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Background: The study of notable people as advocates for raising cancer awareness began in the latter decades of the 20th century. This research aimed to identify Pan-American notable people with head and neck cancer (HNC) and to explore senior health professionals perspectives on communicating stories of notable patients with HNC to promote prevention. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an online questionnaire designed in REDCap and administered to 32 senior health professionals with long-standing academic and clinical backgrounds in HNC. In addition, a structured literature review was performed on PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, LILACS, and gray literature. Results: 18 notable figures were successfully identified from the survey, and 24 from the literature review. These individuals came from the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, El Salvador, Chile, Colombia, and Peru, and were recognized primarily for their performances as actors, artists, musicians, and athletes. The professionals outlooks were positive, with 31 (96.9%) agreeing that disseminating these stories can contribute to reducing risk behaviors. Furthermore, all participants (100%) agreed that such stories can promote early detection of HNC, primarily through social media, followed by the internet, and television. Conclusions: The study identified notable individuals and gathered positive perspectives from professionals. Our results suggest that notable people could serve as potential advocates for HNC prevention. Further research is warranted to explore the potential of this prevention strategy.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic’s prolonged extension may have had a long-term negative impact on weight and metabolic parameters associated with the effectiveness of bariatric surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiometabolic risk markers and weight outcomes of post-bariatric patients. This is a longitudinal study carried out with patients who underwent bariatric surgery before the COVID-19 pandemic. Anthropometric, lipid, glycemic profile, blood pressure, eating behavior and physical activity parameters obtained through face-to-face consultations from 2019 to 2022 were evaluated. An increase in BMI (p = 0.001), percentage of weight gain (p

Abstract The present investigation aimed to assess the safety of photobiomodulation (PBM) on the oral carcinogenesis process induced by 4NQO, focusing on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Sixty-six Wistar rats received systemic 4NQO for 12 (n = 33) and 20 weeks (n = 33), divided into Control group, PBM 0.3 J, and PBM 1 J. Applications for PBM occurred three times a week. At weeks 12 and 20, the animals were euthanized. The immunoreactivity for anti-ROS1 and anti-p53 antibodies was also assessed. Statistical analysis was assessed by multiple t-tests, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman’s correlation. At 12 weeks, PBM 1 J group had nodular lesions, distinct from control and PBM 0.3 J groups (p = 0.005). At 20 weeks, nodular lesions were common in control and PBM 0.3 J groups. Histopathological characteristics did not significantly differ between groups at 12 (p = 0.30) and 20 weeks (p = 0.58). Epithelial dysplasia (n = 21) was common at 12 weeks. After 20 weeks, most of the cases revealed squamous cell carcinoma (n = 24). No differences were observed in the immunostaining of p53 and ROS1 among the control and experimental groups and there was no correlation of these proteins with clinicopathological data. During the carcinogenesis process, the PBM did not modify the development of oral lesions and the expression of proliferative and apoptosis proteins.

Abstract Background Sleep, sedentary behaviour, physical activity, and the composition of these movement behaviours across the 24-h day are associated with cognitive function in early years children. This study used a Goldilocks day compositional data analysis approach to identify the optimal duration of sleep, sedentary behaviour, light physical activity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity associated with desired cognitive function outcomes in early years children. Methods This cross-sectional study included 858 children aged 2.8–5.5 years from the Sleep and Activity Database for the Early Years. 24-h movement behaviours (sleep, sedentary behaviour, light physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity) were measured using ActiGraph accelerometers. Cognitive function was measured using three tasks from the Early Years Toolbox: visual-spatial working memory, response inhibition, and expressive vocabulary. A Goldilocks day compositional data analysis approach was used in R software to identify the optimal time-use compositions associated with the best 10% of the cognitive function scores. Results The movement behaviour composition and the relative time spent in sleep and sedentary behaviour but not different intensities of physical activity were significantly associated with working memory (P ≤ 0.01). The movement behaviour composition and relative time spent in sleep, sedentary behaviour, and different intensities of physical activity were not significantly associated with response inhibition or expressive vocabulary (P > 0.2). Therefore, optimal time use was only determined for working memory. Optimal daily durations for working memory were observed with 11:00 (hr:min) of sleep, 5:42 of sedentary behaviour, 5:06 of light physical activity, and 2:12 of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Conclusion Working memory was the only cognitive function outcome related to the 24-h movement behaviour composition. Optimal sleep for working memory was consistent with current recommended durations, while optimal moderate-to-vigorous physical activity greatly exceeded minimal recommended levels. Optimal sedentary behaviour was longer and light physical activity was shorter than the sample average.

