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Fertilizer application in elephant foot yams (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) intercropping system is rare in Indonesia, therefore, NPK fertilizers experiment was conducted under the shade of 10-year-old coffee plantation at Leuwikopo Experimental Farm, Bogor, Indonesia, in order to increase the productivity of elephant foot yam intercropped with coffee trees. Prior to planting, 20 ton ha-1 of goat manure was applied. Four NPK combinations, i.e., N, P2O5, K2O at the rate of 0, 0 and 0; 100, 60 and 80; 125, 60 and 100; and 150, 60 and 120 kg ha-1, were applied. Results showed that there were no significant differences in leaf number per plant, petiole size and rachis length among treatments. Application of NPK decreased photosynthetic rates, while increasing rate of N and K2O had no effect on photosynthetic rates. NPK application at the 100 N, 60 P2O5 and 80 K2O kg ha-1 (N100P60K80 treatment) or larger prolonged growth duration regardless of NPK levels, and there was a close relationship between corm yield and growth duration. As a result, corm fresh mass was higher in the 100:60:80 kg ha-1 treatment than in control. In the N125P60K100 and N150P60K120 kg ha-1 treatments, leaves were damaged by heavy rains and winds, counteracting beneficial effect of NPK on growth duration and corm yield. These results suggested the importance of delay of entering dormancy for an increase in productivity of A. paeoniifolius.

Iles-iles (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) produces apomictic seeds lead to low genetic variation. In order to induce genetic variation, germinated seeds were exposed to Gamma irradiation (Co-60) at doses of 10 to 100 Gy. Seed irradiation was conducted at Center for the Application of Isotope and Irradiation Technology -National Nuclear Energy Agency (CAIRT), Indonesia. Morphology and yield of M1 generation were observed. Results showed that irradiation at a dose of 10 Gy close to LD50 with survival rate 56%. Gamma irradiation at a dose of 10 Gy delayed seeds germination. Germination rates gradually increased and reached maximum at 4 weeks after planting (WAP) for control plants, and 14 WAP of irradiated plants. At 16 WAP, germination rate of 10 Gy irradiated plants was 56% and 84% for those of control plants. Irradiation induced chimera as indicated by short petiole, variegated and abnornal shape of leaflets. Some irradiated plants entered dormancy at 8-10 weeks later than control ones. Prolong vegetative periode lead the plants to produce heavier corms. This study revealed the possibility to induce variation of A. muelleri by using gamma irradition.

Pemberian larutan KNO3 diduga dapat meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman iles-iles (Amorphophallus muelleriBlume). Penelitian bertujuan mempelajari pengaruh pemberian larutan KNO terhadap produktivitas A. muelleri. Umbiutuh umur satu tahun dengan bobot 100-125 g ditanam dalam polibag yang ditempatkan di bawah naungan paranet 50%pada musim hujan (September 2010-April 2011) di Bogor, Indonesia. Lima taraf larutan KNO3 yaitu 0, 2, 4, 6 dan 8% (b/v)diberikan melalui daun dan melalui tanah. Larutan diberikan 2 kali sebulan mulai 12 minggu setelah tanam (MST). Hasilmenunjukkan bahwa pemberian KNO3-13 nyata mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman, khususnya meningkatkan jumlah daundan memperpanjang masa vegetatif. Pemberian KNO pada taraf 4% memberikan pengaruh tertinggi jika diberikan melaluidaun. Pemberian KNO33 taraf 4% memberikan pertumbuhan yang lebih tinggi jika diberikan melalui daun dibandingkanmelalui tanah. Secara umum, tidak ada pengaruh nyata pada pertumbuhan tanaman akibat pemberian dosis KNO yangdiberikan melalui tanah. Penelitian berimplikasi bahwa pemberian pupuk KNO melalui daun pada taraf 4% dapatditingkatkan efektivitasnya jika kerusakan pada anak daun dapat diminimalkan. Kerusakan daun cenderung meningkat padadaun tua, oleh karena itu, studi lanjut perlu dilakukan terkait waktu aplikasi yang tepat.

