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Mención Internacional en el título de doctor Renewable energy technologies are being increasingly adopted in many countries around the world. However, the deployment of these power generation systems is becoming more diverse than ever, from small generation units in individual houses to massive power production plants. In that spectrum, distributed energy resources (DERs) cover systems from the low- to the middle-power ranges. The operation, control and assessment of these technologies is becoming more complex, and structures such as microgrids (MGs) may provide a suitable ecosystem to manage them. The beginning of this thesis covers the fundamentals of MG systems. A review was conducted by analysing the MG in a layer perspective, where each layer corresponded to a topic such as operation, business or standards, among others. The advancements in electronics, computer power and storage capability have created a paradigm in which massive amounts of data are generated and computed. The electrical sector has introduced many data acquisition technologies to assess the grid and its components. Classical modelling approaches have applied physical, chemical or electrical algorithms to model the behaviours of DERs. Nevertheless, with the extensive amount of information at our disposal, data-driven techniques such as machine learning (ML) may provide more individualised models to simulate the behaviour of these power generation technologies with the particularities of both their components and their location. Following the MG review, its power generation technologies were analysed. The information from 1,618 MGs around the world have been aggregated and studied. Also, two MG infrastructure model generators have been proposed (considering the infrastructure as the power generation technology and their rated power of an MG.). One of the models is based on the statistical data aggregated in tables and the other is based on ML techniques. The latter, which provides more particularised results, is able to generate the most typical MG infrastructure for a given location and segment of operation. Ideally, each of the DERs of a MG should be modelled, but, given the time constraints of a PhD, only the principal renewable generation technologies have been studied. Hence, ML models of photovoltaic (PV) systems plus a battery and wind energy conversion systems (WECS) have been proposed. Various ML models for PV systems were developed in two studies. First, an ML model for PV power estimation was performed using data from two real PV farms and validated using deterministic models from the literature. The ML algorithm was performed using neural networks and automatic strategies to clean the data. Neural network accuracy when trained and tested in the same location yields solid results which can be applied in performance ratio tools for PV power stations. In the second study, various mathematical models are proposed. This study provides several models for computing the annual optimum tilt angle for both fixed PV arrays and solar collectors. The optimum tilt algorithm proposed can be calculated in the absence of meteorological or software tools. To generate these models, data were collected from 2,551 sites across the world. A regression analysis with polynomial fitting, neural networks and decision trees was performed. Despite the better performance of the ML models, the ease of use of polynomial algorithms is recommended for those sites with no access to computational tools or meteorological data. The performances of the models were validated using previous research algorithms. Also, an ML algorithm was proposed to estimate the state of charge of a lithium-ion battery. The available capacity in a battery is an important feature when operating these kinds of systems. Given the complex behaviours of a battery, data-driven algorithms are able to capture the dynamic behaviours of a battery. Based on the data obtained in different experiments performed in a laboratory, an ensemble method, gradient boosting algorithm, was trained to model the state of charge of the battery. Even though the state of health of the storage system was below the theoretical life expectancy, the model was able to provide solid results. The model was validated with non-trained data. Finally, data-driven techniques were applied to model different elements of WECS. The first study provided two power coefficient algorithms, one based on polynomial fitting and another based on neural networks. To train the models, data from a corrected blade element momentum algorithm was used and three sets of data representing different wind turbine ranges, from 2 to 10 MW, were generated. Both models were validated with three datasets of real wind turbines and compared with the existing literature equations. Compared to previous equations, errors were reduced by at least 55% with the best numerical approximation from the literature. This type of reduction has a great