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Two adult poodles were referred for severe corneal ulcers in both eyes (oculi uterque [OU]) for 1.5 months, and swollen eyelids for approximately 1 week. Ophthalmic examination revealed diffuse corneal edema with grayish deposit and ulcer, uveitis, glaucoma, grayish deposit and necrosis on the third eyelid and conjunctiva, eyelids necrosis, eyelid-eyeball adhesions, and blindness. Cytological examination of the conjunctiva and cornea revealed neutrophilic inflammation, and a bacterial culture revealed Staphylococcus aureus. An adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test was performed, strongly indicating iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism. No improvement was observed after 2 weeks of antibiotic treatment. Fungal cultures from the cornea and conjunctiva were positive for Candida spp. Specific antifungal treatment included topical 5% natamycin eye drops (OU six times daily) and oral itraconazole (5[Formula: see text]mg/kg q12[Formula: see text]h). The grayish deposits of the conjunctiva and cornea were sloughed off, thus facilitating the healing of corneal and eyelids ulcers, over the next 3–4 weeks. Phthisis bulbi and eyelid-eyeball adhesions developed in both dogs after 6 months of follow-up. Based on the fungal isolation by culture, clinical signs, and response to antifungal treatment, Candida spp. panophthalmitis was diagnosed. Fungi should be considered a potential organism in panophthalmitis, especially with a medical history of steroids and antibiotic use. This case report demonstrates the grayish deposits of the cornea, conjunctiva, and third eyelid as possible characteristics of Candida infection in the dogs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Candida panophthalmitis with iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism in dogs.

An 8-year-old, castrated male, Jack Russell Terrier was presented with clinical signs of uveitis and glaucoma in the right eye (oculus dexter (OD)) for 2–3 months. Ophthalmic examination revealed OD episcleral congestion, corneal vascularization, aqueous flare, iris bombe, and vision loss. OD glaucoma and uveitis were under control by medical treatment. After 8 months, the dog had acute uveitis in the left eye (oculus sinister (OS)). General physical examination, blood examinations, radiography, and urinalysis were unremarkable. No improvement was observed after for 1 month of uveitis treatment, and more examinations were strongly suggested. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed several hypoechoic masses or cysts on both kidneys. Computed tomography (CT) showed diffuse nonenhancing hypodense patches in both kidneys. Renal tumor was highly suspected, but biopsy was declined by the owner. Ten days after CT examination, the dog suddenly developed anorexia, weakness, uremia, hyperkalemia, and polycythemia. The dog was euthanatized because of the worsening clinical condition, poor prognosis, and financial constraints, and both kidneys were biopsied for histopathology. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for B-cell marker (CD20) and negative for T-cell marker (CD3). Bilateral renal B-cell origin lymphoma was diagnosed by histologic and immunophenotyping examinations. In conclusion, bilateral renal lymphoma may be diagnosed with no systemic signs except bilateral uveitis. Renal function impairment was acutely developed with severe clinical signs at the end stage of the disease. Early, aggressive, complete examinations, and treatments are strongly recommended.

A 7-month-old, intact, male French bulldog presented for paraplegia for two days, and persistent fever and diarrhea for seven days. Complete blood count and biochemical profiles were within normal limits. Radiography and computed tomography (CT) revealed destructive endplate lesions between T11 and T12. Surgery of intervertebral disc (IVD) curettage was performed because the dog was beginning to lose deep pain perception. Staphylococcus epidermis was isolated from blood culture and specimens of the IVD. After surgery, intravenous and oral antibiotics were continued for three weeks. The dog regained ambulatory status one month after surgery. Diagnosis of discospondylitis of T11 and T12 was confirmed according to CT and positive bacteria culture. To our knowledge, this case is the youngest dog confirmed with discospondylitis managed successfully, and the first case report of discospondylitis in a French bulldog. Aggressive surgical treatment is highly recommended in young dogs with rapidly progressive neurologic deficits from discospondylitis.

Odontogenic cutaneous fistula is commonly misdiagnosed by practitioners, leading to incorrect and unnecessary treatment. Here, we present two cases. Case 1 involved an eight-year-old intact male Maltese with a submandibular cutaneous abscess following 2 weeks of antibiotic treatment who was later diagnosed, using dental radiography, with odontogenic cutaneous fistula. Case 2 involved an eight-year-old neutered female Maltese with a submandibular cutaneous nodule and general skin problems following 6 months of oral antibiotics and a history of surgical intervention who was finally diagnosed, using dental radiography and computed tomography, with an odontogenic cutaneous fistula that resolved completely following tooth extraction. These two cases highlight the importance of odontogenic infection in the differential diagnosis of typical lesions in the head and neck.

