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The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics and the effectiveness of Cd/ANZ, Cr/ANZ, and Cd-Cr/ANZ catalysts on conversion process of glycerol to ethanol. Zeolite was activated using 1% HF and refluxed with 6 M HCl and 1 M NH4Cl. Catalysts of Cd/ANZ, Cr/ANZ, and Cd-Cr/ANZ are white granules with a size of 100 mesh. The Catalysts were characterized using XRD, XRF, surface area analysis, and catalyst acidity test. Conversion of glycerol to ethanol by ultrasonic assistance was done in various time of 2, 4, and 6 hours. The result of XRF and XRD characterization showed that natural zeolite is mordenite. Specific surface area of catalyst of Natural Zeolite, H-ANZ, Cd/ANZ, Cr/ANZ, and Cd-Cr/ANZ were 140.06, 129.66, 124,534, 126.348, and 135.218 m2/g respectively. The total acidity level of Activated Natural Zeolite, H-ANZ, Cd/ANZ, Cr/ANZ, and Cd-Cr/ANZ catalysts were 0.74, 1.41, 0.49, 0.47, and 0.43 mmol/g respectively. The highest glycerol conversion was obtained when Cd-Cr/ANZ catalyst was used and in a sonication time of 6 hours with yield of 43.84% wt ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp farming in Prigi Bay adjacent the seawater produces ammonia organic waste which has the potential to cause marine pollution. To identify and map the ammonia content of shrimp ponds around the sea, we investigated the ammonia content in sludge sediment. Identification of ammonia in sediments were used and applied the Phenate and Nessler methods, respectively and then mapped using Arcgis software. Ammonia contents by Phenate identification was chosen as a method with good linearity (r = 0.999), which is higher than the Nessler method (r = 0.994). The results of accuracy and precision in this method reached ∼100% of recovery and 1.23% of RSD. This method is very suitable for mapping ammonia as a marine pollution. The results of the shrimp pond ammonia levels showed from 2.899 to 23.270 mg/L. The results of the analysis of shrimp pond waste sediment exceeds the quality standard of ammonia which has the potential to pollute the sea. Mapping of the potential for ammonia pollution is clearly divided into several polluted zones, indicating alarm pollution in the seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is classified as a high demand energy in Indonesia, so the production process needs to be optimized to be effective and efficient. Biodiesel production through the transesterification reaction always produces waste as a by-product, such as glycerol, residual fatty acids, residual alcohol, and residual alkaline species. The problem is that the separation of the mixture is still difficult to do. Many studies use traditional methods (such as washing and evaporation) and they cause to be ineffective. Alternatively, research needs to be expanded on the synthesis of materials with special designs for the separation of the mixture resulting from the transesterification reaction. Therefore, we review a unique material design, namely amphiphilic material. By design, this material is made as a heterogeneous inorganic material and it only has two solubility active sites, such as hydrophilic and hydrophobic. This material has been studied about the used method, the success of the synthesis, and its structural properties. Next, we have described the challenges and problems in the synthesis of this material. In addition, we have formulated a catalysis system design for the separation of the transesterified mixture, so that it can estimate the steps of the catalysis process of biodiesel synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the conversion of glycerol into ethanol using an Ag-Zn/ZSM-5 catalyst with ultrasonic assistance at a temperature of 60 oC with variations in sonication time of 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours. This research was carried out in 4 stages, namely: (1) activation of ZSM-5 with NH4Cl, (2) Impregnation of Ag metal, Zn metal and a mixture of Logan Ag and Zn metal, (3) Characterization of ZSM-5 catalyst resulting from activation and impregnation, (4) ultrasonic-assisted conversion of glycerol to ethanol with time variations. The characterization of the catalyst used XRF, XRD, acidity and surface area analysis, while the GC tool was used to analyze the results of the conversion of glycerol into ethanol. The results showed that the Zeolite ZSM-5 was successfully impregnated with a mixture of Ag and Zn metals as evidenced by XRD analysis, namely that there was a similarity of peaks at an angle of 2θ with the JCPDS standard and the results of XRF analysis were obtained that impregnated Ag and Zn metals were 13.3 wt% and 10.7 wt%. Optimum degradation time for glycerol conversion glycerol to ethanol using Ag-Zn/ZSM-5 catalyst with ultrasonic assistance at a temperature of 60 oC is 4 hours with a yield of 45 wt%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZSM-5-based catalysis are versatile catalytic systems for a wide range of laboratory studies. The chemical composition, ion exchange, and pore size structure attributes of zeolites are responsible for their extensive catalytic applications. Generally, ZSM-5 catalysis are used with variation of impregnation of transition metal for esterification and transesterification process. Esterification and transesterification are both of the important and routinely processes in