impact for WECS dynamic and transient studies. The second study proposed for WECS develops three different ML models: one estimates the power of individual WECS, the second aggregates the data from all the WECS and estimates their power and the last one estimates the power of an entire wind farm. Given the stochastic and dynamic behaviours of the systems modelled, data pre-processing should be performed. Along with default cleaning techniques, a Student-t copula has been proposed so outliers can be automatically removed. Results show that the neural network algorithms’ performances for the three models can be improved without excessive manual intervention in the development process. Traditionally, electrical, physical and chemical models have been applied to mimic the behaviour of power systems. Now, with the power of computer and storage systems, a new era of more customised models has begun. It is time to review the existing models and provide better solutions by using ML techniques. In this thesis, only a few DERs have been modelled, but the results show that huge improvements can be made and future work in this subject should be done. The ML models proposed can be applied either as individual models for performance assessment of each DER or as a complementary tool to dynamic or static studies, unit commitment and planning software, among others. Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y Automática por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Presidente: Carlos Veganzones Nicolás.- Secretaria: María Ángeles Moreno López de Saa.- Vocal: Athanasios Kolios

El presente trabajo pretende realizar un estudio para analizar la viabilidad técnica y económica de una instalación solar fotovoltaica para el Campus de Colmenarejo de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Al igual que se está estudiando, llevando a cabo y operando este tipo de instalaciones en los distintos campus de la universidad, como el Campus de Leganés, el Campus de Getafe y el Campus de Puerta de Toledo; se llevará a cabo el estudio análogo en el Campus de Colmenarejo. En cuanto al estudio técnico, se realiza un análisis de la viabilidad de instalación de módulos fotovoltaicos en la cubierta de los edificios existentes en el campus y las zonas en suelo con posibilidad de implementación, así como el desarrollo de la instalación eléctrica y las zonas de transformación para el vertido a redes de baja tensión o de distribución. Basándose en la legislación actual española, se estudia de forma paralela, las retribuciones y beneficios económicos que puede aportar la extracción de energía utilizando el sol como fuente generadora acogiéndose a la normativa de autoconsumo o generación vigente. The present thesis expects to make a study to analyse the technical and economic viability of a solar photovoltaic installation for the Colmenarejo Campus of the Universidad Carlos III of Madrid. Following the study of similar installations in the different campuses of the university, like Leganes, Getafe and Puerta de Toledo campuses, the same idea is performed in the Colmenarejo Campus. Regarding the technical study, the viability of installing the photovoltaic modules is analysed at the available building roofs and the floor areas where is possible to locate them. Also, the electrical installation development and the transformation centres are studied in order to inject using the low voltage lines or the distribution grid. According to the current Spanish legislation, at the same time, the rewards and economic benefits of the energy extraction using the sun as energy source is studied taking the current self-consume or generation regulation. Máster en energías renovables en sistemas eléctricos

Spanish’s energy market is experiencing big changes. Renewable energy sources and decentralization of production are on the rise. An example of this is PV systems for self- consumption with or without batteries, in houses or other buildings. One clear advantage of this is the reduction of transmission losses. In addition, this type of systems will serve to reduce CO2 emissions and allow for a better implementation of electric cars in today’s society. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the solar potential of the UC3M Campus of Leganés and Campus of Colmenarejo. Installed capacity in both campus will be maximised in an attempt to achieve “full self-consumption”, defined as the point where yearly energy generated and consumption level off. System Advisor Model will be used to simulate PV generation. This term is ambiguous, as it seems that it refers to independence from the grid and 100% renewable penetration. However, it is a reflection of the PV potential of the location at hand. Spanish regulatory framework regarding the energy sector has been modified twice in the last year. The recent Royal Decree (RD 244/2019) will be explained, allowing for a better understanding of each scenario studied. Moreover, a statistical analysis of the demand and generation for both campuses