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1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 forest biomass estimates from Earth Observation

Author

Hunka, Neha, Duncanson, Laura, Armston, John, Dubayah, Ralph, Healey, Sean P., Santoro, Maurizio, May, Paul, Araza, Arnan, Bourgoin, Clement, Montesano, Paul M., Neigh, Christopher S. R., Grantham, Hedley, Potapov, Peter, Turubanova, Svetlana, Tyukavina, Alexandra, Richter, Jessica, Harris, Nancy, Urbazaev, Mikhail, Pascual, Adrián, Suarez, Daniela Requena, Herold, Martin, Poulter, Benjamin, Wilson, Sylvia N., Grassi, Giacomo, Federici, Sandro, Sanz, Maria J., and Melo, Joana

Published
2024
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2. Mapping Ecosystem Services in a Mediterranean Watershed in the Context of Socio-ecological Restoration Actions, Adaptation and Mitigation to Climate Change

Author

Ruiz, Itxaso, Pompeu, João, Sanz, María J., Pisello, Anna Laura, Editorial Board Member, Hawkes, Dean, Editorial Board Member, Bougdah, Hocine, Editorial Board Member, Rosso, Federica, Editorial Board Member, Abdalla, Hassan, Editorial Board Member, Boemi, Sofia-Natalia, Editorial Board Member, Mohareb, Nabil, Editorial Board Member, Mesbah Elkaffas, Saleh, Editorial Board Member, Bozonnet, Emmanuel, Editorial Board Member, Pignatta, Gloria, Editorial Board Member, Mahgoub, Yasser, Editorial Board Member, De Bonis, Luciano, Editorial Board Member, Kostopoulou, Stella, Editorial Board Member, Pradhan, Biswajeet, Editorial Board Member, Abdul Mannan, Md., Editorial Board Member, Alalouch, Chaham, Editorial Board Member, Gawad, Iman O., Editorial Board Member, Nayyar, Anand, Editorial Board Member, Amer, Mourad, Series Editor, Ksibi, Mohamed, editor, Negm, Abdelazim, editor, Hentati, Olfa, editor, Ghorbal, Achraf, editor, Sousa, Arturo, editor, Rodrigo-Comino, Jesus, editor, Panda, Sandeep, editor, Lopes Velho, José, editor, El-Kenawy, Ahmed M., editor, and Perilli, Nicola, editor

Published
2024
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9. Reconciling global-model estimates and country reporting of anthropogenic forest CO2 sinks

Author

Grassi, Giacomo, House, Jo, Kurz, Werner A., Cescatti, Alessandro, Houghton, Richard A., Peters, Glen P., Sanz, Maria J., Viñas, Raul Abad, Alkama, Ramdane, Arneth, Almut, Bondeau, Alberte, Dentener, Frank, Fader, Marianela, Federici, Sandro, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Jain, Atul K., Kato, Etsushi, Koven, Charles D., Lee, Donna, Nabel, Julia E. M. S., Nassikas, Alexander A., Perugini, Lucia, Rossi, Simone, Sitch, Stephen, Viovy, Nicolas, Wiltshire, Andy, and Zaehle, Sönke

Published
2018
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10. Biotic, Abiotic, and Management Controls on the Net Ecosystem CO₂ Exchange of European Mountain Grassland Ecosystems

Author

Wohlfahrt, Georg, Anderson-Dunn, Margaret, Bahn, Michael, Balzarolo, Manuela, Berninger, Frank, Campbell, Claire, Carrara, Arnaud, Cescatti, Alessandro, Christensen, Torben, Dore, Sabina, Eugster, Werner, Friborg, Thomas, Furger, Markus, Gianelle, Damiano, Gimeno, Cristina, Hargreaves, Ken, Hari, Pertti, Haslwanter, Alois, Johansson, Torbjörn, Marcolla, Barbara, Milford, Celia, Nagy, Zoltan, Nemitz, Eiko, Rogiers, Nele, Sanz, Maria J., Siegwolf, Rolf T. W., Susiluoto, Sanna, Sutton, Mark, Tuba, Zoltan, Ugolini, Francesca, Valentini, Riccardo, Zorer, Roberto, and Cernusca, Alexander

Published
2008
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11. Pan-European rural monitoring network shows dominance of NH3 gas and NH4NO3 aerosol in inorganic atmospheric pollution load

Author

Tang, Y. Sim, Flechard, Chris R., Dämmgen, Ulrich, Vidic, Sonja, Djuricic, Vesna, Mitosinkova, Marta, Uggerud, Hilde T., Sanz, Maria J., Simmons, Ivan, Dragosits, Ulrike, Nemitz, Eiko, Twigg, Marsailidh, Dijk, Netty, Fauvel, Yannick, Sanz, Francisco, Ferm, Martin, Perrino, Cinzia, Catrambone, Maria, Leaver, David, Braban, Christine F., Cape, J. Neil, Heal, Mathew R., Sutton, Mark A., Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Edinburgh] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
Chemistry, Secondary inorganic aerosol, Air pollution monitoring, NH3, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ammonium nitrate, SO2, ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN DEPOSITION, Atmospheric Sciences, denuder
Abstract

A comprehensive European dataset on monthly atmospheric NH3, acid gases (HNO3, SO2, HCl), and aerosols (NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, Cl−, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) is presented and analysed. Speciated measurements were made with a low-volume denuder and filter pack method (DEnuder for Long-Term Atmospheric sampling, DELTA®) as part of the EU NitroEurope (NEU) integrated project. Altogether, there were 64 sites in 20 countries (2006–2010), coordinated between seven European laboratories. Bulk wet-deposition measurements were carried out at 16 co-located sites (2008–2010). Inter-comparisons of chemical analysis and DELTA® measurements allowed an assessment of comparability between laboratories. The form and concentrations of the different gas and aerosol components measured varied between individual sites and grouped sites according to country, European regions, and four main ecosystem types (crops, grassland, forests, and semi-natural). The smallest concentrations (with the exception of SO42- and Na+) were in northern Europe (Scandinavia), with broad elevations of all components across other regions. SO2 concentrations were highest in central and eastern Europe, with larger SO2 emissions, but particulate SO42- concentrations were more homogeneous between regions. Gas-phase NH3 was the most abundant single measured component at the majority of sites, with the largest variability in concentrations across the network. The largest concentrations of NH3, NH4+, and NO3- were at cropland sites in intensively managed agricultural areas (e.g. Borgo Cioffi in Italy), and the smallest were at remote semi-natural and forest sites (e.g. Lompolojänkkä, Finland), highlighting the potential for NH3 to drive the formation of both NH4+ and NO3- aerosol. In the aerosol phase, NH4+ was highly correlated with both NO3- and SO42-, with a near-1:1 relationship between the equivalent concentrations of NH4+ and sum (NO3-+ SO42-), of which around 60 % was as NH4NO3. Distinct seasonality was also observed in the data, influenced by changes in emissions, chemical interactions, and the influence of meteorology on partitioning between the main inorganic gases and aerosol species. Springtime maxima in NH3 were attributed to the main period of manure spreading, while the peak in summer and trough in winter were linked to the influence of temperature and rainfall on emissions, deposition, and gas–aerosol-phase equilibrium. Seasonality in SO2 was mainly driven by emissions (combustion), with concentrations peaking in winter, except in southern Europe, where the peak occurred in summer. Particulate SO42- showed large peaks in concentrations in summer in southern and eastern Europe, contrasting with much smaller peaks occurring in early spring in other regions. The peaks in particulate SO42- coincided with peaks in NH3 concentrations, attributed to the formation of the stable (NH4)2SO4. HNO3 concentrations were more complex, related to traffic and industrial emissions, photochemistry, and HNO3:NH4NO3 partitioning. While HNO3 concentrations were seen to peak in the summer in eastern and southern Europe (increased photochemistry), the absence of a spring peak in HNO3 in all regions may be explained by the depletion of HNO3 through reaction with surplus NH3 to form the semi-volatile aerosol NH4NO3. Cooler, wetter conditions in early spring favour the formation and persistence of NH4NO3 in the aerosol phase, consistent with the higher springtime concentrations of NH4+ and NO3-. The seasonal profile of NO3- was mirrored by NH4+, illustrating the influence of gas–aerosol partitioning of NH4NO3 in the seasonality of these components. Gas-phase NH3 and aerosol NH4NO3 were the dominant species in the total inorganic gas and aerosol species measured in the NEU network. With the current and projected trends in SO2, NOx, and NH3 emissions, concentrations of NH3 and NH4NO3 can be expected to continue to dominate the inorganic pollution load over the next decades, especially NH3, which is linked to substantial exceedances of ecological thresholds across Europe. The shift from (NH4)2SO4 to an atmosphere more abundant in NH4NO3 is expected to maintain a larger fraction of reactive N in the gas phase by partitioning to NH3 and HNO3 in warm weather, while NH4NO3 continues to contribute to exceedances of air quality limits for PM2.5.

Published
2021
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12. Pan-European rural atmospheric monitoring network shows dominance of NH3 gas and NH4NO3 aerosol in inorganic pollution load

Author

Tang, Y.S, Flechard, C.R., Dämmgen, U., Vidic, Sonja, Djuricic, Vesna, Mitosinkova, Marta, Uggerud, Hilde T., Sanz, Maria J., Simmons, Ivan, Dragosits, Ulrike, Nemitz, Eiko, Twigg, Marsailidh M., van Dijk, Netty, Fauvel, Yannick, Sanchez, Francisco S., Ferm, Martin, Perrino, Cinzia, Catrambone, Maria, Leaver, David, Braban, Christine F., Cape, J. Neil, Heal, Mathew R., and Sutton, Mark A.

