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Despite the various advances made in the diagnosis and treatments, the incidence of the neurodegenerative diseases has increased manifold during the last few decades. The inadequate early diagnosis appears to be the main reason behind the significant increase in the number of neurodegenerative diseases and their poor prognosis. Next generation sequencing has been discovered as an effective and indicative tool, especially for chronic and severe neurological illnesses, such as Parkinson and Alzheimer. As a clinical apparatus, next generation sequencing will help in creating explicit hereditary focuses for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and finding new diagnostic biomarkers. Next-generation sequencing has been demonstrated to be increasingly productive, practical and utilizes molecular determination, which determines biomarkers and different targets quicker and efficiently than the other established diagnostic methods. There is a desperate requirement to change the current treatment and medication regimes in order to make better prognosis for the patients. This can be accomplished by utilizing customized drug to treat neurodegenerative diseases and using next generation sequencing with personal medicine as the method for specialized treatment of the patients suffering from neurodegenerative disorders. Keywords: Neurodegenerative diseases, Personalized medicine, Next generation sequencing (NGS), Diagnosis, Biomarkers.

HSP27, also known as HSPB1, was first discovered with a molecular weight 27kDa belonging to the four member gene family. Elevated levels of HSP27 are seen when different unfavorable conditions prevail such as increase in temperature and oxidative stress or exposure to heavy metals or organic solvents. They possess ATP-independent chaperone like activity which helps in maintaining protein homeostasis. It can also form large oligomers (300-600 kDa) containing different numbers of subunits. It is composed of total 205 amino acids. HSP27 undergoes post-translational modifications i.e. phosphorylation thereby converting large oligomers into dimers. It can act as an anti-apoptotic and antioxidant molecule during oxidative stress. The elevated form of HSP27 is also seen in some cancer belongs to breast, ovary, prostate, brain, colorectal, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung, liver, and cervical regions. Keeping in view of molecular roles of HSP27 signaling in various pathways, we have proposed their translational values in different diseases. In addition, we have also reported the existing scientific data on the HSP27 as the potential cancer biomarker and their therapeutic targets for improved prognosis and treatment in different diseases.

The COVID19, a fatal disease by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019 in China is now pandemic caused severe acute respiratory syndrome. The pandemic of COVID-19 has reached almost all regions of the world including territories with the death toll of more than 35,000. It has been estimated that one out every six-person affected by COVID-19 developed life-threatening conditions. The difficulty is that there are no vaccines or no specific treatment modalities for the management of COVID-19, apart from symptomatic treatments. Efforts for the development of vaccines and other specific treatment modalities are co-ordinated by the World Health Organisation (WHO), with many clinical trials ongoing with modern and traditional medicines. In this regard, various Phyto-actives from the plants are getting analyzed, which has earlier shown to be effective in various viral infections. Therefore, keeping the world scenario and due to the lack of vaccine, we have in silico studied the activity of tetrahydrocurcumin, a major metabolite of curcumin, a household spice, matairesinol, a major compound in wheat bran or flaxseed and vitamin K2-7 against both SARS-CoV's main peptide and COVID-19 Mpro.

C-MET also known as hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) is a protein encoded by c-MET gene. It is a receptor tyrosine kinase which transfers signals from extracellular matrix to cytoplasm through binding with its single ligand HGF/SF-hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor. C-Met signaling is required for many physiological processes including proliferation, scattering, morphogenesis, and survival. Awry c-Met signaling promotes breast cancer, and of aggressive phenotype. In all breast cancers, c-Met is overexpressed in 20%–30% of the cases and around 52% in triple negative breast cancer. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subgroup of breast cancers, specified as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative, estrogen receptor (ER) negative, and progesterone receptor (PR) negative. TNBC has high metastatic and mortality potential but lacks effective and selective therapeutic options. C-Met targeting drugs have potential role in targeting many cancers including TNBC, but to maximize the efficacy proper selection and study are required. We have discussed here about the c-MET signaling and biological signaling pathways and studies that suggest c-MET to be a novel target for targeted therapy for TNBC but which is yet to be investigated.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most widely recognized neurodegenerative disorder presenting clinical manifestations such as resting tremor, unbending nature, hypokinesia, and postural flimsiness. One of the main etiologies is the loss of neurons delivering dopamine in the nigra, a subregion of the midbrain. Intraneuronal amassing of accumulated proteins such as α-synuclein, parkin, and ubiquitinated proteins leading to the development of Lewy bodies and dystrophic neuritis results in the crucial lesions of PD. It can be characterized as sporadic and familial, where almost the 90% of the patients are sporadic PD cases. Hereditary alterations in the quality encoding α-synuclein speak to autosomal-predominant familial PD, and those encoding parkin, UCHL1, DJ-1, PINK1, and LRRK2 result in autosomal-latent familial PD. This chapter focuses on the effect of reactive oxygen species, the ubiquitin–proteasome system, and the genetics of PD. New insights into future potential therapeutic targets along with current treatment options for PD are discussed.

Objective To investigate the combinatorial effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Andrographis paniculata Nees. and Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. plants prospective to diabetes management. Methods Taking a lead from the scientific literature, in silico studies have also been designed for the screening of anti-diabetic targets against andrographolide and pterostilbene compounds followed by in vivo studies from Andrographis paniculata Nees. and Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Furthermore, the diabetes was induced by STZ model and the impact of Andrographis paniculata Nees. and Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. have been conformed by relative expression studies by qPCR. Results Our results have shown that andrographolide and pterostilbene are SGLT2 inhibitors and selective PPARγ agonists in in silico studies. Later, during in vivo mRNA expression studies confirming the same pattern. The findings of the study has shown to overcome the common knowledge of the only C–glycoside based molecules inhibiting the SGLT2. Conclusions The possible mechanism for PtyroneTM in the management of diabetes could be a selective PPARγ agonist, GLUT4 translocation and SGLT2 inhibition molecule.