will be performed, using various tools. A Matlab script has been created for this task and to store all data found, which may serve for future work regarding the university. Results showed that over 1MW of capacity was installed in Leganés, and around 10MW in Colmenarejo, which had land available for the panels. From this project, it was concluded that full self-consumption is feasible in Colmenarejo (827.63MWh) but not in Leganés (7.85GWh), as demand is larger and space limited. For a combined case, using space from both campuses to meet their total demand, full self- consumption is achieved (8.68GWh). In addition, if remuneration of excess energy (see section [1.1.2.2]) was aimed, only Colmenarejo would be an option, with a total of 11.3 MWh a year of injected energy. A 100kW system would produce no excess energy with Leganés’ consumption. This means that for every scenario but the first one mentioned, all energy injected to the grid would mean losses, with the current regulatory framework. Moreover, the use of batteries with total power capacity of 500kW in Leganés would be beneficial from an energy point of view, allowing for a reduction in injected energy of around 37MWh in the first year. For the combination of both cases, with a total power capacity of 3MWh, injections would be reduced to 1GWh annually. Ingeniería de la Energía

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact that energy regulation has on the viability of distributed PV applications for self-consumption. More precisely, the impact of the application of backup charges on self-consumption as well as the remunerating mechanisms for surplus of electricity injected into the grid. The current Spanish energy regulation is reviewed, together with those from the international panorama, applicable in some of the countries where distributed solar PV for self-consumption is more relevant. This is done in order to explore the impact of alternative regulatory mechanisms. The analysis is based on a hypothetical solar installation to be deployed at Carlos III University’s Campus of Legan´es. A solar potential analysis of the premises was carried out making use of PVSol Software. Furthermore, a tool was developed through Matlab for the techno-economic analysis of the investment. The main conclusions obtained from this analysis is that the application of variable backup charges for self-consumption has a very negative impact on the profitability of these projects, where the main purpose of the generated electricity is to be consumed locally. In fact, removing the variable backup-charge on self-consumption increases savings by around 24%. Under the current Spanish regulation, the project would not be economically viable, having a negative NPV and very low returns (3%). The implementation of an investment compensation mechanism improves the profitability of the project, having a positive NPV, but offering low returns (5.28%). The most profitable remuneration mechanism is found to be a feed-in-tariff, followed by a net metering mechanism. However, this does not produce a comparable increase in savings given the small percentage of electricity exported to the grid. Ingeniería de la Energía

El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado pretende realizar un estudio de las reglamentaciones de Generación Distribuida y la planificación energética de la Isla San Cristóbal (Galápagos, Ecuador) para abordar tres retos asociados a la Generación Distribuida. Estos retos son el control de la calidad de la energía inyectada por los generadores, su viabilidad económica y su capacidad de almacenaje energético. Para tratar el primer reto se ha realizado un estudio de las limitaciones técnicas que se imponen a estos generadores a través de 37 Regulaciones. Se han seleccionado los parámetros técnicos a través de los cuales se regula la calidad de la energía y tras su explicación, se ha realizado una comparativa de cómo se tratan estos parámetros en cada regulación. Para el estudio de los otros dos retos, se han realizado simulaciones mediante el software Homer Pro de la implementación de Generación Distribuida en la Isla de San Cristóbal. Estas simulaciones considerarán tres escenarios diferentes, el primero basado en la situación actual de la Isla, el segundo en la posibilidad de abastecimiento por renovables en un 50% y el último considera el completo abastecimiento por renovables. Dado que el software proporciona resultados económicos además de eléctricos, es posible analizar los dos retos a través de éstos. Por un lado, los resultados de la comparativa regulatoria demuestran que aún no existe un consenso respecto a estos sistemas, lo cual supone un inconveniente para el desarrollo de esta tecnología. Mediante las simulaciones se han obtenido resultados inesperados en relación a la viabilidad económica, puesto que una mayor penetración de renovables crearía un resultado más favorable. Por otro lado, ha quedado demostrado que la tecnología actual de almacenamiento supone un lastre para