diverse fields of organic synthesis. It has a long history in laboratory work due to its versatility for biodiesel production. This review intends to give a detailed insight into the significance of ZSM-5-based catalysis for biodiesel production, such as the used method of its synthesis, the structural characterization with XRD, XRF, and SEM instrument. Then, this article describes about the potential of ZSM-5-based catalysis for biodiesel production with its yield. So, we can get the information of the optimization of ZSM-5-based catalysis that can catalysis in esterification and transesterification process for biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to know the effect of size of the activated natural zeolite as a catalyst and sonication time on conversion of cellulose to glucose through hydrothermal method. Natural zeolite was crushed and sieved in the size of 50, 100, and 200 mesh. Zeolite was activated by means of heating at a temperature of 500 °C for 5 hours. The zeolite was characterized using XRD and BET. Hydrothermal conversion of cellulose using variation of zeolite size as a catalyst and sonication time. Product of conversions were measured using the Nelson-Somogyi test. The results showed that the type of natural zeolite is a mordenite. Surface area of activated natural zeolite in the size of 50, 100, and 200 mesh is 13.065, 99.096 and 27.081 m2/g respectively. The highest yield of glucose obtained when it was used an activated natural zeolite in the size of 100 mesh and sonicated as long as 240 minutes with the glucose yield of 12.69 wt%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroleum reserves continue to decline, providing challenges and opportunities in the development of renewable energy, for example the use of biodiesel. Tobacco seed oil is known to be used as biodiesel through transesterification reaction with methanol by means of base catalyst such as CaO-KCl. Methyl ester can be used as biodiesel and also has the potential to be used as an antibacterial compound. The objectives of this study were 1) to synthesize methyl ester from tobacco seed oil using catalysts CaO-KCl assisted by ultrasonic, 2) to characterize methyl ester and its potential as a biodiesel, 3) to determine the component compounds of the methyl esters by GC-MS, and 4) to test the bioactivity of antibacterial oil seeds tobacco and methyl esters on the bacterium Escherichia coli. The results of the study showed that 1) synthesized methylester obtained using catalyst of CaO-KCl 3, 4, and 5% w/w oil produced yields of 63.12; 64.78; and 70.29% methylester respectively 2) the character of methylester is qualify in SNI standard of Biodiesel, 3) synthesized methylester that was analized using GC-MS indicate the presence of methyllinoleate 35.64%, methyloleate 20.99%, and methylpalmitate 12.98%, and 4) methylester synthesized with CaO-KCl catalyst had moderate antibacterial bioactivity against Escherichia coli bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research are to synthesis methyl ester from used cooking oil refined with zeolite and activated pumice and to investigate its potential as biodiesel. The research stages were activating the natural zeolite and pumice with temperature variations of 500 and 600 °C, refining waste cooking oil with various concentrations, trans-esterification of refined waste cooking oil, characterization and identification of methyl esters by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The best refining was resulted from free fatty acids and clarity at a concentration of 30% natural zeolite with a yield of 67.17%. The trans-esterified methyl esters have a density of 0.881 g/mL, refractive index of 1.447, viscosity of 4.92 cSt, acid number of 0.49 mg-KOH/g, and saponification number of 198.8 mg-KOH/g, which have high potential as biodiesel. The main components of trans esterified methyl ester from refined waste cooking oil are methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, and methyl stearate with the compositions of 46.27, 40.26, and 5.19%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, studies on the conversion of waste into valuables such as catalysts are being developed. This effort is in line with the mission of tackling the energy and environmental crises at the same time. The energy crisis is related to the increasing need for renewable energy sources. The environmental crisis is related to the increasing abundance of waste in the environment. For this reason, this study aims to be part of the efforts to overcome the two crises, namely synthesizing CaO/CoFe2O4 catalyst to increase the efficiency of biodiesel production with CaO extracted from chicken eggshells waste. Synthesis the catalyst was conducted by impregnation method of CaO and CoFe2O4. The results of XRD and SEM/EDX analysis showed that CaO/CoFe2O4 was successfully synthesized with a specific surface area of 30.622 m²/g. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that CaO/CoFe2O4 produced can be expected to be potential catalyst of biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted the desalination process of seawater into clean water using silica produced from natural sediment. The sediment contains Si-O-Si and Si-OH groups in the silica to absorb NaCl substances in the seawater. Silica from natural sediment was purified from heavy metals using acid reflux and then measured physical and chemical characterization. The XRF analysis, calcination process, FTIR and AAS analysis were investigated to produce and optimize silica from a sediment sample. The application of silica was applied to absorb NaCl in Prigi Seawater. The results indicated the white silica adsorbent had a typical peak stretching vibration of Si–OH groups visible at wave number 3200-3400 cm−1 as the potential situs of Na+ ion adsorbent. The effective temperature in the produced silica sediment was at 800°C with adsorbed Na+ ion on the artificial seawater of 25 mg/L (16.7%) while the Prigi seawater sample was 60.8 mg/L (10.7%). The produced silica can reduce the salt content of Prigi Seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic material pollution is of particular concern in marine sediments other than inorganic material. The organic material that is suspected as a source of pollutants is formaldehyde. We analyzed the ability of the sediment to absorb organic material, especially formaldehyde. In the first stage of research, we conducted the validation of methods to determine accuracy and precision, and then a preliminary test was carried out to determine whether formaldehyde contained in the sediment. We used the bulk grain size, 200 mesh, 400 mesh to absorb the formaldehyde with concentrations of 0.5%; 0.1%; 0.05% and 0.01% to establish a method using GC-MS. Marine sediment with 200 mesh successfully absorbed and reconstructed the formaldehyde pollutant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeolite is a unique mineral because of its easy crystal structure arranged, so that it can be modified according to the needs of the user and can be used for a specific purpose. Zeolite has proven widely used in the adsorption of textile dye waste. Some studies on zeolite modification has been done to increase the adsorption capacity of modified zeolite on dyes, especially toxic dyes. The existence of zeolite in Indonesia is very abundant. However, natural zeolite needs to be purified before being modified. Research in zeolite as an adsorbant is still considered having can be expected to solve the problem of pollution due to dyestuffs, especially textile dye waste. Modifications can be made by adding other adsorbents that are not stable in their application or by adding metals that can increase the Lewis acid properties. This review article aims to describe the research on modification of natural zeolite to be used as an adsorbent for textile dye waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica in Prigi marine sediments can be used as an adsorbent. Previous studies confirm silica inability to absorb Na+ ions optimally. Thus, a study on other adsorbent combinations for the performance of silica in samples on a laboratory scale is required. One of the adsorbent combinations that need to be considered is activated carbon. The combination of activated carbon and silica in the manufacture of membranes is used for seawater filtration and simultaneous adsorption in the seawater desalination process. This study aims to investigate the effect of the addition of activated carbon on the manufacture of silica membrane and its performance in the process of absorbing Na+ ions in Prigi seawater. The sediment content of Prigi Bay, Indonesia, contains silica which has Si-O-Si and Si-OH, so that it is expected that the sediment can absorb Na+ ions. This research determined the sampling point, took and prepared sediment samples, then investigated it using XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDX, sediment ashing, extraction of silica from sediment ash, manufactured of sedimentary silica membrane for Na+ ion analysis, characterized of activated carbon silica membrane by FTIR, as well as membrane applications in the Na+ ion test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted based on the manufacture of chitosan membrane in the process of adding silica to adsorb Na+ ions. The added silica comes from the natural sediments of the Prigi Bay. The content of the sediment is silica, which has Si-O-Si and Si-OH groups so that the sediment is expected to be able to absorb Na+ ions. This study aims to understand the addition of silica in the chitosan membrane in the level of absorption of Na+ ions. Furthermore, modification of the chitosan membrane is carried out to produce a membrane that has better characteristics. For example, it can increase the stability in the membrane, can reduce the pore size so that the separation of a solution by the membrane becomes more effective. The design of this study is to determine the sampling point, take and prepare sediment samples, XRF testing, XRD testing, SEM-EDX testing, sediment ashing, silica extraction from sediment ash, membrane making with the addition of chitosan for Na+ion adsorption, membrane characterization with FTIR, and application membrane in the Na+ ion test. The results obtained from this study are silica from marine sediments, which are white in color which has a characteristic peak of stretching vibration of the -OH group which appears at wavenumber 3200-3400 cm-1, and the addition of silica can increase the performance of the membrane in the absorption rate of Na+ ions. The optimization level of the membrane on the maximum adsorption power of Na+ ions is 96.90 % on a laboratory scale, and Prigi seawater is 84.32%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]