Abstract Background Drug dispensing is a service provided by pharmacists to ensure the supply of medications and other health-related products. However, despite the importance of dispensing services, Public Community Pharmacies (PCP) in Brazil still focus on the control and distribution of medicines and supplies. Thus, this paper aims to evaluate how the pharmacists in charge conduct and the challenges they encounter in dispensing services in PCP. Methods This is a mixed methods study, with a representative sample of 26 municipalities (whose populations vary between 37,784 and 409,341 inhabitants) in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data collection took place between April and October 2019 and included interviews and documentary research. Quantitative data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics and qualitative data was subjected to thematic content analysis. Results 24 dispensing services were analyzed. The PCP had, on average, two active pharmacists and operated full-time (40 h per week). In relation to dispensing services, the most frequently mentioned steps were checking the adequacy of the prescription received, followed by providing counseling to the user about the medicines, mainly regarding administration, storage and disposal. The results highlighted a need for improvements in terms of infrastructure, workforce and the pharmacist’s work process. Conclusion It is necessary to invest and to design improvement strategies in dispensing services, especially regarding physical infrastructure, human resources and work processes.

Abstract Background Gestational weight gain (GWG) is a critical factor influencing maternal and fetal health. Excessive or insufficient GWG can lead to various complications, including gestational diabetes, hypertension, cesarean delivery, low birth weight, and preterm birth. This study aims to develop and evaluate machine learning models to predict GWG categories: below, within, or above recommended guidelines. Methods We analyzed data from the Araraquara Cohort, Brazil, which comprised 1557 pregnant women with a gestational age of 19 weeks or less. Predictors included socioeconomic, demographic, lifestyle, morbidity, and anthropometric factors. Five machine learning algorithms (Random Forest, LightGBM, AdaBoost, CatBoost, and XGBoost) were employed for model development. The models were trained and evaluated using a multiclass classification approach. Model performance was assessed using metrics such as area under the ROC curve (AUC-ROC), F1 score and Matthew’s correlation coefficient (MCC). Results The outcomes were categorized as follows: GWG within recommendations (28.7%), GWG below (32.5%), and GWG above recommendations (38.7%). The XGBoost presented the best overall model, achieving an AUC-ROC of 0.79 for GWG within, 0.76 for GWG below, and 0.65 for GWG above. The LightGBM also performed well with an AUC-ROC of 0.79 for predicting GWG within recommendations, 0.76 for GWG below, and 0.624 for GWG above. The most important predictors of GWG were pre-gestational BMI, maternal age, glycemic profile, hemoglobin levels, and arm circumference. Conclusion Machine learning models can effectively predict GWG categories, offering a valuable tool for early identification of at-risk pregnancies. This approach can enhance personalized prenatal care and interventions to promote optimal pregnancy outcomes.