que escenarios de Generación Distribuida con alta penetración de renovable sean competitivos energética y económicamente. This Bachelor Thesis aims to perform a study of the Distributed Generation regulations and an electric planification of San Cristobal Island (Galapagos, Ecuador) to analyze three challenges related with the Distributed Generation. These challenges are power quality of the service provided by the generators, its economic feasibility, and its power storage capacity. To deal with the first challenge, a study of the technical requirements imposed on the generators through 37 different regulations has been performed. The most relevant technical parameters through which the standards control the energy quality delivered have been selected, and after explaining them, a comparison among the standards has been done. To study the other two challenges, different simulations of the implementation of Distributed Generation in San Cristobal Island have been performed with the software Homer Pro. These simulations consider three different scenarios, the first one is the actual configuration of the island, the second one considers a service of 50% renewable energies, and the last one is a scenario totally supplied by renewables. As the software displays the economic and electric results, it will be possible to address both challenges through it. The regulation comparison has demonstrated that there is a lack of harmonization among the standards, which can put at risk the development of this technology. The simulations have shown unexpected results in regard of the economic feasibility, as the scenario which considered half of the supply coming from renewables was more competitive than the diesel fueled one. With respect the storage capacity, it has been proven that the current technology is not enough developed, and it is an impediment for the distributed generation to be competitive. Ingeniería en Tecnologías Industriales

El presente trabajo analiza el efecto que tiene la estrategia de control adoptada en el sistema de gestión de energía de una microrred en el rendimiento económico y el impacto medioambiental asociado a su operación. Las microrredes aisladas son una solución para la electrificación de áreas remotas que debido a su localización geográfica no pueden ser conectadas a la red eléctrica. La estructura de estos sistemas permite la integración de energía proveniente de generación distribuida, principalmente renovable. El abaratamiento de los colectores fotovoltaicos, el autoconsumo y los incentivos medioambientales ofrecidos a este tipo de generación son algunos de los factores que impulsan la adopción de este tipo de redes. Sin embargo, los retos técnicos asociados a las microrredes con un alto índice de penetración renovable hacen necesario un sistema de gestión de la energía que se adapte a las necesidades del sistema. Asimismo, para garantizar un suministro eléctrico de calidad e ininterrumpido, es necesario el uso de sistemas de almacenamiento eléctrico, que el sistema de control debería gestionar adecuadamente tomando en consideración las previsiones de la demanda y solares. Como caso de estudio se ha tomado la isla Isabela, situada en el archipiélago de Galápagos al oeste de Ecuador. A partir de octubre de 2017 esta isla contará con un sistema eléctrico conformado por 922 kW de generación solar, 1625 kW de generación térmica y un sistema de almacenamiento de baterías Ion-Litio de 258kWh de capacidad. A través de la simulación de tres estrategias de control se pretende analizar qué controlador se adapta mejor a las necesidades del sistema. This documents analyses the effect the control strategy followed by the energy management system of a microgrid has on is economic performance and the environmental impact associated to its operation. Isolated microgrids appear as a solution to the electrification of remote communities that due to their geographical location cannot be connected to the main grid. The architecture of this systems enables the integration of electricity generated from distributed energy resources, in particular renewable generation. The decrease in prices of solar PV collectors, self consumption and the economic incentives given to clean energy generation in many countries are pushing forward the adoption of this kind of electrical grids. However, the challenges associated to the operation of microgrids with a high index of renewable penetration require an energy management system that is designed around the specific needs of the system. Moreover, in order to guarantee the quality and continuity of the supply, the use os energy storage systems is necessary, which will need to be managed appropriately by the energy management system, taking into account the demand predictions and the solar forecast. The island Isabela, which belongs to the Galapagos archipelago located west from Ecuador, has been taken as a case study. From October 2017 the islands electrical system will from an energy mix of 922 kW solar PV,1625 kW diesel generators and a 258 kWh Lithium-Ion batteries storage system. Through the simulation of three control strategies the aim is to determine which controller is most suitable for the control operation of the island. Ingeniería de la Energía