Subjects
NH4NO3, EUROPE, PM pollutant measurement, NH3, Air quality, PM composition
Abstract

A comprehensive European dataset on monthly atmospheric NH3, acid gases (HNO3, SO2, HCl) and aerosols (NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) is presented and analyzed. Speciated measurements were made with a low-volume denuder and filter pack method (DELTA®) as part of the EU NitroEurope (NEU) integrated project. Altogether, there were 64 sites in 20 countries (2006–2010), coordinated between 7 European laboratories. Bulk wet deposition measurements were carried out at 16 co-located sites (2008–2010). Inter-comparisons of chemical analysis and DELTA® measurements allowed an assessment of comparability between laboratories. The form and concentrations of the different gas and aerosol components measured varied between individual sites and grouped sites according to country, European regions and 4 main ecosystem types (crops, grassland, forests and semi-natural). Smallest concentrations (with the exception of SO42- and Na+) were in Northern Europe (Scandinavia), with broad elevations of all components across other regions. SO2 concentrations were highest in Central and Eastern Europe with larger SO2 emissions, but particulate SO42- concentrations were more homogeneous between regions. Gas-phase NH3 was the most abundant single measured component at the majority of sites, with the largest variability in concentrations across the network. The largest concentrations of NH3, NH4+ and NO3- were at cropland sites in intensively managed agricultural areas (e.g. Borgo Cioffi in Italy), and smallest at remote semi-natural and forest sites (e.g. Lompolojänkkä, Finland), highlighting the potential for NH3 to drive the formation of both NH4+ and NO3- aerosol. In the aerosol phase, NH4+ was highly correlated with both NO3- and SO42-, with a near 1 : 1 relationship between the equivalent concentrations of NH4+ and sum (NO3- + SO42-), of which around 60 % was as NH4NO3. Distinct seasonality were also observed in the data, influenced by changes in emissions, chemical interactions and the influence of meteorology on partitioning between the main inorganic gases and aerosol species. Springtime maxima in NH3 were attributed to the main period of manure spreading, while the peak in summer and trough in winter were linked to the influence of temperature and rainfall on emissions, deposition and gas-aerosol phase equilibrium. Seasonality in SO2 were mainly driven by emissions (combustion), with concentrations peaking in winter, except in Southern Europe where the peak occurred in summer. Particulate SO42- showed large peaks in concentrations in summer in Southern and Eastern Europe, contrasting with much smaller peaks occurring in early spring in other regions. The peaks in particulate SO42- coincided with peaks in NH3 concentrations, attributed to the formation of the stable (NH4)2SO4. HNO3 concentrations were more complex, related to traffic and industrial emissions, photochemistry and HNO3 : NH4NO3 partitioning. While HNO3 concentrations were seen to peak in the summer in Eastern and Southern Europe (increased photochemistry), the absence of a spring peak in HNO3 in all regions may be explained by the depletion of HNO3 through reaction with surplus NH3 to form the semi-volatile aerosol NH4NO3. Cooler, wetter conditions in early spring favour the formation and persistence of NH4NO3 in the aerosol phase, consistent with the higher springtime concentrations of NH4+ and NO3-. The seasonal profile of NO3- was mirrored by NH4+, illustrating the influence of gas : aerosol partitioning of NH4NO3 in the seasonality of these components. Gas-phase NH3 and aerosol NH4NO3 were the dominant species in the total inorganic gas and aerosol species measured in the NEU network. With the current and projected trends in SO2, NOx and NH3 emissions, concentrations of NH3 and NH4NO3 can be expected to continue to dominate the inorganic pollution load over the next decades, especially NH3 which is linked to substantial exceedances of ecological thresholds across Europe. The shift from (NH4)2SO4 to an atmosphere more abundant in NH4NO3 is expected to maintain a larger fraction of reactive N in the gas phase by partitioning to NH3 and HNO3 in warm weather, while NH4NO3 continues to contribute to exceedances of air quality limits for PM2.5.

Published
2020
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13. Carbon-nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation - Part 2 : Untangling climatic, edaphic, management and nitrogen deposition effects on carbon sequestration potentials

Author

Sutton, Mark A., Flechard, Chris R., Van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., De Vries, Wim, Ibrom, Andreas, Buchmann, Nina, DIse, Nancy B., Janssens, Ivan A., Neirynck, Johan, Montagnani, Leonardo, Varlagin, Andrej, Loustau, Denis, Legout, Arnaud, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Drewer, Julia, Eugster, Werner, Francez, Andre Jean, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kitzler, Barbara, Kutsch, Werner L., Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Matteucci, Giorgio, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Olejnik, Janusz, Sanz, Maria J., Siemens, Jan, Vesala, Timo, Vincke, Caroline, Nemitz, Eiko, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Skiba, Ute M., Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, and Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences)

Subjects
4112 Forestry, WIMEK, NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE, ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION, TEMPERATE, respiratory system, complex mixtures, respiratory tract diseases, TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, DRY DEPOSITION, Environmental Systems Analysis, RESPIRATION, Milieusysteemanalyse, SOIL SOLUTION CHEMISTRY, BOREAL FORESTS, Life Science, REACTIVE NITROGEN, CYCLE, 1172 Environmental sciences
Abstract

The effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition (N-dep) on carbon (C) sequestration in forests have often been assessed by relating differences in productivity to spatial variations of N-dep across a large geographic domain. These correlations generally suffer from covariation of other confounding variables related to climate and other growth-limiting factors, as well as large uncertainties in total (dry + wet) reactive nitrogen (N-r) deposition. We propose a methodology for untangling the effects of N-dep from those of meteorological variables, soil water retention capacity and stand age, using a mechanistic forest growth model in combination with eddy covariance CO2 exchange fluxes from a Europe-wide network of 22 forest flux towers. Total N-r deposition rates were estimated from local measurements as far as possible. The forest data were compared with data from natural or semi-natural, non-woody vegetation sites. The response of forest net ecosystem productivity to nitrogen deposition (dNEP/dN(dep)) was estimated after accounting for the effects on gross primary productivity (GPP) of the co-correlates by means of a meta-modelling standardization procedure, which resulted in a reduction by a factor of about 2 of the uncorrected, apparent dGPP/dN(dep) value. This model-enhanced analysis of the C and N-dep flux observations at the scale of the European network suggests a mean overall dNEP/dN(dep) response of forest lifetime C sequestration to N-dep of the order of 40-50 g C per g N, which is slightly larger but not significantly different from the range of estimates published in the most recent reviews. Importantly, patterns of gross primary and net ecosystem productivity versus N-dep were non-linear, with no further growth responses at high N-dep levels (N-dep > 2.5-3 gNm(-2) yr(-1)) but accompanied by increasingly large ecosystem N losses by leaching and gaseous emissions. The reduced increase in productivity per unit N deposited at high N-dep levels implies that the forecast increased N-r emissions and increased N-dep levels in large areas of Asia may not positively impact the continent's forest CO2 sink. The large level of unexplained variability in observed carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE) across sites further adds to the uncertainty in the dC/dN response.

Published
2020

14. Carbon-nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation - Part 1: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling

Author

Flechard, Chris R., Ibrom, Andreas, Skiba, Ute M., de Vries, Wim, Van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., Dise, Nancy B., Korhonen, Janne F.J., Buchmann, Nina, Legout, Arnaud, Simpson, David, Sanz, Maria J., Aubinet, Marc, Loustau, Denis, Montagnani, Leonardo, Neirynck, Johan, Janssens, Ivan A., Pihlatie, Mari, Kiese, Ralf, Siemens, Jan, Francez, André-Jean, Augustin, Jürgen, Varlagin, Andrej, Olejnik, Janusz, Juszczak, Radosław, Aurela, Mika, Berveiller, Daniel, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Dämmgen, Ulrich, Delpierre, Nicolas, Djuricic, Vesna, Drewer, Julia, Dufrêne, Eric, Eugster, Werner, Fauvel, Yannick, Fowler, David, Frumau, Arnoud, Granier, André, Gross, Patrick, Hamon, Yannick, Helfter, Carole, Hensen, Arjan, Horváth, László, Kitzler, Barbara, Kruijt, Bart, Kutsch, Werner L., Lobo-do-Vale, Raquel, Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Marek, Michal V., Matteucci, Giorgio, Mitosinkova, Marta, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Pilegaard, Kim, Pita, Gabriel, Sanz, Francisco, Schjoerring, Jan K., Sebastià, Maria-Teresa, Tang, Y. Sim, Uggerud, Hilde, Urbaniak, Marek, van Dijk, Netty, Vesala, Timo, Vidic, Sonja, Vincke, Caroline, Weidinger, Tamás, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Nemitz, Eiko, Sutton, Mark A., Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Edinburgh] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), School of Communication, Charles Sturt University [Australia], Department of Environmental & Geographical Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), Department of Physics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences [Zürich], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers (BEF), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Agro-BioTech Gembloux, Université de Liège, Unité de bioclimatologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Servizi Forestali, Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano, Agenzia per l'Ambiente, Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (UA), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), INRES Bodenwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Meteorology, Faculty of Wood Technology, Poznan' University of Life Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences-Poznan University of Life Sciences, Climate and Global Change Research [Helsinki], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Environment Engineering and Spatial Management, Department of Meteorology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Climate Research, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Abeilles, Institute of Plant, Animal and Agroecosystem Sciences, NERC Centre of Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Edinburgh Research Station, Earth System Science and Climate Change Group, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Agronomy Institute, Technical University of Lisbon, Atmospheric Composition Research [Helsinki], Division of Ecosystems Processes Lab. of Plants Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systems Biology and Ecology, Inst Agroenvironm & Forest Biol, National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMU), Neftel Research Expertise, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Biosystems Division [Roskilde], Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy (Risø DTU), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU)-Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Mechanical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), IT University of Copenhagen (ITU), Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Global Change (ECOFUN), Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Department of Forest Sciences [Helsinki], Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Institute of Soil Sciences, Vienna, University of Vienna [Vienna], Bush Estate, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, GOCE-CT-2003-505572, Sixth Framework Programme, 282910, Seventh Framework Programme, European Project: 282910,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2011,ECLAIRE(2011), European Project: 28980,CARBOEUROPE-IP, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU)-Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), IT University of Copenhagen, University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Jonchère, Laurent, Effects of Climate Change on Air Pollution Impacts and Response Strategies for European Ecosystems - ECLAIRE - - EC:FP7:ENV2011-10-01 - 2015-09-30 - 282910 - VALID, ASSESSMENT OF THE EUROPEAN TERRESTRIAL CARBON BALANCE - CARBOEUROPE-IP - 28980 - OLD, and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences

Subjects
[SDE] Environmental Sciences, Evolution, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, TROPICAL FORESTS, Atmospheric Sciences, DRY DEPOSITION, Behavior and Systematics, QUALITY-CONTROL, greenhouse gases, ddc:550, BOREAL FORESTS, SDG 13 - Climate Action, LONG-TERM IMPACTSEDDY-COVARIANCEREACTIVE NITROGENDRY DEPOSITIONORGANIC NITROGENTROPICAL FORESTSQUALITY-CONTROLBOREAL FORESTSOXIDE FLUXESTREE GROWTH, REACTIVE NITROGEN, Biology, Earth-Surface Processes, ecosystem, TREE GROWTH, Ecology, Physics, LONG-TERM IMPACTS, European forest, EDDY-COVARIANCE, Chemistry, Earth sciences, ORGANIC NITROGEN, [SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, semi-natural vegetation, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, carbon-nitrogen, OXIDE FLUXES
Abstract

