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Phylogenetic matrix of Amphineurus (Rhamphoneurus)

Chrysopilus Macquart Chrysopilus Macquart, 1826: 403. Type species, Rhagio diadema (Fabricius 1775) (Westwood, 1840: 134)., Published as part of Cegolin, Bianca Melo, Bueno, Gabriel Marangão, Pereira, Gabriel Lopes, Santos, Daubian & Santos, Charles Morphy Dias dos, 2020, Description and molecular characterization of Chrysopilus kafkai sp. nov. (Diptera: Rhagionidae) from Serra da Bodoquena (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil), pp. 1-10 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (Pap. Avulsos Zool., S. Paulo) (Pap. Avulsos Zool., S. Paulo) 60 on page 4, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.42, http://zenodo.org/record/4614797, {"references":["Macquart, J. 1826. Insectes dipteres du nord de la France. Asiliques, bombyliers, xylostomes, leptides, stratiomyides, xylophagites et tabaniens. Lille, Imprimerie de L. Danel. 176 p.","Westwood, J. O. 1840. An introduction to the modern classification of insects. Synopsis of the genera of British insects. London, Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans. 587 p."]}

Maietta squamigera Alexander, 1929 (Figs 1a, 3, 5a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10a) Maietta squamigera Alexander, 1929: p. 185 (description), fig. 104 (wing), fig. 233 (male terminalia), fig. 234 (female terminalia). Material examined: Holotype. Maietta squamigera Al. Det. C. P. Alexander, male, Chile, Chilo�� Is., Mechuque Is. [42�� 18��� S, 73�� 16��� W], 23-XII-1926, F. & M. Edwards, Holotype (USNM). Part of specimen pinned and part in slide prepared by Charles Paul Alexander. Paratype. Specimen in slide prepared by Charles Paul Alexander: Maietta squamigera Al. Det. C. P. Alexander, male, Chile, Chilo�� Is., Ancud [41�� 52��� S, 73�� 48��� W], 18-XII-1926, F. & M. Edwards, Paratype (USNM). Material identified by Charles Paul Alexander. Pinned specimens: Maietta squamigera Al. Det. C. P. Alexander, 2 males, Chile, Arauco, Nahuelbuta, Butamalal [37�� 49��� S, 73�� 14��� W], 1100���1400 m, 23/ 31-I-1954, Luis Pe��a (USNM); Maietta squamigera Al. Det. C. P. Alexander, male, Chile, Arauco, Nahuelbuta, Pichinahuel [37�� 48��� S, 73�� 02��� W], 1100���1400 m, 23/ 31-I-1954, Luis Pe��a (USNM). Maietta squamigera Al. Det. C. P. Alexander, female, Chile, Chilo�� Is., Aucar [42�� 10��� S, 73�� 30��� W], 6/ 15-I-1952, Luis Pe��a (USNM). Specimens in slides prepared by Charles Paul Alexander: Maietta squamigera Al. Det. C. P. Alexander, female, Chile, Arauco, Nahuelbuta, Butamalal [37�� 49��� S, 73�� 14��� W], 1100���1400 m, 23/ 31-I-1954, Luis Pe��a, Met. 129 (USNM); Maietta trimedia Al. Det. C. P. Alexander, male, Chile, Arauco, Pillim Pilli [37�� 46��� S, 73�� 04��� W], 600-800 m, 15- I-1954, Pe��a (USNM); Maietta squamigera Al. Det. C. P. Alexander , 1 female and 2 [sex unknown], Chile, Chilo�� Is., Aucar [42�� 10��� S, 73�� 30��� W], 6/ 15-I-1952, Pe��a (USNM). Diagnosis. Wing with only 2 medial veins. Pedicel as long as scape. Vein M 1+2 twice as longer as r-m. Description. Head. Scape ca. 1.3 times longer than wide. Pedicel similar to scape in length (autapomorphic feature). Pedicel as long as first flagellomere. Penultimate flagellomere ca. 1.1 times longer than last one (Fig. 5a). Thorax. Thoracic sclerites shown in Fig. 6a. Wing shown in Fig. 1a, Fig. 3a, and Fig. 7a. Vein Sc ending at level of R 2+3. Vein R 2 3 times longer than vein R 2+3. Length of vein R 2+3+4 2.3 times longer than vein R 2+3. First section of vein R 5 1.9 times longer than cross-vein r-m. First section of vein M 1+2 3.2 times longer than cross-vein r-m. Two medial veins present. Distance between M 1+2 and R 5 smaller than distance between M 3+4 and M 1+2. Female terminalia. Female tergite X 1.6 times longer than wide. Dorsal margin of tergite X with a projection. Cercus tilted up, 1.8 times smaller than length of tergite X. Ventral margin of tergite IX 2.7 times longer than dorsal margin. Dorsal projection of sternite IX angulated. Posterior projection of sternite IX zigzagged. Hypogynial valves almost circular, 1.1 times longer than wide and less wide than sternite IX (Fig. 8a). Male terminalia. Male terminalia illustrated in Fig. 9a (Details of chaetotaxy shown in Fig 10a). Gonocoxite 1.6 times longer than lobe of gonostylus and 1.4 times longer than clasper of gonostylus. Parameres with concave anterior margin. Sheath of aedeagus with bifid projection with very small tips. Bridge between interbases as wide as aedeagus. Long tip of the bifid posterior projection of interbases four times longer than the short tip. Both projections of dorsal interbase pointing to the right. Coloration. General coloration brown. Head: brown with few dark punctures. Rostrum brown, palpi brown. Antennae yellowish brown with outer segments light brown. Thorax: Pronotum yellowish brown, pleuron testaceous yellow. Halters pale yellow with base and knob copper. Wings hyaline, scales brown, veins nearly hyaline. Coxae and trochanters testaceous, femora pale with apices testaceous. Abdomen brown. Remarks. One specimen of this species was misidentified by C. P. Alexander as M. trimedia Alexander., Published as part of Santos, Daubian, Santos, Rodrigo Dos Reis & Ribeiro, Guilherme Cunha, 2019, Systematics of the genus Maietta Alexander with description of three new species (Diptera: Tipulomorpha: Limoniidae), pp. 331-350 in Zootaxa 4695 (4) on pages 333-334, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4695.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3534758, {"references":["Alexander, C. P. (1929) Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part I. Crane-flies (Tipulidae, Trichoceridae, Tanyderidae). Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, 1, 1 - 240."]}