High-nitrogen (high-N) austenitic stainless steels (ASS) are used in orthopedic implants due to their mechanical properties, human biocompatibility, and affordable cost. However, the high content of (Ni–Nb–N)-rich precipitates can cause allergic reactions and significant challenges in the manufacturing of prostheses. This study investigates the competition between work hardening (WH), dynamic recovery (DRV), and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) during the physical simulation of an ASTM F-1586 steel by thermomechanical processing, using the Kocks-Mecking and Avrami constitutive models. The parameters were obtained through continuous isothermal torsion tests at the temperature range of 900–1200 °C, strain rates between 0.01 and 10 s−1 and a total deformation of 4.0. Determined by compositional-analytical methods, the stacking fault energy (γsfe) was correlated with the stress level (σi) according to the Uesugi and Dai models. Results indicated a high activation energy for hot deformation (Qdef = 587 kJ/mol), affecting the shape of the curves. The γsfe value varied along the curves, delaying the onset of the DRX (σc = 0.928σp). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses revealed a direct competition between work-hardened and recrystallized grains in the early part of the curves, due to WH-DRV synergy. After the peak stress (σp), the progress of DRX was slow, with the Avrami exponent (n) between 1.1 and 1.9, completing only after large deformations (σss = 0.714σp). The moderate γsfe value (69 mJ/m2) and fine precipitates of the Z-phase (CrNbN) (

Manufacturing maraging steel components using laser-based powder bed fusion (LPBF) presents an attractive proposition for industries due to the material's combination of mechanical properties such as hardness, wear resistance, toughness and the capability to produce parts with complex geometries and high precision. Despite these advantages, the LPBF process induces defects such as distortion and residual stress associated with the complex thermal cycles, compromising final part quality. Numerical simulations have been developed to predict these defects. However, LPBF simulations remain challenging due to the complexity of the process and the substantial computational resources required. For maraging steel, for example, the occurrence of phase transformation promotes compressive stress that interferes in results and makes simulations inaccurate. This research aims to simulate a geometry with a circular inner channel and investigate distortion, volume fraction of martensite and equivalent stress results. Modeling was performed by varying phase transformation rate parameters to assess the impact of transformations on simulation outcomes. Results showed minimal impact of these parameters on distortions and equivalent stress. Equivalent stress results were compared with literature findings, while distortion results were validated against experimental data to validate the accuracy of the model.

Elytrimitatrix (Grossifemora) pubescens Santos-Silva & Hovore, 2008 (Disteniidae) is redescribed based on three males, morphological and chromatic variation in the species is reported. The unknown female of Neocompsa flavoquadripunctata Botero & Santos-Silva, 2022 is shortly described and a new Mexican state record is provided. The absence of the paratype of Nealcidion bruchi (Melzer, 1934) in the MZSP collection (see acronym below) is reported, and the date of description of the species is commented. Alphinellus Bates, 1881 is transferred from Acanthocinini to Desmiphorini. Alphinellus minimus Bates, 1881 is recorded for the first time from the Mexican state of Campeche and from Guatemala. Three new species are described: Psyrassa peninsularis sp. nov. (Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae, Elaphidiini) from Mexico (Quintana Roo); Pseudastylopsis skillmani sp. nov. (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Acanthocinini), from Guatemala; and Eranina amaura sp. nov. (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Hemilophini), from Guatemala.

Conducting a scoping review helps identify research gaps and opportunities, avoid duplication, guide the selection of appropriate methodologies, and base studies on existing evidence. The aim of this study was to map the literature on body image in children and adolescents (0 to 19 years). The present study follows the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA). The search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, SciELO, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library. A total of 3257 articles were found, of which 2147 were duplicates, resulting in 1110 articles. Of these, 41 met the inclusion criteria. The results were divided into analytical dimensions, including measurement instruments, programs and interventions, social media, sociodemographic aspects, physical activity, personality and cognitive thinking, and studies with specific populations. The results highlight that peer influence, physical activity, media, and the school environment play crucial roles in shaping young people’s body image; factors such as sex, age, and socioeconomic context emerge as important variables in understanding body perceptions, and educational interventions and health promotion programs have been shown to be effective in preventing and reducing body dissatisfaction, underscoring the need for multifactorial and collaborative approaches.