The impact of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition on carbon (C) sequestration in soils and biomass of unfertilized, natural, semi-natural and forest ecosystems has been much debated. Many previous results of this dC∕dN response were based on changes in carbon stocks from periodical soil and ecosystem inventories, associated with estimates of Nr deposition obtained from large-scale chemical transport models. This study and a companion paper (Flechard et al., 2020) strive to reduce uncertainties of N effects on C sequestration by linking multi-annual gross and net ecosystem productivity estimates from 40 eddy covariance flux towers across Europe to local measurement-based estimates of dry and wet Nr deposition from a dedicated collocated monitoring network. To identify possible ecological drivers and processes affecting the interplay between C and Nr inputs and losses, these data were also combined with in situ flux measurements of NO, N2O and CH4 fluxes; soil NO−3 leaching sampling; and results of soil incubation experiments for N and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as surveys of available data from online databases and from the literature, together with forest ecosystem (BASFOR) modelling. Multi-year averages of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in forests ranged from −70 to 826 g C m−2 yr−1 at total wet + dry inorganic Nr deposition rates (Ndep) of 0.3 to 4.3 g N m−2 yr−1 and from −4 to 361 g C m−2 yr−1 at Ndep rates of 0.1 to 3.1 g N m−2 yr−1 in short semi-natural vegetation (moorlands, wetlands and unfertilized extensively managed grasslands). The GHG budgets of the forests were strongly dominated by CO2 exchange, while CH4 and N2O exchange comprised a larger proportion of the GHG balance in short semi-natural vegetation. Uncertainties in elemental budgets were much larger for nitrogen than carbon, especially at sites with elevated Ndep where Nr leaching losses were also very large, and compounded by the lack of reliable data on organic nitrogen and N2 losses by denitrification. Nitrogen losses in the form of NO, N2O and especially NO−3 were on average 27 % (range 6 %–54 %) of Ndep at sites with Ndep 3 g N m−2 yr−1. Such large levels of Nr loss likely indicate that different stages of N saturation occurred at a number of sites. The joint analysis of the C and N budgets provided further hints that N saturation could be detected in altered patterns of forest growth. Net ecosystem productivity increased with Nr deposition up to 2–2.5 g N m−2 yr−1, with large scatter associated with a wide range in carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE, defined as the NEP ∕ GPP ratio). At elevated Ndep levels (> 2.5 g N m−2 yr−1), where inorganic Nr losses were also increasingly large, NEP levelled off and then decreased. The apparent increase in NEP at low to intermediate Ndep levels was partly the result of geographical cross-correlations between Ndep and climate, indicating that the actual mean dC∕dN response at individual sites was significantly lower than would be suggested by a simple, straightforward regression of NEP vs. Ndep. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support by the European Commission through the two FP6 integrated projects CarboEurope Integrated Project (project no. GOCE-CT-2003-505572) and NitroEurope Integrated Project (project no. 017841), the FP7 ECLAIRE project (grant agreement no. 282910), and the ABBA COST Action ES0804. We are also thankful for funding from the French GIP-ECOFOR consortium under the F-ORE-T forest observation and experimentation network, as well as from the MDM-2017-0714 Spanish grant. Computer time for EMEP model runs was supported by the Research Council of Norway through the NOTUR project EMEP (NN2890K). Finalization of the paper was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council award number NE/R016429/1 as part of the UKSCAPE programme delivering national capability.

Published
2020
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15. Modeling the impacts of diffuse light fraction on photosynthesis in ORCHIDEE (v5453) land surface model

Author

Zhang, Yuan, Bastos, Ana, Maignan, Fabienne, Goll, Daniel, Boucher, Olivier, Li, Laurent, Cescatti, Alessandro, Vuichard, Nicolas, Chen, Xiuzhi, Ammann, Christof, Arain, M. Altaf, Black, Thomas Andrew, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Kato, Tomomichi, Mammarella, Ivan, Montagnani, Leonardo, Roupsard, Olivier, Sanz, Maria J., Siebicke, Lukas, Urbaniak, Marek, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Woodgate, Will, Ciais, Philippe, Zhang, Yuan, Bastos, Ana, Maignan, Fabienne, Goll, Daniel, Boucher, Olivier, Li, Laurent, Cescatti, Alessandro, Vuichard, Nicolas, Chen, Xiuzhi, Ammann, Christof, Arain, M. Altaf, Black, Thomas Andrew, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Kato, Tomomichi, Mammarella, Ivan, Montagnani, Leonardo, Roupsard, Olivier, Sanz, Maria J., Siebicke, Lukas, Urbaniak, Marek, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Woodgate, Will, and Ciais, Philippe

Abstract

Aerosol- and cloud-induced changes in diffuse light have important impacts on the global land carbon cycle, as they alter light distribution and photosynthesis in vegetation canopies. However, this effect remains poorly represented or evaluated in current land surface models. Here, we add a light partitioning module and a new canopy light transmission module to the ORCHIDEE (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems) land surface model (trunk version, v5453) and use the revised model, ORCHIDEE_DF, to estimate the fraction of diffuse light and its effect on gross primary production (GPP) in a multilayer canopy. We evaluate the new parameterizations using flux observations from 159 eddy covariance sites over the globe. Our results show that, compared with the original model, ORCHIDEE_DF improves the GPP simulation under sunny conditions and captures the observed higher photosynthesis under cloudier conditions in most plant functional types (PFTs). Our results also indicate that the larger GPP under cloudy conditions compared with sunny conditions is mainly driven by increased diffuse light in the morning and in the afternoon as well as by a decreased vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and decreased air temperature at midday. The observations show that the strongest positive effects of diffuse light on photosynthesis are found in the range from 5 to 20 ∘C and at a VPD < 1 kPa. This effect is found to decrease when the VPD becomes too large or the temperature falls outside of the abovementioned range, which is likely due to the increasing stomatal resistance to leaf CO2 uptake. ORCHIDEE_DF underestimates the diffuse light effect at low temperature in all PFTs and overestimates this effect at high temperature and at a high VPD in grasslands and croplands. The new model has the potential to better investigate the impact of large-scale aerosol changes and long-term changes in cloudiness on the terrestrial carbon budget, both in the historical period and in the contex

Published
2020

16. Carbon -nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation. Part 2: Untangling climatic, edaphic, management and nitrogen deposition effects on carbon sequestration potentials

Author

Flechard, Chris R., van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., de Vries, Wim, Ibrom, Andreas, Buchmann, Nina, Dise, Nancy B., Janssens, Ivan A., Neirynck, Johan, Montagnani, Leonardo, Varlagin, Andrej, Loustau, Denis, Legout, Arnaud, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Drewer, Julia, Eugster, Werner, Francez, André-Jean, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kitzler, Barbara, Kutsch, Werner L., Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Matteucci, Giorgio, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Olejnik, Janusz, Sanz, Maria J., Siemens, Jan, Vesala, Timo, Vincke, Caroline, Nemitz, Eiko, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Skiba, Ute M., Sutton, Mark A., Flechard, Chris R., van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., de Vries, Wim, Ibrom, Andreas, Buchmann, Nina, Dise, Nancy B., Janssens, Ivan A., Neirynck, Johan, Montagnani, Leonardo, Varlagin, Andrej, Loustau, Denis, Legout, Arnaud, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Drewer, Julia, Eugster, Werner, Francez, André-Jean, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kitzler, Barbara, Kutsch, Werner L., Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Matteucci, Giorgio, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Olejnik, Janusz, Sanz, Maria J., Siemens, Jan, Vesala, Timo, Vincke, Caroline, Nemitz, Eiko, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Skiba, Ute M., and Sutton, Mark A.

Abstract

The effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition (Ndep) on carbon (C) sequestration in forests have often been assessed by relating differences in productivity to spatial variations of Ndep across a large geographic domain. These correlations generally suffer from covariation of other confounding variables related to climate and other growth-limiting factors, as well as large uncertainties in total (dry + wet) reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition. We propose a methodology for untangling the effects of Ndep from those of meteorological variables, soil water retention capacity and stand age, using a mechanistic forest growth model in combination with eddy covariance CO2 exchange fluxes from a Europe-wide network of 22 forest flux towers. Total Nr deposition rates were estimated from local measurements as far as possible. The forest data were compared with data from natural or semi-natural, non-woody vegetation sites. The response of forest net ecosystem productivity to nitrogen deposition (dNEP ∕ dNdep) was estimated after accounting for the effects on gross primary productivity (GPP) of the co-correlates by means of a meta-modelling standardization procedure, which resulted in a reduction by a factor of about 2 of the uncorrected, apparent dGPP ∕ dNdep value. This model-enhanced analysis of the C and Ndep flux observations at the scale of the European network suggests a mean overall dNEP ∕ dNdep response of forest lifetime C sequestration to Ndep of the order of 40–50 g C per g N, which is slightly larger but not significantly different from the range of estimates published in the most recent reviews. Importantly, patterns of gross primary and net ecosystem productivity versus Ndep were non-linear, with no further growth responses at high Ndep levels (Ndep > 2.5–3 g N m−2 yr−1) but accompanied by increasingly large ecosystem N losses by leaching and gaseous emissions. The reduced increase in productivity per unit N deposited at high Ndep levels implies that the forecast i

Published
2020

17. Carbon-nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation - Part 1:Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling

Author

Flechard, Chris R., Ibrom, Andreas, Skiba, Ute M., de Vries, Wim, van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., Dise, Nancy B., Korhonen, Janne F. J., Buchmann, Nina, Legout, Arnaud, Simpson, David, Sanz, Maria J., Aubinet, Marc, Loustau, Denis, Montagnani, Leonardo, Neirynck, Johan, Janssens, Ivan A., Pihlatie, Mari, Kiese, Ralf, Siemens, Jan, Francez, Andre-Jean, Augustin, Juergen, Varlagin, Andrej, Olejnik, Janusz, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Aurela, Mika, Berveiller, Daniel, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Dammgen, Ulrich, Delpierre, Nicolas, Djuricic, Vesna, Drewer, Julia, Dufrene, Eric, Eugster, Werner, Fauvel, Yannick, Fowler, David, Frumau, Arnoud, Granier, Andre, Gross, Patrick, Hamon, Yannick, Helfter, Carole, Hensen, Arjan, Horvath, Laszlo, Kitzler, Barbara, Kruijt, Bart, Kutsch, Werner L., Lobo-do-Vale, Raquel, Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Marek, Michal, Matteucci, Giorgio, Mitosinkova, Marta, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Pilegaard, Kim, Pita, Gabriel, Sanz, Francisco, Schjørring, Jan K., Sebastia, Maria-Teresa, Tang, Y. Sim, Uggerud, Hilde, Urbaniak, Marek, van Dijk, Netty, Vesala, Timo, Vidic, Sonja, Vincke, Caroline, Weidinger, Tamas, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bah, Klaus, Nemitz, Eiko, Sutton, Mark A., Flechard, Chris R., Ibrom, Andreas, Skiba, Ute M., de Vries, Wim, van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., Dise, Nancy B., Korhonen, Janne F. J., Buchmann, Nina, Legout, Arnaud, Simpson, David, Sanz, Maria J., Aubinet, Marc, Loustau, Denis, Montagnani, Leonardo, Neirynck, Johan, Janssens, Ivan A., Pihlatie, Mari, Kiese, Ralf, Siemens, Jan, Francez, Andre-Jean, Augustin, Juergen, Varlagin, Andrej, Olejnik, Janusz, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Aurela, Mika, Berveiller, Daniel, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Dammgen, Ulrich, Delpierre, Nicolas, Djuricic, Vesna, Drewer, Julia, Dufrene, Eric, Eugster, Werner, Fauvel, Yannick, Fowler, David, Frumau, Arnoud, Granier, Andre, Gross, Patrick, Hamon, Yannick, Helfter, Carole, Hensen, Arjan, Horvath, Laszlo, Kitzler, Barbara, Kruijt, Bart, Kutsch, Werner L., Lobo-do-Vale, Raquel, Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Marek, Michal, Matteucci, Giorgio, Mitosinkova, Marta, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Pilegaard, Kim, Pita, Gabriel, Sanz, Francisco, Schjørring, Jan K., Sebastia, Maria-Teresa, Tang, Y. Sim, Uggerud, Hilde, Urbaniak, Marek, van Dijk, Netty, Vesala, Timo, Vidic, Sonja, Vincke, Caroline, Weidinger, Tamas, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bah, Klaus, Nemitz, Eiko, and Sutton, Mark A.