A 12-year-old, intact, male Golden Retriever dog presented with a 1-month history of corneal ulcer, redness, and occasional squint in the left eye (oculus sinister [OS]). A thorough ophthalmological examination revealed corneal edema, diffuse corneal vascularization, and excessive granulation tissue growth. The tentative diagnosis was chronic superficial keratitis or pannus. After 3 weeks of treatment for OS, blepharospasm and superficial corneal ulceration with a lip of nonadherent epithelium of the right eye (oculus dexter [OD]) developed. No improvement was observed after autologous serum eye drop treatment combined with simple debridement and grid keratotomy on both eyes (oculi uterque [OU]) for 3 months; thereafter, blindness developed. The diagnosis was refractory corneal ulcers. The application of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was instilled via subconjunctival injection OU every 2 weeks for 2 months. The OU corneas started to re-epithelialize and heal, and the granulation tissues significantly decreased while the vision improved. Therefore, PRP was continued to be administered every 1–2 months for 6 months. After more than 1 year, the OU corneas have healed without recurrent ulceration and with only mild haze. In conclusion, autologous PRP subconjunctival injection is a potentially beneficial addition to the medical management of refractory corneal ulcers in dogs.

A four-year-old, female neutered, Shih-Tzu dog was presented with a one-year history of limbal masses on both eyes (OU, oculi utrque). The masses arose from the corneoscleral limbus with marked corneal involvement. An en bloc excision of the involved meridians with human amniotic membrane grafting was performed at the left eye (OS, oculus sinister) limbal masses. A double freeze-thaw cycles of cryotherapy and intralesional mitomycin-C (MMC) injection was performed on both eyes two weeks later. Histopathology provided the definitive diagnosis of limbal melanoma. After 6 months of follow-up, OU limbal masses recurred without intraocular invasion, and 2 cycles of cryotherapy and intralesional MMC injection was then performed on recurrent sites. Despite that both cryotherapy and intralesional injection were applied the lesions recurred at an interval of 4–6 months for 18 months. At the end only a small corneal scar was present on OS, and there was no recurrence for 3 years until now. The cryotherapy combined with intralesional MMC injection was able to control the recurrence of limbal melanoma after tumor excision while maintaining the ocular surface integrity.

A 9-year-old, female Mongrel dog was presented for posterior hindlimb weakness, inability to stand, and pain in the lumbosacral and pelvic regions. Radiography revealed a lytic lesion extending from L5 to L6 to the ilium. At necropsy, an 8 − 2 to 3.2 − 3 cm, irregular, white, firm mass was identified extending from the left dorsolateral aspect of the L6 vertebrae to the sacrum, crossing the sacroiliac joint to the ilium, and reaching the acetabulum without affecting the joint cartilage. Tumor masses were also present bilaterally near the costochondral junction of several ribs. White, soft nodules were present in the heart, pericardium, lungs, spleen, and kidneys as well. Histologically, osteolysis with disruption of the cortical bone and reactive bone with the presence of multinucleated osteoclasts was noted. Neoplastic cells consisted of variable, small basophilic round cells (SBRC) with very scant cytoplasm, larger polygonal cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, and vacuolated cells resembling adipocytes. Within the marrow cavity, vacuolated cells with necrosis predominated, whereas in periosteal areas, polygonal and vacuolated cells that were mixed with a lower percentage of SBRC were more common. In the lungs and heart, SBRC predominated, and in the spleen, polygonal cells were more numerous. Tumor cells stained positive for vimentin and S-100 and stained negative for CD99, neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, chromogranin A, cytokeratins, desmin, myoglobin, and actin. This tumor most likely arose from the marrow cavity of the L6 and later invaded through the vertebral body into adjacent vertebrae and various visceral sites.

A 12-year-old female miniature poodle showed a 3-month history of neurological signs. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed a high intensity tumor mass in the right cerebral hemisphere with compression of the lateral ventricle. At necropsy, a 2 x 3 cm white, friable mass was found in the right ventral pyriform lobe. Microscopically, the tumor cells were large, polygonal to round cells supported by a sparse fibrovascular stroma. The tumor cells typically possessed finely granular, pale eosinophilic cytoplasm with strongly positive periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction. The tumor cells were immunopositive for vimentin, NSE and S-100. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells showed large amounts of granules in the cytoplasm, and absence of basement membrane. Based on the above-mentioned findings, the intracranial granular cell tumor was diagnosed.

A 7-month-old cat was examined for progressive abdominal distension. Radiography showed a fluid-containing cyst, which had subsequently ruptured as the result of a fall. Nephrectomy was performed, and examination revealed the coexistence of pyelocaliceal diverticula with a cystic intracapsular angiomyolipoma (mesenchymal hamartoma) in the left kidney. The diverticula were present on both cranial and caudal poles of the kidney and were lined by transitional epithelium. The hamartoma was characterized by the presence of multiple mesenchymal tissues, including thick-walled blood vessels, smooth muscle, and adipose tissue.

The relationship between cryptorchidism and testicular tumors has been well established in canines, and the tumor has been proposed as a model for studying its human counterparts. Herein we report canine malignant retroperitoneal seminoma in a 4-year-old castrated Basset hound, most likely without testicular involvement, similar to that of the classic seminoma of humans.