and here we describe an investigation of a library of 137 natural (9) and semi-synthetic saponins (128) for activity against Leishmania mexicana, a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The triterpenoid sapogenin, hederagenin, readily obtained in large quantities from Hedera helix (common ivy), was converted into a range of 128 derivatives. These semi-synthetic compounds, as well as saponins isolated from ivy, were examined with a phenotypic screening approach to identify potent and selective anti-leishmanial hits. This led to the identification of 12 compounds, including the natural saponin gypsogenin, demonstrating high potency (ED50 < 10.5 μM) against axenic L. mexicana amastigotes, the mammalian pathogenic form. One of these, hederagenin disuccinate, was sufficiently non-toxic to the macrophage host cell to facilitate further analyses, selectivity index (SI) > 10. Whilst this was not active in an infected cell model, the anti-leishmanial properties of hederagenin-derivatives have been demonstrated, and the possibility of improving the selectivity of natural hederagenin through chemical modification has been established.

BF3·OEt2-catalyzed aldol reaction of steroid sapogenins with glyoxylic acid or pyruvic acid led to compounds in which the novel spirocyclic side chain bears an α,β-unsaturated lactone. The structures of the new spirolactones were established with the aid of combined 1D and 2D NMR techniques. A plausible mechanism is described.

Cycloastragenol (CA), the genuine sapogenin of astragaloside from Astragalus membranaceus, exhibits diverse pharmaceutical activities. Recently, the efficient production of CA has received considerable attention due to rapidly increasing market demands. In this study, enzyme mining was conducted, based on skeleton and glycosyl similarity, to explore an efficient β-glucosidase for CA preparation. A novel β-glucosidase from Phycicoccus sp. Soil748 (Bgps) was discovered, possessing the efficient conversion rate for cycloastragenol-6-O-β-D-glucoside (CMG) into CA. The optimum temperature and pH value of Bgps were determined as 45 °C and 7.0. The results of kinetic analysis suggested that Bgps catalyzed deglycosylation of CMG more efficiently than other substrates. Furthermore, the optimal substrate concentration of Bgps was up to 80 mg/mL with the conversion rate as 99.2%, suggesting its potential application in CA industrial production by biotransformation.

karagulle, onur olgac/0000-0002-1575-5751 WOS:000509485100002 PubMed ID: 31345657 Background/Objective: The present study investigated the potent therapeutic effects of Ruscogenin, main steroid sapogenin of traditional Chinese plant called 'Ophiopogon japonicas', on chronic ulcer model established with acetic acid in rats. Methods: 24 rats were attenuated to the sham (2 ml/kg/day isotonic solution), control (untreated ulcer) and treatment (3 ml/kg/day ruscogenin) groups. After treatment for 2 weeks, gastric tissues were collected and prepared for light microscopic (H&E), immunohistochemical (Collagen I, III and IV) and biochemical analysis [Epidermal growth factor (EGF), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-alpha), Interleukin 6 and 8 (IL-6 and IL-8), Lipid Peroxidase (LPO), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Glutathione (GSH) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px)] and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: Macroscopic scoring showed that the ulceration area of ruscogenin-treated group decreased compared with control group. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed ruscogenin ameliorated and restored the levels of Collagen I and IV to the levels of sham group. Tissue levels of EGF and PGE2 enhanced significantly in untreated ulcer group while were higher in treated ulcer group than the control group. TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, LPO, MPO levels increased significantly in control group whereas decreased in treated rats after ruscogenin treatment. However, levels of GSH and GSH-Px increased significantly in treatment group. TEM showed chief cells and parietal cells of ulcer group having degenerated organelles while ruscogenin group had normal ultrastructure of cells. Conclusion: There are potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of ruscogenin on gastric ulcer and may be successfully used as a safe and therapeutic agent in treatment of peptic ulcer. (C) 2019 Asian Surgical Association and Taiwan Robotic Surgery Association. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. Research and Development Expenses Account under Circulating Capital Budget of University of Health Science Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey [2016/12] The present project was supported by Research and Development Expenses Account under Circulating Capital Budget of University of Health Science Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (Project No: 2016/12).

Steroidal sapogenins and phytosterols are a group of secondary metabolites which are very considerable in the pharmaceutical industry. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is the good source of these compounds. In recent decades, there is a great interest to production of these compounds by cultivation of transformed roots. In present study, hairy roots induction in two Trigonella species (T. foenum-graeceum, T. monantha) with three strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (15,834, A4 and wt) was investigated. Transgenic status of roots was confirmed by PCR using rolB specific primers. Virulence of these strains was examined on explants of leaf, leaf cotyledone and hypocotyle in both species. The best strain was wt for hairy root induction in hypocotyle and leaf explants of T. foenum-graeceum and T. monantha. Significant quantitative differences were showed between shoot, root and hairy roots in both species. Protein content in root and hairy root of both species was significantly lower in comparison with shoot. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) activities in hairy roots of both species were higher as compared to other organs. The hairy roots of both species showed an ability to synthesize steroidal sapogenins. These results presented that hairy roots could be a suitable procedure for producing sapogenins compounds that have medicinal value in Trigonella.

Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary scientific field where it is possible to manipulate, alter and develop new materials at the nanoscale, changing their properties. In the pharmaceutical and cosmetic areas there is the production of nanocarriers for pharmaceuticals, which can protect, encapsulate and release pharmacologically active compounds. In our study we chose the nanoemulsion as carrier, since it is widely used as a vehicle for drugs, by the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. The drug used was Diosgenin, a steroidal sapogenin, found in roots of the wild yam (Dioscorea villosa). Diosgenin has a structure similar to progesterone and estradiol and is used as a chemical precursor in the industrial preparation of oral contraceptive pills and steroid hormones. The use of nanoemulsified diosgenin topically can bring a great number of benefits to the skin, considering its antioxidant properties and stimulating the production of collagen, thus being able to be incorporated into cosmetic anti-aging formulations. Thus, nanoemulsions can be a vehicle for diosgenin, encapsulating them, protecting them from possible degradation of the active substance and providing better permeation on the skin. The general objective was to produce and evaluate diosgenin containing nanoemulsions, aiming at the choice of a stable formulation. Nanoemulsions at concentrations 1mg.mL-1, 3 mg.mL-1 and 5 mg.mL-1 were produced using the high energy emulsification method. All formulations were submitted to different forms of storage. The characterization of the formulations allowed to evaluate the formulations of diosgenin nanoemulsions in concentrations 1 mg.mL-1, 3 mg.mL-1 and 5 mg.mL-1. The best condition for storing 1mg.mL-1 nanoemulsions without losing their physical-chemical characteristics during the 90-day period was under refrigeration. With this, there is a guarantee of the quality and stability of the diosgenin nanoemulsion, compatibility for topical use and the possibility of reaching the deeper layers of the skin, enhancing the effects of diosgenin. It was also possible to co-validate an analytical method by spectrophotometry in the visible region to identify diosgenin in nanoemulsions, ensuring the presence of the active substance in the nanoemulsion.

Supercritical CO2 extraction was applied on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Fabaceae) seeds with the aim to define optimal process conditions to obtain the maximal extract yields content of steroidal sapogenins. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to determine optimal process conditions defined by the influence and interaction of pressure, temperature and time of extraction through consumption of SC CO2. Optimization experiments revealed that the pressure of 24.73 MPa, the temperature of 38.°C and the consumption of SC CO2 of 19.24 g/gDM were the best process conditions enabling the maximal yield of extract and gain of the highest content of sapogenins. The optimal values of pressure and temperature defined SC CO2 density of 885.47 kg/m3, which provided the maximal yield of the extract with the highest content of steroidal sapogenins. The achieved yield of extract at these conditions was 0.073g/gDM, with 0.774 mg/gDM diosgenin, 0.477 mg/gDM protodioscin, 0.713 mg/gDM sarsapogenin and 0.205 mg/gDM oleanolic and ursolic acid with a significant quantity of 2.475 mg/gDM in the obtained extract. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III45017]

Quinoa plant is a valuable food crop because of its high nutritional and functional values. Total saponin content, sapogenins, polyphenol, and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities were analyzed in various parts of quinoa plants, including sprout, seeds, bran, pericarp, leave, stem, and root. Quinoa seeds (QS) had significantly higher sapogenin content than quinoa stem (QT), quinoa leaves (QL), and quinoa roots (QR). Quinoa saponin was mainly composed of phytolaccagenic acid. Quinoa root (QR) had the highest amount of total saponin (13.39 g 100 g−1), followed by quinoa bran. The highest total phenolic content (30.96 mg GAE 100 g−1) and total flavonoid content (61.68 mg RE 100 g−1) were observed in quinoa root extract and 1‐month‐old sprout extract, respectively. Quinoa sprouts showed better antioxidant activity than fully grown parts of the quinoa plant. Overall, root and sprout had a higher antioxidant capacity compared to other parts of the quinoa plant, suggesting the potential use of quinoa root and sprout as a nutraceutical ingredient in the health food industry.

The present-day investigation focuses on the Pharmacologic revision of the climbers of D. bulbifera L &. D. pentaphylla L. (Dioscoreaceae). Climbers have been deliberate from diverse angles of morphological and, residue scrutiny, and extractive standards. Morphological analysis discovered nature, dimensions, aroma and flavour of tubers. The genus Dioscorea have its place to the family Dioscoreaceae, universally recognized as yam, consist of nearly 600 sps. Scattered all over the earth realm, but customarily in steamy section. Most sps. encompass steroid saponins and correspondingly sapogenins, such as diosgenin, which is preparatory quantifiable for blend of various steroidal hormones castoff as anti-inflammatory, androgenic estrogenic and contraceptive drugs. Associates of the genre Dioscorea are one of ancient tuber crop cultured or garnered from uninhabited in steamy constituency all over earth realm and set up one of the key food element for various indigenous groups. Genus is reflected to be amid the most primeval angiosperms and was recognized to occur and broaden the horizons nearly 75 M. Yrs. past in segments of southern celestial-sphere at the termination of the cretaceous period