Abstract

The impact of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (N-r) deposition on carbon (C) sequestration in soils and biomass of unfertilized, natural, semi-natural and forest ecosystems has been much debated. Many previous results of this dC/dN response were based on changes in carbon stocks from periodical soil and ecosystem inventories, associated with estimates of N-r deposition obtained from large-scale chemical transport models. This study and a companion paper (Flechard et al., 2020) strive to reduce uncertainties of N effects on C sequestration by linking multi-annual gross and net ecosystem productivity estimates from 40 eddy covariance flux towers across Europe to local measurement-based estimates of dry and wet N-r deposition from a dedicated collocated monitoring network. To identify possible ecological drivers and processes affecting the interplay between C and N-r inputs and losses, these data were also combined with in situ flux measurements of NO, N2O and CH4 fluxes; soil NO3- leaching sampling; and results of soil incubation experiments for N and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as surveys of available data from online databases and from the literature, together with forest ecosystem (BAS-FOR) modelling.Multi-year averages of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in forests ranged from -70 to 826 gCm(-2) yr(-1) at total wet + dry inorganic N-r deposition rates (N-dep) of 0.3 to 4.3 gNm(-2) yr(-1) and from -4 to 361 g Cm-2 yr(-1) at N-dep rates of 0.1 to 3.1 gNm(-2) yr(-1) in short semi-natural vegetation (moorlands, wetlands and unfertilized extensively managed grasslands). The GHG budgets of the forests were strongly dominated by CO2 exchange, while CH4 and N2O exchange comprised a larger proportion of the GHG balance in short semi-natural vegetation. Uncertainties in elemental budgets were much larger for nitrogen than carbon, especially at sites with elevated N-dep where N-r leaching losses were also very large, and compounded by the lack of reliable

Published
2020

18. Carbon-nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation - Part 1:Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling

Author

Sutton, Mark A., Flechard, Chris R., Ibrom, Andreas, Skiba, Ute M., De Vries, Wim, Van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., DIse, Nancy B., Korhonen, Janne F.J., Buchmann, Nina, Legout, Arnaud, Simpson, David, Sanz, Maria J., Aubinet, Marc, Loustau, Denis, Montagnani, Leonardo, Neirynck, Johan, Janssens, Ivan A., Pihlatie, Mari, Kiese, Ralf, Siemens, Jan, Francez, Andre Jean, Augustin, Jurgen, Varlagin, Andrej, Olejnik, Janusz, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Aurela, Mika, Berveiller, Daniel, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Dämmgen, Ulrich, Delpierre, Nicolas, Djuricic, Vesna, Drewer, Julia, Dufrêne, Eric, Eugster, Werner, Fauvel, Yannick, Fowler, David, Frumau, Arnoud, Granier, André, Gross, Patrick, Hamon, Yannick, Helfter, Carole, Hensen, Arjan, Horvath, Laszlo, Kitzler, Barbara, Kruijt, Bart, Kutsch, Werner L., Lobo-Do-Vale, Raquel, Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Marek, Michal V., Matteucci, Giorgio, Mitosinkova, Marta, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Ourcival, Jean Marc, Pilegaard, Kim, Pita, Gabriel, Sanz, Francisco, Schjoerring, Jan K., Sebastià, Maria Teresa, Sim Tang, Y., Uggerud, Hilde, Urbaniak, Marek, Van DIjk, Netty, Vesala, Timo, Vidic, Sonja, Vincke, Caroline, Weidinger, Tamas, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Nemitz, Eiko, Sutton, Mark A., Flechard, Chris R., Ibrom, Andreas, Skiba, Ute M., De Vries, Wim, Van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., DIse, Nancy B., Korhonen, Janne F.J., Buchmann, Nina, Legout, Arnaud, Simpson, David, Sanz, Maria J., Aubinet, Marc, Loustau, Denis, Montagnani, Leonardo, Neirynck, Johan, Janssens, Ivan A., Pihlatie, Mari, Kiese, Ralf, Siemens, Jan, Francez, Andre Jean, Augustin, Jurgen, Varlagin, Andrej, Olejnik, Janusz, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Aurela, Mika, Berveiller, Daniel, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Dämmgen, Ulrich, Delpierre, Nicolas, Djuricic, Vesna, Drewer, Julia, Dufrêne, Eric, Eugster, Werner, Fauvel, Yannick, Fowler, David, Frumau, Arnoud, Granier, André, Gross, Patrick, Hamon, Yannick, Helfter, Carole, Hensen, Arjan, Horvath, Laszlo, Kitzler, Barbara, Kruijt, Bart, Kutsch, Werner L., Lobo-Do-Vale, Raquel, Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Marek, Michal V., Matteucci, Giorgio, Mitosinkova, Marta, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Ourcival, Jean Marc, Pilegaard, Kim, Pita, Gabriel, Sanz, Francisco, Schjoerring, Jan K., Sebastià, Maria Teresa, Sim Tang, Y., Uggerud, Hilde, Urbaniak, Marek, Van DIjk, Netty, Vesala, Timo, Vidic, Sonja, Vincke, Caroline, Weidinger, Tamas, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, and Nemitz, Eiko

Abstract

The impact of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition on carbon (C) sequestration in soils and biomass of unfertilized, natural, semi-natural and forest ecosystems has been much debated. Many previous results of this dC=dN response were based on changes in carbon stocks from periodical soil and ecosystem inventories, associated with estimates of Nr deposition obtained from large-scale chemical transport models. This study and a companion paper (Flechard et al., 2020) strive to reduce uncertainties of N effects on C sequestration by linking multi-annual gross and net ecosystem productivity estimates from 40 eddy covariance flux towers across Europe to local measurement-based estimates of dry and wet Nr deposition from a dedicated collocated monitoring network. To identify possible ecological drivers and processes affecting the interplay between C and Nr inputs and losses, these data were also combined with in situ flux measurements of NO, N2O and CH4 fluxes; soil NO3 leaching sampling; and results of soil incubation experiments for N and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as surveys of available data from online databases and from the literature, together with forest ecosystem (BASFOR) modelling. Multi-year averages of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in forests ranged from 70 to 826 gCm2 yr1 at total wetCdry inorganic Nr deposition rates (Ndep) of 0.3 to 4.3 gNm2 yr1 and from 4 to 361 g Cm2 yr1 at Ndep rates of 0.1 to 3.1 gNm2 yr1 in short semi-natural vegetation (moorlands, wetlands and unfertilized extensively managed grasslands). The GHG budgets of the forests were strongly dominated by CO2 exchange, while CH4 and N2O exchange comprised a larger proportion of the GHG balance in short semi-natural vegetation. Uncertainties in elemental budgets were much larger for nitrogen than carbon, especially at sites with elevated Ndep where Nr leaching losses were also very large, and compounded by the lack of reliable data on organic nitrogen and N2 losses by

Published
2020

19. Carbon-nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation - Part 2:Untangling climatic, edaphic, management and nitrogen deposition effects on carbon sequestration potentials

Author

Sutton, Mark A., Flechard, Chris R., Van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., De Vries, Wim, Ibrom, Andreas, Buchmann, Nina, DIse, Nancy B., Janssens, Ivan A., Neirynck, Johan, Montagnani, Leonardo, Varlagin, Andrej, Loustau, Denis, Legout, Arnaud, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Drewer, Julia, Eugster, Werner, Francez, Andre Jean, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kitzler, Barbara, Kutsch, Werner L., Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Matteucci, Giorgio, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Olejnik, Janusz, Sanz, Maria J., Siemens, Jan, Vesala, Timo, Vincke, Caroline, Nemitz, Eiko, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Skiba, Ute M., Sutton, Mark A., Flechard, Chris R., Van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., De Vries, Wim, Ibrom, Andreas, Buchmann, Nina, DIse, Nancy B., Janssens, Ivan A., Neirynck, Johan, Montagnani, Leonardo, Varlagin, Andrej, Loustau, Denis, Legout, Arnaud, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Drewer, Julia, Eugster, Werner, Francez, Andre Jean, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kitzler, Barbara, Kutsch, Werner L., Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Matteucci, Giorgio, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Olejnik, Janusz, Sanz, Maria J., Siemens, Jan, Vesala, Timo, Vincke, Caroline, Nemitz, Eiko, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, and Skiba, Ute M.

Abstract

The effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition (Ndep) on carbon (C) sequestration in forests have often been assessed by relating differences in productivity to spatial variations of Ndep across a large geographic domain. These correlations generally suffer from covariation of other confounding variables related to climate and other growth-limiting factors, as well as large uncertainties in total (dryCwet) reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition.We propose a methodology for untangling the effects of Ndep from those of meteorological variables, soil water retention capacity and stand age, using a mechanistic forest growth model in combination with eddy covariance CO2 exchange fluxes from a Europe-wide network of 22 forest flux towers. Total Nr deposition rates were estimated from local measurements as far as possible. The forest data were compared with data from natural or semi-natural, non-woody vegetation sites. The response of forest net ecosystem productivity to nitrogen deposition (dNEP= dNdep) was estimated after accounting for the effects on gross primary productivity (GPP) of the co-correlates by means of a meta-modelling standardization procedure, which resulted in a reduction by a factor of about 2 of the uncorrected, apparent dGPP=dNdep value. This model-enhanced analysis of the C and Ndep flux observations at the scale of the European network suggests a mean overall dNEP= dNdep response of forest lifetime C sequestration to Ndep of the order of 40 50 g C per g N, which is slightly larger but not significantly different from the range of estimates published in the most recent reviews. Importantly, patterns of gross primary and net ecosystem productivity versus Ndep were non-linear, with no further growth responses at high Ndep levels (Ndep >2.5 3 gNm2 yr1) but accompanied by increasingly large ecosystem N losses by leaching and gaseous emissions. The reduced increase in productivity per unit N deposited at high Ndep levels implies that the forecast increas

Published
2020

20. Carbon-nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation - Part 1 : Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling

Author

Sutton, Mark A., Flechard, Chris R., Ibrom, Andreas, Skiba, Ute M., De Vries, Wim, Van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., DIse, Nancy B., Korhonen, Janne F.J., Buchmann, Nina, Legout, Arnaud, Simpson, David, Sanz, Maria J., Aubinet, Marc, Loustau, Denis, Montagnani, Leonardo, Neirynck, Johan, Janssens, Ivan A., Pihlatie, Mari, Kiese, Ralf, Siemens, Jan, Francez, Andre Jean, Augustin, Jurgen, Varlagin, Andrej, Olejnik, Janusz, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Aurela, Mika, Berveiller, Daniel, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Dämmgen, Ulrich, Delpierre, Nicolas, Djuricic, Vesna, Drewer, Julia, Dufrêne, Eric, Eugster, Werner, Fauvel, Yannick, Fowler, David, Frumau, Arnoud, Granier, André, Gross, Patrick, Hamon, Yannick, Helfter, Carole, Hensen, Arjan, Horvath, Laszlo, Kitzler, Barbara, Kruijt, Bart, Kutsch, Werner L., Lobo-Do-Vale, Raquel, Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Marek, Michal V., Matteucci, Giorgio, Mitosinkova, Marta, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Ourcival, Jean Marc, Pilegaard, Kim, Pita, Gabriel, Sanz, Francisco, Schjoerring, Jan K., Sebastià, Maria Teresa, Sim Tang, Y., Uggerud, Hilde, Urbaniak, Marek, Van DIjk, Netty, Vesala, Timo, Vidic, Sonja, Vincke, Caroline, Weidinger, Tamas, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Nemitz, Eiko, Sutton, Mark A., Flechard, Chris R., Ibrom, Andreas, Skiba, Ute M., De Vries, Wim, Van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., DIse, Nancy B., Korhonen, Janne F.J., Buchmann, Nina, Legout, Arnaud, Simpson, David, Sanz, Maria J., Aubinet, Marc, Loustau, Denis, Montagnani, Leonardo, Neirynck, Johan, Janssens, Ivan A., Pihlatie, Mari, Kiese, Ralf, Siemens, Jan, Francez, Andre Jean, Augustin, Jurgen, Varlagin, Andrej, Olejnik, Janusz, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Aurela, Mika, Berveiller, Daniel, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Dämmgen, Ulrich, Delpierre, Nicolas, Djuricic, Vesna, Drewer, Julia, Dufrêne, Eric, Eugster, Werner, Fauvel, Yannick, Fowler, David, Frumau, Arnoud, Granier, André, Gross, Patrick, Hamon, Yannick, Helfter, Carole, Hensen, Arjan, Horvath, Laszlo, Kitzler, Barbara, Kruijt, Bart, Kutsch, Werner L., Lobo-Do-Vale, Raquel, Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Marek, Michal V., Matteucci, Giorgio, Mitosinkova, Marta, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Ourcival, Jean Marc, Pilegaard, Kim, Pita, Gabriel, Sanz, Francisco, Schjoerring, Jan K., Sebastià, Maria Teresa, Sim Tang, Y., Uggerud, Hilde, Urbaniak, Marek, Van DIjk, Netty, Vesala, Timo, Vidic, Sonja, Vincke, Caroline, Weidinger, Tamas, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, and Nemitz, Eiko

Abstract

The impact of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition on carbon (C) sequestration in soils and biomass of unfertilized, natural, semi-natural and forest ecosystems has been much debated. Many previous results of this dC=dN response were based on changes in carbon stocks from periodical soil and ecosystem inventories, associated with estimates of Nr deposition obtained from large-scale chemical transport models. This study and a companion paper (Flechard et al., 2020) strive to reduce uncertainties of N effects on C sequestration by linking multi-annual gross and net ecosystem productivity estimates from 40 eddy covariance flux towers across Europe to local measurement-based estimates of dry and wet Nr deposition from a dedicated collocated monitoring network. To identify possible ecological drivers and processes affecting the interplay between C and Nr inputs and losses, these data were also combined with in situ flux measurements of NO, N2O and CH4 fluxes; soil NO3 leaching sampling; and results of soil incubation experiments for N and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as surveys of available data from online databases and from the literature, together with forest ecosystem (BASFOR) modelling. Multi-year averages of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in forests ranged from 70 to 826 gCm2 yr1 at total wetCdry inorganic Nr deposition rates (Ndep) of 0.3 to 4.3 gNm2 yr1 and from 4 to 361 g Cm2 yr1 at Ndep rates of 0.1 to 3.1 gNm2 yr1 in short semi-natural vegetation (moorlands, wetlands and unfertilized extensively managed grasslands). The GHG budgets of the forests were strongly dominated by CO2 exchange, while CH4 and N2O exchange comprised a larger proportion of the GHG balance in short semi-natural vegetation. Uncertainties in elemental budgets were much larger for nitrogen than carbon, especially at sites with elevated Ndep where Nr leaching losses were also very large, and compounded by the lack of reliable data on organic nitrogen and N2 losses by den

Published
2020

21. Modeling the impacts of diffuse light fraction on photosynthesis in ORCHIDEE (v5453) land surface model

Author

Zhang, Yuan, primary, Bastos, Ana, additional, Maignan, Fabienne, additional, Goll, Daniel, additional, Boucher, Olivier, additional, Li, Laurent, additional, Cescatti, Alessandro, additional, Vuichard, Nicolas, additional, Chen, Xiuzhi, additional, Ammann, Christof, additional, Arain, M. Altaf, additional, Black, T. Andrew, additional, Chojnicki, Bogdan, additional, Kato, Tomomichi, additional, Mammarella, Ivan, additional, Montagnani, Leonardo, additional, Roupsard, Olivier, additional, Sanz, Maria J., additional, Siebicke, Lukas, additional, Urbaniak, Marek, additional, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, additional, Wohlfahrt, Georg, additional, Woodgate, Will, additional, and Ciais, Philippe, additional

Published
2020
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22. Supplementary material to "Modeling the impacts of diffuse light fraction on photosynthesis in ORCHIDEE (v5453) land surface model"

Author

Zhang, Yuan, primary, Bastos, Ana, additional, Maignan, Fabienne, additional, Goll, Daniel, additional, Boucher, Olivier, additional, Li, Laurent, additional, Cescatti, Alessandro, additional, Vuichard, Nicolas, additional, Chen, Xiuzhi, additional, Ammann, Christof, additional, Arain, Altaf, additional, Black, T. Andrew, additional, Chojnicki, Bogdan, additional, Kato, Tomomichi, additional, Mammarella, Ivan, additional, Montagnani, Leonardo, additional, Roupsard, Olivier, additional, Sanz, Maria J., additional, Siebicke, Lukas, additional, Urbaniak, Marek, additional, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, additional, Wohlfahrt, Georg, additional, Woodgate, Will, additional, and Ciais, Philippe, additional

Published
2020
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23. Supplementary material to "Pan-European rural atmospheric monitoring network shows dominance of NH3 gas and NH4NO3 aerosol in inorganic pollution load"

Author

Tang, Y. Sim, primary, Flechard, Chris R., additional, Dämmgen, Ulrich, additional, Vidic, Sonja, additional, Djuricic, Vesna, additional, Mitosinkova, Marta, additional, Uggerud, Hilde T., additional, Sanz, Maria J., additional, Simmons, Ivan, additional, Dragosits, Ulrike, additional, Nemitz, Eiko, additional, Twigg, Marsailidh, additional, van Dijk, Netty, additional, Fauvel, Yannick, additional, Sanz-Sanchez, Francisco, additional, Ferm, Martin, additional, Perrino, Cinzia, additional, Catrambone, Maria, additional, Leaver, David, additional, Braban, Christine F., additional, Cape, J. Neil, additional, Heal, Mathew R., additional, and Sutton, Mark A., additional

Published
2020
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24. Pan-European rural atmospheric monitoring network shows dominance of NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; gas and NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; aerosol in inorganic pollution load

Author

Tang, Y. Sim, primary, Flechard, Chris R., additional, Dämmgen, Ulrich, additional, Vidic, Sonja, additional, Djuricic, Vesna, additional, Mitosinkova, Marta, additional, Uggerud, Hilde T., additional, Sanz, Maria J., additional, Simmons, Ivan, additional, Dragosits, Ulrike, additional, Nemitz, Eiko, additional, Twigg, Marsailidh, additional, van Dijk, Netty, additional, Fauvel, Yannick, additional, Sanz-Sanchez, Francisco, additional, Ferm, Martin, additional, Perrino, Cinzia, additional, Catrambone, Maria, additional, Leaver, David, additional, Braban, Christine F., additional, Cape, J. Neil, additional, Heal, Mathew R., additional, and Sutton, Mark A., additional

Published
2020
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25. Carbon–nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation – Part 2: Untangling climatic, edaphic, management and nitrogen deposition effects on carbon sequestration potentials

Author

Flechard, Chris R., primary, van Oijen, Marcel, additional, Cameron, David R., additional, de Vries, Wim, additional, Ibrom, Andreas, additional, Buchmann, Nina, additional, Dise, Nancy B., additional, Janssens, Ivan A., additional, Neirynck, Johan, additional, Montagnani, Leonardo, additional, Varlagin, Andrej, additional, Loustau, Denis, additional, Legout, Arnaud, additional, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, additional, Aubinet, Marc, additional, Aurela, Mika, additional, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., additional, Drewer, Julia, additional, Eugster, Werner, additional, Francez, André-Jean, additional, Juszczak, Radosław, additional, Kitzler, Barbara, additional, Kutsch, Werner L., additional, Lohila, Annalea, additional, Longdoz, Bernard, additional, Matteucci, Giorgio, additional, Moreaux, Virginie, additional, Neftel, Albrecht, additional, Olejnik, Janusz, additional, Sanz, Maria J., additional, Siemens, Jan, additional, Vesala, Timo, additional, Vincke, Caroline, additional, Nemitz, Eiko, additional, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, additional, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, additional, Skiba, Ute M., additional, and Sutton, Mark A., additional

Published
2020
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26. Carbon/nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation. Part I: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling

Author

Flechard, Chris R., Ibrom, Andreas, Skiba, Ute M., de Vries, Wim, Van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., Dise, Nancy B., Korhonen, Janne F.J., Buchmann, Nina, Legout, Arnaud, Simpson, David, Sanz, Maria J., Aubinet, Marc, Loustau, Denis, Montagnani, Leonardo, Neirynck, Johan, Janssens, Ivan A., Pihlatie, Mari, Kiese, Ralf, Siemens, Jan, Francez, André-Jean, Augustin, Jürgen, Varlagin, Andrej, Olejnik, Janusz, Juszczak, Radosław, Aurela, Mika, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Dämmgen, Ulrich, Djuricic, Vesna, Drewer, Julia, Eugster, Werner, Fauvel, Yannick, Fowler, David, Frumau, Arnoud, Granier, André, Gross, Patrick, Hamon, Yannick, Helfter, Carole, Hensen, Arjan, Horváth, László, Kitzler, Barbara, Kruijt, Bart, Kutsch, Werner L., Lobo-Do-Vale, Raquel, Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Marek, Michal V., Matteucci, Giorgio, Mitosinkova, Marta, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Pilegaard, Kim, Pita, Gabriel, Sanz, Francisco, Schjoerring, Jan K., Sebastià, Maria-Teresa, Tang, Y. Sim, Uggerud, Hilde, Urbaniak, Marek, van Dijk, Netty, Vesala, Timo, Vidic, Sonja, Vincke, Caroline, Weidinger, Tamás, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Nemitz, Eiko, and Sutton, Mark A.