Nowadays, modern wind energy convertion systems are composed by complex mechanisms and very specialized technologies. Many subjects from several fields are included in this type of energy, such as the aerodynamics, power electronics, electric engineering, mechanics or even economics for economical assessments, among others. Due to all that delicate disciplines, an accurate analysis of the wind power turbine stabilization and behavior along its lifetime becomes a not so easy task. Nevertheless, last years and thanks to the development of powerful computing tools, it is getting simpler to implement models to represent real life projects in an accurate way. This helps in saving large amounts of time and money, as that designs accept modifications without starting from scratch, are precise enough and have the ability of being built much faster due to the quick solving of complicated equations, giving ease to the construction of the final model. Therefore, because of the characteristics of the new software, computer modelling and model simulations are currently a common activity in all the different engineering branches. The final results obtained during the final simulation will depend mostly in three aspects: - Previous knowledge on the functioning of the system. The more someone knows about the topic, the better the result of the simulation will be, avoiding minimal errors and implementing more accurate strategies when programming. - Complexity degree achieved in the model. Once more, the implementation of more complex designs will be translated at the end in simulations that get really close to reality. However, this can have some disadvantages, since the more complex a simulation is, the longer it usually takes to run the calculations. - Accuracy in the input parameters of the simulation, since introducing variables closer to reality, we would get closer outputs to what we want to accomplish. The aim of this thesis is showing how a wind energy convertion system works, through a simulation of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator model, implemented with MATLAB and Simulink software, as well as achieving a better knowledge of the different systems that form a wind turbine, as further comprehension of dynamic behavior to reach improved stabilization methods. In the simulation, several models have been described, identifying the necessary parameters and applying the steady state and dynamic equations that must be used in order to achieve an accurate approximation to the complexity of these systems. During the development of this thesis, the obtained results and models have been validated and compared with examples from Ackerman and G. Abad. Ingeniería de la Energía

El presente Trabajo Fin de Grado analiza los resultados de producción de un parque solar fotovoltaico de conexión a red, emplazado en la Partida de Els Anolls – Ulldecona (Tarragona, Cataluña, España), y los contrasta con aquellos resultados de producción obtenidos a partir de un modelo teórico (SoL). Dado que el parque está dividido en 28 parcelas de 100kWn, el presente trabajo encuentra relación y explicación de por qué la producción entre parcelas es heterogénea. Analiza si factores como la situación de las parcelas dentro del parque, el inversor conectado a cada una, la cercanía de cada parcela a su inversor… son factores concluyentes que afecten positivamente o negativamente a la producción de las mismas. El modelo SoL obtendrá una producción referencia para una parcela genérica de 100kWn, que luego será comparada y contrastada con las producciones individuales de las parcelas reales. Para ello, es importante la introducción de una serie de conceptos fundamentales, los cuales servirán de colchón para el correcto entendimiento del caso a estudiar. Inicialmente, se introduce el concepto de energía solar fotovoltaica. Se abordará, desde la razón y explicación de la misma hasta el Sol como principal fuente de energía con todos sus parámetros físicos y geométricos, pasando por la situación de este tipo de energía nacional e internacional. A continuación, este trabajo se centrará y hará distinción en los sistemas fotovoltaicos de conexión a red. Se describe, tanto el proceso físico implicado en la transformación de energía solar en energía eléctrica como todos los elementos relacionados con este tipo de instalaciones; células solares, paneles, estructura… Este trabajo hace un especial hincapié en las pérdidas fotovoltaicas. Aquellos factores que pueden hacer que una instalación no esté trabajando al 100% de su rendimiento. El porqué de este hincapié, recae en la importancia de esto a la hora de realizar el estudio del parque en cuestión. Ciertos factores afectarán de la misma manera a toda parcela del parque, pero otros afectarán de