Estimation on oil palm production is important for company planning. However, there are only few studies have been conducted in Kalimantan. The objective of the study was to identify agronomic and agroecological factors determined production of oil palm in Kalimantan. The study was conducted at PT Ladangrumpun Suburabadi, Minamas Plantation Angsana Estate, Tanah Bumbu District, South Kalimantan, Indonesia from February 15 to June 15, 2010. Data were collected from the company, government institutions and interviews with the company staffs. Results showed that seven parameters signifi cantly determined estimation of oil palm production. Out of 18 possible linier models, 6 models showed good fi t as predictor. The best modeling as predictor was determined by current plant age (in months), fertilizer application at 18 months before harvest (MBH), relative air humidity at 6 MBH (%), light intensity at 18 MBH (%), rainfall at 6 MBH (mm), level of water defi cit at 24 MBH (mm) and number rainy day at 18 MBH (days). It was expressed in equation Y = 3.15 + 0.010 age -0.016 fertilizer -0.016 light intensity -0.005 water defi cit -0.015 number of rainy day. This fi nding implies that recording data of agronomic and ecological factors are important for production estimation. Eventhough the model is best fi t to the study site, however, it needs further verifi cation when applied in larger area of the other sites in Kalimantan.

The effect of different seed corm weight on the growth and production of elephant foot yams (Amorphophallus paeonifolius Dennst. Nicolson) were studied. Two forms of corm with same weight were prepared, i.e., whole corm and vertically sectioned by 1/2. The fresh mass of each whole corm and corm section was the same. Six different corm weights were compared, i.e., 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 g. Growth and development of elephant foot yam were determined by corm weigth, large seed corm produced larger leaf and fresh mass of daughter corms. On the contrary, number of leaf decreased with increasing seed corm weight. Plants from whole seed corms emerged earlier and they were larger than those from the sectioned corms, irrespective of weight. Plants from small sized whole corm emerged earlier than the larger ones. Dissecting the main bud caused the development of lateral buds, resulted in a delay of leaf emergence. The lower yield obtained by the use of sections might be related to the late emergence leading to shorter vegetative period in the field. In the cultivation, it is recommended to use whole seed corms of 100 or 200 g.

Increase in utilization of upland rice tolerant to shade under plantation and commercial timber canopy. demands significant amount of seed become critical. The objective of this research was to study the productivity of shade-tolerant upland rice genotypes under flooded and dried cultivation. Research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Department of Agronomy, IPB, Bogor from September 1998 to March 1999. Random Complete Block (RCB) Design with two factors i.e. flood-dry and 12 genotypes of upland rice, namely Jatiluhur, Dodokan, TB 165E-TB-6, TB 13G-TB-2. ITA247, B7291D-SM-12, B6926F-TB-l, B9484-F-TB-3, B9266F-PN-7-MR-2-PN-4, TBI77E-TB-30-B-2, B149F- MR-7. and TB35H-MR-3 was used. Genotypes were cultivated in plastic pots containing 10 kg media mix of soil and manure 9: I. Dry cultivation was performed with a two-day interval of watering; while flooding was done as in sawah field. Other maintenance such as weeding and fertilization were applied as in sawah cultivation. Treatments were replicated three times with two pots in each replicate. The result showed that flooding increased the number of tiller by 20% for the genotype B729ID-SM-12 (V6), B9484-F-TB-3 (V8), B9266F-PN-7-MR-2-PN-4 (V9), BI49F-MR-7 (V11), and TB35H-MR-3 (V12), increased biomass of top part 31.29 ± 29.02:% and roots 187. 91 ± 74. 16% for genotype TBI3G-TB-2 (V1), ITA247 (V5), B6926F-TB-1 (V-), B9484-F-TB-3 (V8), B9266F-PN-7-MR-2-PN-4 (V9), and TBI77E-TB-30-B-2 (V10), decreased the shoot root ratio by 53.10 ± 9. 70%; affected the number of productive tiller and the number of panicle 18.47± 51.04%; and increased the productivity up to 111.34 ± 123.19%. Based on a cluster analysis, three groups were proposed. A first group suitable for flooding were Jatiluhur (V1), TBI65E-TB-6 (V3), ITA247 (V5), B6926F-TB-1 (V-), B9484-F-TB-3 (V8). B9266F-PN-7-MR-2-PN-'4 (V9). and TBJ.77E-TB-30-B-2 (V10). A second group not suitable for flooding were Dodokan (V~, B7291D-SM-12 (V6), BI49F-MR-7 (V11), and TB35H-MR-3

This paper is about Vera, a kind of ritual folklore with dance ethnically associated with the Rongga people, east Manggarai, Flores Indonesia. It is argued that Vera is not an ordinary folktale, even though its content might be about folk stories of different kinds. Vera is a special kind of folklore having rich cultural, historical and philosophical significance to the Rongga people. The paper will discuss Vera and folk histories, highlighting its role as a window to the past e.g. stories about clan origins and taboos as well as its philosophical value innovatively adaptable to contemporary life in modern Indonesia, e.g. about racial tolerance.