Abstract

ISSN:1810-6277 ISSN:1810-6285

Published
2019

27. Carbon/nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation. Part II: Untangling climatic, edaphic, management and nitrogen deposition effects on carbon sequestration potentials

Author

Flechard, Chris R., Van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., de Vries, Wim, Ibrom, Andreas, Buchmann, Nina, Dise, Nancy B., Janssens, Ivan A., Neirynck, Johan, Montagnani, Leonardo, Varlagin, Andrej, Loustau, Denis, Legout, Arnaud, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Drewer, Julia, Eugster, Werner, Francez, André-Jean, Juszczak, Radosław, Kitzler, Barbara, Kutsch, Werner L., Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Matteucci, Giorgio, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Olejnik, Janusz, Sanz, Maria J., Siemens, Jan, Vesala, Timo, Vincke, Caroline, Nemitz, Eiko, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Skiba, Ute M., and Sutton, Mark A.

Abstract

ISSN:1810-6277 ISSN:1810-6285

Published
2019

28. Supplementary material to &quot;Carbon / nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation. Part I: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling&quot;

Author

Flechard, Chris R., primary, Ibrom, Andreas, additional, Skiba, Ute M., additional, de Vries, Wim, additional, van Oijen, Marcel, additional, Cameron, David R., additional, Dise, Nancy B., additional, Korhonen, Janne F. J., additional, Buchmann, Nina, additional, Legout, Arnaud, additional, Simpson, David, additional, Sanz, Maria J., additional, Aubinet, Marc, additional, Loustau, Denis, additional, Montagnani, Leonardo, additional, Neirynck, Johan, additional, Janssens, Ivan A., additional, Pihlatie, Mari, additional, Kiese, Ralf, additional, Siemens, Jan, additional, Francez, André-Jean, additional, Augustin, Jürgen, additional, Varlagin, Andrej, additional, Olejnik, Janusz, additional, Juszczak, Radosław, additional, Aurela, Mika, additional, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., additional, Dämmgen, Ulrich, additional, Djuricic, Vesna, additional, Drewer, Julia, additional, Eugster, Werner, additional, Fauvel, Yannick, additional, Fowler, David, additional, Frumau, Arnoud, additional, Granier, André, additional, Gross, Patrick, additional, Hamon, Yannick, additional, Helfter, Carole, additional, Hensen, Arjan, additional, Horváth, László, additional, Kitzler, Barbara, additional, Kruijt, Bart, additional, Kutsch, Werner L., additional, Lobo-do-Vale, Raquel, additional, Lohila, Annalea, additional, Longdoz, Bernard, additional, Marek, Michal V., additional, Matteucci, Giorgio, additional, Mitosinkova, Marta, additional, Moreaux, Virginie, additional, Neftel, Albrecht, additional, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, additional, Pilegaard, Kim, additional, Pita, Gabriel, additional, Sanz, Francisco, additional, Schjoerring, Jan K., additional, Sebastià, Maria-Teresa, additional, Tang, Y. Sim, additional, Uggerud, Hilde, additional, Urbaniak, Marek, additional, van Dijk, Netty, additional, Vesala, Timo, additional, Vidic, Sonja, additional, Vincke, Caroline, additional, Weidinger, Tamás, additional, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, additional, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, additional, Nemitz, Eiko, additional, and Sutton, Mark A., additional

Published
2019
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29. Carbon / nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation. Part II: Untangling climatic, edaphic, management and nitrogen deposition effects on carbon sequestration potentials

Author

Flechard, Chris R., primary, van Oijen, Marcel, additional, Cameron, David R., additional, de Vries, Wim, additional, Ibrom, Andreas, additional, Buchmann, Nina, additional, Dise, Nancy B., additional, Janssens, Ivan A., additional, Neirynck, Johan, additional, Montagnani, Leonardo, additional, Varlagin, Andrej, additional, Loustau, Denis, additional, Legout, Arnaud, additional, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, additional, Aubinet, Marc, additional, Aurela, Mika, additional, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., additional, Drewer, Julia, additional, Eugster, Werner, additional, Francez, André-Jean, additional, Juszczak, Radosław, additional, Kitzler, Barbara, additional, Kutsch, Werner L., additional, Lohila, Annalea, additional, Longdoz, Bernard, additional, Matteucci, Giorgio, additional, Moreaux, Virginie, additional, Neftel, Albrecht, additional, Olejnik, Janusz, additional, Sanz, Maria J., additional, Siemens, Jan, additional, Vesala, Timo, additional, Vincke, Caroline, additional, Nemitz, Eiko, additional, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, additional, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, additional, Skiba, Ute M., additional, and Sutton, Mark A., additional

Published
2019
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30. Carbon / nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation. Part I: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling

Author

Flechard, Chris R., primary, Ibrom, Andreas, additional, Skiba, Ute M., additional, de Vries, Wim, additional, van Oijen, Marcel, additional, Cameron, David R., additional, Dise, Nancy B., additional, Korhonen, Janne F. J., additional, Buchmann, Nina, additional, Legout, Arnaud, additional, Simpson, David, additional, Sanz, Maria J., additional, Aubinet, Marc, additional, Loustau, Denis, additional, Montagnani, Leonardo, additional, Neirynck, Johan, additional, Janssens, Ivan A., additional, Pihlatie, Mari, additional, Kiese, Ralf, additional, Siemens, Jan, additional, Francez, André-Jean, additional, Augustin, Jürgen, additional, Varlagin, Andrej, additional, Olejnik, Janusz, additional, Juszczak, Radosław, additional, Aurela, Mika, additional, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., additional, Dämmgen, Ulrich, additional, Djuricic, Vesna, additional, Drewer, Julia, additional, Eugster, Werner, additional, Fauvel, Yannick, additional, Fowler, David, additional, Frumau, Arnoud, additional, Granier, André, additional, Gross, Patrick, additional, Hamon, Yannick, additional, Helfter, Carole, additional, Hensen, Arjan, additional, Horváth, László, additional, Kitzler, Barbara, additional, Kruijt, Bart, additional, Kutsch, Werner L., additional, Lobo-do-Vale, Raquel, additional, Lohila, Annalea, additional, Longdoz, Bernard, additional, Marek, Michal V., additional, Matteucci, Giorgio, additional, Mitosinkova, Marta, additional, Moreaux, Virginie, additional, Neftel, Albrecht, additional, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, additional, Pilegaard, Kim, additional, Pita, Gabriel, additional, Sanz, Francisco, additional, Schjoerring, Jan K., additional, Sebastià, Maria-Teresa, additional, Tang, Y. Sim, additional, Uggerud, Hilde, additional, Urbaniak, Marek, additional, van Dijk, Netty, additional, Vesala, Timo, additional, Vidic, Sonja, additional, Vincke, Caroline, additional, Weidinger, Tamás, additional, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, additional, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, additional, Nemitz, Eiko, additional, and Sutton, Mark A., additional

Published
2019
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31. Supplementary material to "Carbon / nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation. Part II: Untangling climatic, edaphic, management and nitrogen deposition effects on carbon sequestration potentials"

Author

Flechard, Chris R., primary, van Oijen, Marcel, additional, Cameron, David R., additional, de Vries, Wim, additional, Ibrom, Andreas, additional, Buchmann, Nina, additional, Dise, Nancy B., additional, Janssens, Ivan A., additional, Neirynck, Johan, additional, Montagnani, Leonardo, additional, Varlagin, Andrej, additional, Loustau, Denis, additional, Legout, Arnaud, additional, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, additional, Aubinet, Marc, additional, Aurela, Mika, additional, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., additional, Drewer, Julia, additional, Eugster, Werner, additional, Francez, André-Jean, additional, Juszczak, Radosław, additional, Kitzler, Barbara, additional, Kutsch, Werner L., additional, Lohila, Annalea, additional, Longdoz, Bernard, additional, Matteucci, Giorgio, additional, Moreaux, Virginie, additional, Neftel, Albrecht, additional, Olejnik, Janusz, additional, Sanz, Maria J., additional, Siemens, Jan, additional, Vesala, Timo, additional, Vincke, Caroline, additional, Nemitz, Eiko, additional, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, additional, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, additional, Skiba, Ute M., additional, and Sutton, Mark A., additional

Published
2019
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32. Leukotriene B4-loaded microspheres: a new therapeutic strategy to modulate cell activation

Author

Sanz Maria J, Soares Edson G, Jose Peter J, Sorgi Carlos A, Rius Cristina, Piqueras Laura, Nicolete Roberto, and Faccioli Lúcia H

Subjects
Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract

Abstract Background Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent inflammatory mediator that also stimulates the immune response. In addition, it promotes polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis, chemotaxis, chemokinesis and modulates cytokines release. Regarding chemical instability of the leukotriene molecule, in the present study we assessed the immunomodulatory activities conferred by LTB4 released from microspheres (MS). A previous oil-in-water emulsion solvent extraction-evaporation method was chosen to prepare LTB4-loaded MS. Results In the mice cremasteric microcirculation, intraescrotal injection of 0.1 ml of LTB4-loaded MS provoked significant increases in leukocyte rolling flux, adhesion and emigration besides significant decreases in the leukocyte rolling velocity. LTB4-loaded MS also increase peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) expression by murine peritoneal macrophages and stimulate them to generate nitrite levels. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and nitric oxide (NO) productions were also increased when human umbilical vein and artery endothelial cells (HUVECs and HUAECs, respectively) were stimulated with LTB4-loaded MS. Conclusion LTB4-loaded MS preserve the biological activity of the encapsulated mediator indicating their use as a new strategy to modulate cell activation, especially in the innate immune response.

Published
2008
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34. Modeling the impacts of diffuse light fraction on photosynthesis in ORCHIDEE (v5453) land surface model.

Author

Yuan Zhang, Bastos, Ana, Maignan, Fabienne, Goll, Daniel, Boucher, Olivier, Li, Laurent, Cescatti, Alessandro, Vuichard, Nicolas, Xiuzhi Chen, Ammann, Christof, Arain, Altaf, Black, T. Andrew, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Tomomichi Kato, Mammarella, Ivan, Montagnani, Leonardo, Roupsard, Olivier, Sanz, Maria J., Siebicke, Lukas, and Urbaniak, Marek

Subjects
CARBON cycle, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, ATMOSPHERIC temperature, CARBONACEOUS aerosols, LIGHT transmission, HIGH temperatures, SHRUBLANDS, SOLAR radiation management
Abstract

Aerosol and cloud-induced changes in diffuse light have important impacts on the global land carbon cycle by changing light distribution and photosynthesis in vegetation canopies. However, this effect remains poorly represented in current land surface models. Here we add a light partitioning module and a new canopy light transmission module to the ORCHIDEE land surface model (trunk version, v5453) and use the revised model, ORCHIDEE_DF, to estimate the fraction of diffuse light and its effect on gross primary production (GPP) in a multi-layer canopy. We evaluate the new parameterizations using flux observations from 159 eddy covariance sites over the globe. Our results show that compared to the original model, ORCHIDEE_DF improves the GPP simulation under sunny conditions and captures the observed higher photosynthesis under cloudier conditions in most plant functional types (PFTs). Our results also indicate that the larger GPP under cloudy conditions compared to sunny conditions is mainly driven by increased diffuse light in the morning and in the afternoon, and by decreased VPD and air temperature at midday. The observations show strongest positive effects of diffuse light on photosynthesis are found in the range 5-20 °C and VPD < 1 kPa. This effect is found to decrease when VPD becomes too large, or temperature falls outside that range likely because of increasing stomatal resistance to leaf CO2 uptake. ORCHIDEE_DF underestimates the diffuse light effect at low temperature in all PFTs and overestimates this effect at high temperature and high VPD in grasslands and croplands. The new model has the potential to better investigate the impact of large-scale aerosol changes on the terrestrial carbon budget, both in the historical period and in the context of future air quality policies and/or climate engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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35. Pan-European rural atmospheric monitoring network shows dominance of NH3 gas and NH4NO3 aerosol in inorganic pollution load.