diferente manera siendo determinantes en la producción parcelaria. Mas adelante, se realizará una descripción del modelo teórico; ecuaciones utilizadas, validez del mismo… Así, se podrá justificar el uso del modelo para realizar un contraste valido y consecuentemente, para que las conclusiones obtenidas tengan toda su validez. Finalmente, se explicarán y se presentarán los resultados gráficamente y mediante tablas, para hacer mas fácil su comprensión al lector. En está parte se obtendrán y remarcarán todas las conclusiones obtenidas. Se incluirán como anexos; planos del parque solar y datos técnicos de los componentes... The present Final Degree project analyses the production results from a solar photovoltaic system established in Partida de Els Anolls – Ulldecona (Tarragona, Cataluña, Spain), and contrasts them with those obtained from a theoretical model (SoL). Given the PV generation system is subdivided into 28 different parcels, each with a nominal production of 100kWn, this project finds relation and reason for the heterogeneity between the production of each parcel. It analyses if factors as the situation of the parcel inside the power station, the type of inverter connected to the respective parcel, the distance from the parcel to the inverter… significantly affect their respective production. The SoL model will obtain a reference production for a generic 100kWn parcel that will then be compared and contrasted with the rest of individual real productions. For this, it’s important the introduction of a series of fundamental concepts, that will then serve as backup for the correct understanding of the case to study. Firstly, the concept of solar photovoltaic energy is introduced. Concepts such as: the reason of this type of energy, the Sun as the main source of energy with all its physical and geometrical parameters, the national and international situation of this type of energy… will be addressed in order for the reader to better understand the upcoming analysis. Then, this project will deeply get into PV grid connection systems focussing in items such as the physical process involved and all the elements associated with it: solar cells, panels, structure… Moreover, this project makes a special mention on losses. Issues, that will stop the system from producing at its full potential. This mention is produced as a consequence of the importance of these issues at the time of considering why is the production different between parcels. Whereas, some parcels will be equally affected by certain type of losses, other will be more affected by a certain type than others, making these determinant for the correct outcome of the parcel. Furthermore, the theoretical model SoL will be described; equations, its validity… Doing this, the use of the model will be justified in order for a valid contrast to be done. Consequently, conclusions drawn out will be completely valid. Finally, the results will be explained and presented with the aid of graphics and tables in order to make it easier for the reader to understand them and their context. Here, all the conclusions will be obtained an explained. It will be included as annexes; plans of the power plant, technical data related with the components… Ingeniería en Tecnologías Industriales

El objetivo de este trabajo es el de, principalmente, modelar una máquina asíncrona mediante la creación de una interface en Matlab (GUI). Con la cual podemos definir la actuación de un motor de inducción de manera estática. Y de la misma forma, servirá para estudiar su comportamiento ante huecos de tensión. Según la norma IEC 60034.2.1, se ha sido descrito el procedimiento para la obtención del circuito equivalente de una máquina de inducción de una manera práctica. Debido a los huecos de tensión, se producen muchos comportamientos inesperados en los motores. Por lo tanto, en este proyecto se procederá al análisis de los métodos de corrección de éstos, así como el análisis de la repercusión que pueden llegar a tener sobre la red eléctrica. A su vez, se estudia tanto la curva par-velocidad así como las curvas definidas por la corriente, cos ф, potencia y rendimiento respecto a la velocidad mediante diferentes simulaciones. En estas simulaciones, también se podrá variar tanto la tensión como los diferentes parámetros de la máquina para poder estudiar mejor el comportamiento del motor asíncrono. Por último, se procederá al estudio y valoración de los resultados obtenidos tanto del par como de las diferentes gráficas. Ingeniería Técnica en Electrónica