Eighteen Indonesian new plant type (NPT) of rice varieties and lines were evaluated in a ratoon system. The results showed that ratooning ability was related to the vegetative growth prior to harvest, which gave high ability ratoon growth. New plant type varieties and several lines of rice had better vegetative growth and produced higher ratoon than other genotypes. Ratoons started to develop 2-7 days after harvest, with an average number of leaf 2-4 per tiller. Number of productive tillers of ratoon ranged from 6.0 to 30.0 per hill, with number of grain per panicle ranged from 38.0 to 228.2, and grain weight per hill of ratoon 10.4 to 31.2 g, dependent on genotypes. Maturity of ratoon was also dependent on genotypes. On average, maturity was 68 days after harvest of the main crop. Grouping of ratooning ability based on hierarchical cluster analysis resulted in three groups, namely nine genotypes had high potential, fi ve genotypes had medium potential, and four genotypes had low potential. This study indicated that ratoon is potential to increase rice planting index in Indonesia. The genotypes with high ratoon ability need to be evaluated for agronomic performance in the fi eld.

The objective of this research was to study shoot architecture in relation to growth, increase production and seed oil content through various stem pruning and number of primary branches. This research was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design with single factor. It consisted of ten treatments, i.e., K=kontrol, T20= height of stem pruning at 20 cm from soil and without control on number of primary branches, T20-2=height of stem pruning at 20 cm from soil and two primary branches, T20-3= height of stem pruning at 20 cm and three primary branches, T30= height of stem pruning at 30 cm and without control on number of primary branches, T30-2= height of stem pruning at 30 cm and two primary branches, T30-3=height of stem pruning 30 cm and three primary branches, T40=height of stem pruning at 40 cm and without control on number of primary branches, T40-2=height of stem pruning at 40 cm and two primary branches, and T40-3=height of stem pruning 40 cm and three primary branches. The results showed that stem pruning increased number of primary branches. The highest seed oil content and seed production was achieved T40 and T30-3 treatments i.e., 323.81 g/plant or 0.810 ton/ha and 320.61 g/plant or 0.802 ton/ha with seed oil yield 244.56 kg/ha and 276.61 kg/ha, respectively.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of extract of leaves, seed and root of physic nut on the germination of corn, tomato, and upland rice. Research was conducted by using Complete Randomized Block Design with two factors, i.e., plant organ (leaves, seed and root) and species (corn, tomato and upland rice). The results showed that extract of 36 g dried organ/200 ml water (0.18 g/ml water) affected seed germination of corn, tomato, and upland rice. Extract of leaves tended to reduce percentage of corn seed germination (55.30% vs 70.68%), and extract of root to reduce germination of tomato and upland rice, 52.70% and 68.67%, compared to control 76% and 84%, respectively.

The effect of tree litters on rice yield (cv. BR11) was evaluated in the study. Four kinds of tree litter, i.e., ipil-ipil or lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk) De Witt), sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo), akashmoni (Acacia auriculiformis) and mander (Erythrina orientalis) were incorporated into the soil 15 days before transplanting at rate of 5 ton/ha supplemented with inorganic fertilizers (83 kg N, 48 kg P205­, 42 kg K20, 10 kg S and 3.6 kg Zn/ha). In the control plots only recommended inorganic fertilizer were applied. Results showed that tree litter application had a significantly positive effect on the yield parameters such as plant height, panicle length, tillers per hill, filled grain and index of 1000-grain weight. Grain yield of plots treated with ipil-ipil, sissoo, akashmoni and mander was 5.61, 4.49, 4.95 and 5.36 ton/ha, and the yield increased over control plots 39.6, 11.7, 23.1 and 33.3%, respectively. It is worthy to note that addition of tree litter to inorganic fertilizer produced significantly higher yield than inorganic fertilizers solely. Among the tree litter, ipil-ipil and mander had the greatest increase in rice yield, while akashmoni was intermediate and sissoo was the least.

A field study was conducted to investigate the growth of Aloe indica with different rates of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers at the Germplasm Centre, Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Treatments consisted of 0, 200 and 300 kg nitrogen/ha and 0, 100 and 200 kg potassium/ha. The rates of nitrogen and potassium had significant effect on the leaf production of Aloe indica when compared to control. Leaf yield of Aloe indica was highest at application of nitrogen at rate 200 kg/ha and potassium at rate 100 kg/ha. Leaf protein content was 12.71% higher at 200 kg N/ha and 8.47% higher at 300 kg N/ha compared to control. Potassium application at rate of 100 and 200 kg/ha produced 4.86 % and 8.51% higher leaf protein content than the control, respectively. It is recommended to apply nitrogen at rate 200 kg/ha and potassium at rate 100 kg/ha for leaf production of Aloe indica.

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