Author

Y. Sim Tang, Flechard, Chris R., Dämmgen, Ulrich, Vidic, Sonja, Djuricic, Vesna, Mitosinkova, Marta, Uggerud, Hilde T., Sanz, Maria J., Simmons, Ivan, Dragosits, Ulrike, Nemitz, Eiko, Twigg, Marsailidh, van Dijk, Netty, Fauvel, Yannick, Sanchez, Francisco S., Ferm, Martin, Perrino, Cinzia, Catrambone, Maria, Leaver, David, and Braban, Christine F.

Abstract

A comprehensive European dataset on monthly atmospheric NH3, acid gases (HNO3, SO2, HCl) and aerosols (NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) is presented and analyzed. Speciated measurements were made with a low-volume denuder and filter pack method (DELTA®) as part of the EU NitroEurope (NEU) integrated project. Altogether, there were 64 sites in 20 countries (2006-2010), coordinated between 7 European laboratories. Bulk wet deposition measurements were carried out at 16 co-located sites (2008-2010). Inter-comparisons of chemical analysis and DELTA® measurements allowed an assessment of comparability between laboratories. The form and concentrations of the different gas and aerosol components measured varied between individual sites and grouped sites according to country, European regions and 4 main ecosystem types (crops, grassland, forests and semi-natural). Smallest concentrations (with the exception of SO42- and Na+) were in Northern Europe (Scandinavia), with broad elevations of all components across other regions. SO2 concentrations were highest in Central and Eastern Europe with larger SO2 emissions, but particulate SO42- concentrations were more homogeneous between regions. Gas-phase NH3 was the most abundant single measured component at the majority of sites, with the largest variability in concentrations across the network. The largest concentrations of NH3, NH4+ and NO3- were at cropland sites in intensively managed agricultural areas (e.g. Borgo Cioffi in Italy), and smallest at remote semi-natural and forest sites (e.g. Lompolojänkkä, Finland), highlighting the potential for NH3 to drive the formation of both NH4+ and NO3- aerosol. In the aerosol phase, NH4+ was highly correlated with both NO3- and SO42-, with a near 1 : 1 relationship between the equivalent concentrations of NH4+ and sum (NO3- + SO42-), of which around 60 % was as NH4NO3. Distinct seasonality were also observed in the data, influenced by changes in emissions, chemical interactions and the influence of meteorology on partitioning between the main inorganic gases and aerosol species. Springtime maxima in NH3 were attributed to the main period of manure spreading, while the peak in summer and trough in winter were linked to the influence of temperature and rainfall on emissions, deposition and gas-aerosol phase equilibrium. Seasonality in SO2 were mainly driven by emissions (combustion), with concentrations peaking in winter, except in Southern Europe where the peak occurred in summer. Particulate SO42- showed large peaks in concentrations in summer in Southern and Eastern Europe, contrasting with much smaller peaks occurring in early spring in other regions. The peaks in particulate SO42- coincided with peaks in NH3 concentrations, attributed to the formation of the stable (NH4)2SO4. HNO3 concentrations were more complex, related to traffic and industrial emissions, photochemistry and HNO3 : NH4NO3 partitioning. While HNO3 concentrations were seen to peak in the summer in Eastern and Southern Europe (increased photochemistry), the absence of a spring peak in HNO3 in all regions may be explained by the depletion of HNO3 through reaction with surplus NH3 to form the semi-volatile aerosol NH4NO3. Cooler, wetter conditions in early spring favour the formation and persistence of NH4NO3 in the aerosol phase, consistent with the higher springtime concentrations of NH4+ and NO3-. The seasonal profile of NO3- was mirrored by NH4+, illustrating the influence of gas : aerosol partitioning of NH4NO3 in the seasonality of these components. Gas-phase NH3 and aerosol NH4NO3 were the dominant species in the total inorganic gas and aerosol species measured in the NEU network. With the current and projected trends in SO2, NOx and NH3 emissions, concentrations of NH3 and NH4NO3 can be expected to continue to dominate the inorganic pollution load over the next decades, especially NH3 which is linked to substantial exceedances of ecological thresholds across Europe. The shift from (NH4)2SO4 to an atmosphere more abundant in NH4NO3 is expected to maintain a larger fraction of reactive N in the gas phase by partitioning to NH3 and HNO3 in warm weather, while NH4NO3 continues to contribute to exceedances of air quality limits for PM2.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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38. Management and site effects on carbon balances of European mountain meadows and rangelands

Author

University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Ecology (-2009), Berninger, Frank, Susiluoto, Sannamaija, Gianelle, Damiano, Bahn, Michael, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Sutton, Mark, Garcia-Pausas, Jordi, Gimeno, Cristina, Sanz, Maria J., Dore, Sabina, Rogiers, Nele, Furger, Markus, Eugster, Werner, Balzarolo, Manuela, Teresa Sebastia, M., Tenhunen, John, Staszewski, Tomasz, Cernusca, Alexander, University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Ecology (-2009), Berninger, Frank, Susiluoto, Sannamaija, Gianelle, Damiano, Bahn, Michael, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Sutton, Mark, Garcia-Pausas, Jordi, Gimeno, Cristina, Sanz, Maria J., Dore, Sabina, Rogiers, Nele, Furger, Markus, Eugster, Werner, Balzarolo, Manuela, Teresa Sebastia, M., Tenhunen, John, Staszewski, Tomasz, and Cernusca, Alexander

Abstract

We studied carbon balances and carbon stocks of mountain rangelands and meadows in a network of 8 eddy covariance sites and 14 sites with biomass data in Europe. Net ecosystem exchange of pastures and extensively managed semi-natural rangelands were usually close to zero, while meadows fixed carbon, with the exception of one meadow that was established on a drained peatland. When we accounted for off-site losses and inputs also the carbon budget of meadows approached zero. Soil carbon stocks in these ecosystems were high, comparable to those of forest ecosystems, while carbon stocks in plant biomass were smaller. Since soil carbon stocks of abandoned mountain grasslands are as high as in managed ecosystems, it is likely that the widespread abandonment of mountain rangelands used currently as pastures will not lead to an immediate carbon sink in those ecosystems.

Published
2015

39. Management and site effects on carbon balances of European mountain meadows and rangelands

Author

Berninger, Frank, Susiluoto, Sanna, Gianelle, Damiano, Bahn, Michael, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Sutton, Mark, Garcia-Pausas, Jordi, Gimeno, Cristina, Sanz, Maria J., Dore, Sabina, Rogiers, Nele, Furger, Markus, Eugster, Werner, Balzarolo, Manuela, Sebastià, M. Teresa, Tenhunen, John, Staszewski, Tomasz, Cernusca, Alexander, Berninger, Frank, Susiluoto, Sanna, Gianelle, Damiano, Bahn, Michael, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Sutton, Mark, Garcia-Pausas, Jordi, Gimeno, Cristina, Sanz, Maria J., Dore, Sabina, Rogiers, Nele, Furger, Markus, Eugster, Werner, Balzarolo, Manuela, Sebastià, M. Teresa, Tenhunen, John, Staszewski, Tomasz, and Cernusca, Alexander

Abstract

We studied carbon balances and carbon stocks of mountain rangelands and meadows in a network of 8 eddy covariance sites and 14 sites with biomass data in Europe. Net ecosystem exchange of pastures and extensively managed semi-natural rangelands were usually close to zero, while meadows fixed carbon, with the exception of one meadow that was established on a drained peatland. When we accounted for off-site losses and inputs also the carbon budget of meadows approached zero. Soil carbon stocks in these ecosystems were high, comparable to those of forest ecosystems, while carbon stocks in plant biomass were smaller. Since soil carbon stocks of abandoned mountain grasslands are as high as in managed ecosystems, it is likely that the widespread abandonment of mountain rangelands used currently as pastures will not lead to an immediate carbon sink in those ecosystems.

Published
2015

40. Fluxnet and regional carbon flux modeling, spatial integration and regional fluxes, spatial scales of coherence, network-scale analysis

Author

Ciais, Philippe, Reichstein, Markus, Davis, Kenneth, Machida, Toshinobu, Papale, Dario, Churkina, Galina, Denning, Scott, Inoue, Gen, Janssens, Ivan, Miles, Natasha, Richardson, Sarah, Trusilova, Kristina, Valentini, Riccardo, Viovy, Nicolas, Granier, André, Ogée, Jérôme, Allard, Vincent, Aubinat, Marc, Bernhofer, Christian, Carrara, Arnaud, Chevallier, Frédéric, De Noblet, Nathalie, Friend, Andrew, Grünwald, Thomas, Heinesch, Bernard, Keronen, Petri, Knohl, Alexander, Loustau, Denis, Manca, Giovanni, Matteucci, Giorgio, Miglietta, Franco, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Pilegaard, Kim, Rambal, Serge, Seufert, Guenther, Soussana, Jean-François, Sanz, Maria J., Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, Vesala, Timo, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Plant Ecology, PennState Meteorology Department, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente Forestale e delle sue Risorse, Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Atmospheric Science [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (UA), Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], DISAFRI - Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente Forestale e delle sue Risorse, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Génétique Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales (GDEC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology [Dresden], Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterraneo, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Physique, Department of Physics, Centro di Ecologia Alpina, National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Instituto di Biometeorologia, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Biosystems Division [Roskilde], Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy (Risø DTU), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU)-Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Institute for Environment and Sustainability, European Commission, UR 0874 Unité de recherche Agronomie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Environnement et Agronomie (E.A.)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche Agronomie (UA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Tuscia University, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU)-Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Landcare Research, Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263), Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)

Subjects
SITES INSTRUMENTES, MESURES DE FLUX, EDDY-COVARIANCE, cycle du carbone, analyse de données, atmosphère, bilan énergétique, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], micrométéorologie, europe, écosystème, modélisation
Abstract

absent

Published
2004

41. Effects of livestock management on carbon stocks and fluxes in grassland ecosystems in the Pyrenees

Author

Casals, Pere, Garcia-Pausas, Jordi, Romanyà i Socoró, Joan, Sanz, Maria J., Camarero, Lluís, and Sebastià, Ma. T.