Técnicas de inteligência artificial vêm sendo utilizadas no auxílio ao diagnóstico de patologias. Com elas, torna-se possível analisar automaticamente uma grande quantidade de dados complexos. Dessa forma, patologias podem ser detectadas em estágios menos avançados. Neste artigo, apresenta-se uma plataforma computacional de código aberto que analisa sinais obtidos por meio de exames de eletrocardiograma. Para isso, foram utilizadas bases de dados públicas que possibilitaram analisar e classificar as informações, considerando diversos métodos de inteligência artificial. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a viabilidade da plataforma para estudos e desenvolvimento de ferramentas computacionais para auxílio no diagnóstico precoce de patologias cardíacas.

Abstract Background Elevated mammographic density (MD) for a woman’s age and body mass index (BMI) is an established breast cancer risk factor. The relationship of parity, age at first birth, and breastfeeding with MD is less clear. We examined the associations of these factors with MD within the International Consortium of Mammographic Density (ICMD). Methods ICMD is a consortium of 27 studies with pooled individual-level epidemiological and MD data from 11,755 women without breast cancer aged 35–85 years from 22 countries, capturing 40 country-& ethnicity-specific population groups. MD was measured using the area-based tool Cumulus. Meta-analyses across population groups and pooled analyses were used to examine linear regression associations of square-root (√) transformed MD measures (percent MD (PMD), dense area (DA), and non-dense area (NDA)) with parity, age at first birth, ever/never breastfed and lifetime breastfeeding duration. Models were adjusted for age at mammogram, age at menarche, BMI, menopausal status, use of hormone replacement therapy, calibration method, mammogram view and reader, and parity and age at first birth when not the association of interest. Results Among 10,988 women included in these analyses, 90.1% (n = 9,895) were parous, of whom 13% (n = 1,286) had ≥ five births. The mean age at first birth was 24.3 years (Standard deviation = 5.1). Increasing parity (per birth) was inversely associated with √PMD (β: − 0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): − 0.07, − 0.03) and √DA (β: − 0.08, 95% CI: − 0.12, − 0.05) with this trend evident until at least nine births. Women who were older at first birth (per five-year increase) had higher √PMD (β:0.06, 95% CI:0.03, 0.10) and √DA (β:0.06, 95% CI:0.02, 0.10), and lower √NDA (β: − 0.06, 95% CI: − 0.11, − 0.01). In stratified analyses, this association was only evident in women who were post-menopausal at MD assessment. Among parous women, no associations were found between ever/never breastfed or lifetime breastfeeding duration (per six-month increase) and √MD. Conclusions Associations with higher parity and older age at first birth with √MD were consistent with the direction of their respective associations with breast cancer risk. Further research is needed to understand reproductive factor-related differences in the composition of breast tissue and their associations with breast cancer risk.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemics on clinical and surgical practice, educational activities, health and lifestyle behavior of Brazilian urology residents after 1 year of socio-economic restrictions. Materials and Methods: An electronic survey was e-mailed to all postgraduate (PG) students registered by the Brazilian Society of Urology. The survey included an assessment of socio-demographic, clinical practice, educational, health-related and behavior parameters. We also evaluated which subareas of urology were predominantly affected. A similar survey was adapted and sent to the directors of all urology residency programs. Results: COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted the clinical, surgical, and educational activities of urology residents in Brazil. Urology residents reported >50% decrease in multiple surgical modalities. We highlight kidney transplantation surgeries (66.2%), minor surgeries (62.3%), endoscopic surgeries (42.6%) and reconstructive surgeries (38.8%). This could represent a critical skills gap that residents may face beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, PG students faced stressful situations that caused worsening of mental and physical health, such as getting redirected to assistance of COVID-19 patients (66.9%), and high rate of infection by SARS-CoV-2 (58.2%). Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted the clinical, surgical, and educational activities of urology residents in Brazil. This could represent a critical skills gap that residents may face beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. PG students faced stressful situations that caused worsening of mental and physical health such as redirection to assistance of COVID-19 patients, concern about their own contamination and of family members.