Los parques eólicos offshore tienen un gran potencial para convertirse en una fuente de energía a gran escala para la producción de electricidad. Los futuros proyectos para parques eólicos offshore tendrán un rango de capacidad instalada de 250MW hasta 1000MW, por lo que han de desarrollarse nuevos conceptos para todo el sistema eléctrico, incluyendo la transmisión dentro del parque, así como hacia la orilla y la integración con la red eléctrica. Sin embargo, los costes de inversión para implementar los parques eólicos offshore son muy elevados en comparación con las instalaciones que se podrían realizar en tierra. El sistema de transmisión hacia la costa implica casi el 30% de la inversión total de los parques eólicos offshore. Por lo tanto, su adecuado diseño es un factor muy importante que debe ser considerado. A medida que las distancias a la orilla se incrementan, también se incrementan los costes de los cables en corriente alterna (c.a.), volviéndose prohibitivos al superar ciertas distancias. Los cables c.a. de gran longitud producen grandes cantidades de potencia reactiva capacitiva y, por lo tanto, disminuyen la capacidad de transmisión. Dado su bajo coste, su sencillo diseño, su simple forma de operar y su bajo impacto en la red receptora, la interconexión mediante sistemas de transmisión HVdc puede ofrecer en estas aplicaciones algunas ventajas cuando se compara con las conexiones HVac. En respuesta a los citados retos, esta Tesis se presenta como una aportación original en la gestión, operación y control de un parque eólico offshore basado en aerogeneradores con generadores asíncronos doblemente alimentados (GADA) y conectados a la orilla por un sistema de transmisión de corriente continua a alta tensión HVdc conmutado por red (LCC). Se han desarrollado técnicas de control que permiten al aerogenerador, con GADA, coordinar su operación con el enlace HVdc-LCC. De igual forma, se ha analizado la gestión de potencia reactiva del sistema GADA-HVdc, todo lo cual se aborda como un problema de optimización., Offshore wind farms have a great potential to become a large-scale source of energy for the production of electricity. Future project offshore wind farms will have an installed capacity range between 250MW and 1000MW and therefore new concepts must be developed for the entire electrical system, including both transmission within the park as well as to shore, and grid integration. However, the investment costs involved in offshore wind farms are very high when compared with those of onshore installations. The transmission system to shore entails nearly 30% of the overall investment of offshore wind farms and, consequently, its adequate design is an important factor to be considered. As the distances to shore increase, so do the costs of the alternating current (ac) power cables, which become prohibitive beyond certain distance. Long ac cables produce large amounts of capacitive reactive power, and therefore reduce the transmission capacity. In these applications, interconnection by means of high voltage dc (HVdc) transmission systems may offer some advantages when compared with high voltage ac (HVac) connections, due to their lower costs, plain design, simple operation procedures and low impact on the receiving power grid. As an answer to the mentioned challenges, this Thesis presents an original contribution for the management, operation and control of an offshore wind farms working with wind turbines based on doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) technologies, and with a line commutated converter high voltage dc (LCC-HVdc) transmission connection to the grid. Control techniques have been developed that allow the wind turbines based on DFIG, to coordinate its operation with the LCC-HVdc link. In the same way, the reactive power management of the DFIG-HVdc systems has been analyzed and dealt with as an optimization problem.

En este proyecto se desarrolla el estudio de un accionamiento completo destinado a la obtención de un Almacenador Cinético de Energía, también conocido como “batería mecánica”, para la posterior aplicación en sistemas ferroviarios. El diseño, fabricación y puesta en marcha del llamado prototipo OMEGA está enclavado dentro del proyecto ACE2, desarrollado conjuntamente por centros de investigación estatales como CEDEX y CIEMAT y cuyo cliente es el Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias (ADIF). El proyecto ACE consistente en el desarrollo de un Almacenador Cinético de Energía de media potencia, destinado al Alisado de Consumos Eléctricos, evitando con él puntas en el consumo de potencia y reduciendo así el dimensionado de la aparamenta eléctrica asociada a la instalación y la factura eléctrica. El objetivo de este prototipo es poder desarrollar y posteriormente ensayar un conjunto formado por máquina y accionamiento que permitan obtener las condiciones óptimas de funcionamiento que puedan servir como base para el proyecto ACE. El sistema está formado por un volante de inercia solidario al rotor de una máquina eléctrica de reluctancia conmutada que trabajará como motor o como generador en función de las necesidades del sistema. Como motor, consumiendo potencia activa y acelerando el volante de inercia hasta llegar a su velocidad nominal y como generador, entregando potencia para cubrir las necesidades del consumo y reduciéndose con esto la velocidad de dicho volante. De esta forma se consigue una reducción en las puntas de consumo de la instalación. Ingeniería Industrial