Subjects
Ramaderia, Subalpine grasslands, Pastures, C sequestration, Pyrenees, Soil organic matter fractions, Carboni, Animal husbandry, Carbon, Pirineus
Abstract

Grassland ecosystems can constitute a source or a sink in the global C balance, and their management affect their position in that balance. We aim to assess soil organic carbon (SOC) content and determine how grazing affects C fluxes and stocks in grasslands at high altitude in the Pyrenees. In a preliminary survey we found that total SOC ranges from 65 to 300 Mg ha-1 in these ecosystems, and is partially explained by complex combinations of variables representing topography, macroclimate and bedrock. In a second, more detailed survey, we improved the modelling of SOC by introducing management variables and standing biomass. Preliminary results of this work suggested that abandoned areas had lower SOC than grazed areas, and the higher SOC contents occurred when both sheep and cattle grazed in the area. The importance of management in soil carbon accumulation was confirmed in an experiment developed in two subalpine locations, where we found a sharp increase in active soil organic matter in grazed compared to non-grazed plots. The Eddy covariance method showed that an intensely grazed area was a slight sink for C, in spite of the elevated C efflux in August, when temperatures were very high and vegetation had been heavily grazed. R. Rodríguez, M. Guardiola, N. Serena, P. Ferrer and others provided much help with sampling and in the lab. This study was funded by the project CARBOPAS, from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology; the Vth Framework Projects EMERGE and CARBOMONT; and INTERREG III-A. The Fundació Territori i Paisatge and the Natural Park Cadí-Moixeró offered much support in the development of the projects.

Published
2004

47. Leukotriene B4-loaded microspheres: a new therapeutic strategy to modulate cell activation.

Author

Nicolete, Roberto, Rius, Cristina, Piqueras, Laura, Jose, Peter J., Sorgi, Carlos A., Soares, Edson G., Sanz, Maria J., and Faccioli, Lúcia H.

Subjects
LEUKOTRIENES, ARACHIDONIC acid, IMMUNE response, MOLECULES, MICROSPHERES
Abstract

Background: Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent inflammatory mediator that also stimulates the immune response. In addition, it promotes polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis, chemotaxis, chemokinesis and modulates cytokines release. Regarding chemical instability of the leukotriene molecule, in the present study we assessed the immunomodulatory activities conferred by LTB4 released from microspheres (MS). A previous oil-in-water emulsion solvent extraction-evaporation method was chosen to prepare LTB4-loaded MS. Results: In the mice cremasteric microcirculation, intraescrotal injection of 0.1 ml of LTB4-loaded MS provoked significant increases in leukocyte rolling flux, adhesion and emigration besides significant decreases in the leukocyte rolling velocity. LTB4-loaded MS also increase peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) expression by murine peritoneal macrophages and stimulate them to generate nitrite levels. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and nitric oxide (NO) productions were also increased when human umbilical vein and artery endothelial cells (HUVECs and HUAECs, respectively) were stimulated with LTB4-loaded MS. Conclusion: LTB4-loaded MS preserve the biological activity of the encapsulated mediator indicating their use as a new strategy to modulate cell activation, especially in the innate immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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48. Carbon-nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation - Part 1: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling

Author

Flechard, Chris R., Ibrom, Andreas, Skiba, Ute M., de Vries, Wim, Van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., Dise, Nancy B., Korhonen, Janne F.J., Buchmann, Nina, Legout, Arnaud, Simpson, David, Sanz, Maria J., Aubinet, Marc, Loustau, Denis, Montagnani, Leonardo, Neirynck, Johan, Janssens, Ivan A., Pihlatie, Mari, Kiese, Ralf, Siemens, Jan, Francez, André-Jean, Augustin, Jürgen, Varlagin, Andrej, Olejnik, Janusz, Juszczak, Radosław, Aurela, Mika, Berveiller, Daniel, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Dämmgen, Ulrich, Delpierre, Nicolas, Djuricic, Vesna, Drewer, Julia, Dufrêne, Éric, Eugster, Werner, Fauvel, Yannick, Fowler, David, Frumau, Arnoud, Granier, André, Gross, Patrick, Hamon, Yannick, Helfter, Carole, Hensen, Arjan, Horváth, László, Kitzler, Barbara, Kruijt, Bart, Kutsch, Werner L., Lobo-Do-Vale, Raquel, Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Marek, Michal V., Matteucci, Giorgio, Mitosinkova, Marta, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Pilegaard, Kim, Pita, Gabriel, Sanz, Francisco, Schjoerring, Jan K., Sebastià, Maria-Teresa, Tang, Y. Sim, Uggerud, Hilde, Urbaniak, Marek, van Dijk, Netty, Vesala, Timo, Vidic, Sonja, Vincke, Caroline, Weidinger, Tamás, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Nemitz, Eiko, and Sutton, Mark A.

Subjects
13. Climate action, 15. Life on land
Abstract

The impact of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition on carbon (C) sequestration in soils and biomass of unfertilized, natural, semi-natural and forest ecosystems has been much debated. Many previous results of this dC∕dN response were based on changes in carbon stocks from periodical soil and ecosystem inventories, associated with estimates of Nr deposition obtained from large-scale chemical transport models. This study and a companion paper (Flechard et al., 2020) strive to reduce uncertainties of N effects on C sequestration by linking multi-annual gross and net ecosystem productivity estimates from 40 eddy covariance flux towers across Europe to local measurement-based estimates of dry and wet Nr deposition from a dedicated collocated monitoring network. To identify possible ecological drivers and processes affecting the interplay between C and Nr inputs and losses, these data were also combined with in situ flux measurements of NO, N2O and CH4 fluxes; soil leaching sampling; and results of soil incubation experiments for N and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as surveys of available data from online databases and from the literature, together with forest ecosystem (BASFOR) modelling. Multi-year averages of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in forests ranged from −70 to 826 g C m−2 yr−1 at total wet + dry inorganic Nr deposition rates (Ndep) of 0.3 to 4.3 g N m−2 yr−1 and from −4 to 361 g C m−2 yr−1 at Ndep rates of 0.1 to 3.1 g N m−2 yr−1 in short semi-natural vegetation (moorlands, wetlands and unfertilized extensively managed grasslands). The GHG budgets of the forests were strongly dominated by CO2 exchange, while CH4 and N2O exchange comprised a larger proportion of the GHG balance in short semi-natural vegetation. Uncertainties in elemental budgets were much larger for nitrogen than carbon, especially at sites with elevated Ndep where Nr leaching losses were also very large, and compounded by the lack of reliable data on organic nitrogen and N2 losses by denitrification. Nitrogen losses in the form of NO, N2O and especially were on average 27 % (range 6 %–54 %) of Ndep at sites with Ndep 3 g N m−2 yr−1. Such large levels of Nr loss likely indicate that different stages of N saturation occurred at a number of sites. The joint analysis of the C and N budgets provided further hints that N saturation could be detected in altered patterns of forest growth. Net ecosystem productivity increased with Nr deposition up to 2–2.5 g N m−2 yr−1, with large scatter associated with a wide range in carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE, defined as the NEP ∕ GPP ratio). At elevated Ndep levels (> 2.5 g N m−2 yr−1), where inorganic Nr losses were also increasingly large, NEP levelled off and then decreased. The apparent increase in NEP at low to intermediate Ndep levels was partly the result of geographical cross-correlations between Ndep and climate, indicating that the actual mean dC∕dN response at individual sites was significantly lower than would be suggested by a simple, straightforward regression of NEP vs. Ndep., Biogeosciences, 17 (6), ISSN:1726-4170

49. Carbon-nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation - Part 2: Untangling climatic, edaphic, management and nitrogen deposition effects on carbon sequestration potentials

Author

Flechard, Chris R., Van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., de Vries, Wim, Ibrom, Andreas, Buchmann, Nina, Dise, Nancy B., Janssens, Ivan A., Neirynck, Johan, Montagnani, Leonardo, Varlagin, Andrej, Loustau, Denis, Legout, Arnaud, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Drewer, Julia, Eugster, Werner, Francez, André-Jean, Juszczak, Radosław, Kitzler, Barbara, Kutsch, Werner L., Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Matteucci, Giorgio, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Olejnik, Janusz, Sanz, Maria J., Siemens, Jan, Vesala, Timo, Vincke, Caroline, Nemitz, Eiko, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Skiba, Ute M., and Sutton, Mark A.

Subjects
13. Climate action, 15. Life on land
Abstract

The effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition (Ndep) on carbon (C) sequestration in forests have often been assessed by relating differences in productivity to spatial variations of Ndep across a large geographic domain. These correlations generally suffer from covariation of other confounding variables related to climate and other growth-limiting factors, as well as large uncertainties in total (dry + wet) reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition. We propose a methodology for untangling the effects of Ndep from those of meteorological variables, soil water retention capacity and stand age, using a mechanistic forest growth model in combination with eddy covariance CO2 exchange fluxes from a Europe-wide network of 22 forest flux towers. Total Nr deposition rates were estimated from local measurements as far as possible. The forest data were compared with data from natural or semi-natural, non-woody vegetation sites. The response of forest net ecosystem productivity to nitrogen deposition (dNEP ∕ dNdep) was estimated after accounting for the effects on gross primary productivity (GPP) of the co-correlates by means of a meta-modelling standardization procedure, which resulted in a reduction by a factor of about 2 of the uncorrected, apparent dGPP ∕ dNdep value. This model-enhanced analysis of the C and Ndep flux observations at the scale of the European network suggests a mean overall dNEP ∕ dNdep response of forest lifetime C sequestration to Ndep of the order of 40–50 g C per g N, which is slightly larger but not significantly different from the range of estimates published in the most recent reviews. Importantly, patterns of gross primary and net ecosystem productivity versus Ndep were non-linear, with no further growth responses at high Ndep levels (Ndep > 2.5–3 g N m−2 yr−1) but accompanied by increasingly large ecosystem N losses by leaching and gaseous emissions. The reduced increase in productivity per unit N deposited at high Ndep levels implies that the forecast increased Nr emissions and increased Ndep levels in large areas of Asia may not positively impact the continent's forest CO2 sink. The large level of unexplained variability in observed carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE) across sites further adds to the uncertainty in the dC∕dN response., Biogeosciences, 17 (6), ISSN:1726-4170

50. Carbon/nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation. Part II: Untangling climatic, edaphic, management and nitrogen deposition effects on carbon sequestration potentials

Author

Flechard, Chris R., Van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., de Vries, Wim, Ibrom, Andreas, Buchmann, Nina, Dise, Nancy B., Janssens, Ivan A., Neirynck, Johan, Montagnani, Leonardo, Varlagin, Andrej, Loustau, Denis, Legout, Arnaud, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Drewer, Julia, Eugster, Werner, Francez, André-Jean, Juszczak, Radosław, Kitzler, Barbara, Kutsch, Werner L., Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Matteucci, Giorgio, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Olejnik, Janusz, Sanz, Maria J., Siemens, Jan, Vesala, Timo, Vincke, Caroline, Nemitz, Eiko, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Skiba, Ute M., and Sutton, Mark A.

Subjects
13. Climate action, 15. Life on land
Abstract

Biogeosciences Discussions, ISSN:1810-6277, ISSN:1810-6285

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