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Guilherme Cunha Ribeiro Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução e Diversidade, 2017. O gênero Aphrophila (Diptera, Limoniidae) incluía 19 espécies descritas, 11 das quais estão distribuídas ao da Sul da América do Sul (Argentina e Chile) e 8 na Nova Zelândia (parte do atual continente da Zelândia). Entretanto, o conhecimento sobre a taxonomia e aspectos da biologia evolutiva e biogeografia do grupo é muito limitado. Nesse contexto, foi realizada uma revisão taxonômica e um estudo filogenético do gênero. Foram redescritas e ilustradas todas as espécies previamente descritas além de 15 novas espécies. Uma nova espécie foi descrita para a Ilha Campbell (NZ), 3 para a Argentina e 11 para o Chile. Com base no resultado da análise filogenética, uma classificação foi proposta para o gênero incluindo 5 subgêneros. Visando encontrar o padrão biogeográfico informado pela análise filogenética, foi feita uma análise de sub-árvores livres de paralogia que resultou no seguinte areagrama: ((Ilha Campbell + América do Sul) + Nova Zelândia). Além do estudo do gênero Aphrophila, esta dissertação inclui um estudo no qual uma nova técnica é proposta visando a integração de dados morfológicos e moleculares em Arthropoda. A técnica baseia-se na dissolução de estruturas proteicas em uma solução de proteinase k, que, ao mesmo tempo em que permite a extração de DNA, resulta no clareamento (diafanização). Do ponto de vista do estudo morfológico, o resultado da diafanização é superior ao que é alcançado através da utilização de KOH (método tradicionalmente utilizado na diafanização de insetos). The genus Aphrophila (Diptera: Limoniidae) included 19 described species, 11 of which are distributed in the Southern South America (Argentina and Chile) and 8 in New Zealand (part of new continent Zealand). However, the knowledge about taxonomy, biology and biogeography of the group is very limited. In this context, a taxonomic revision and a phylogenetic study of the genus were fulfilled. All previously described species, as well as 15 new species, were redescribed and illustrated. For Campbell Island (NZ) are described one new species, for Argentina 3 new species and for Chile 11 new species. Based on the result of phylogenetic analysis, a classification was proposed for the genus including 5 subgenera. Aiming to find the biogeographic pattern informed by phylogenetic analysis, an analysis of paralogy-free subtrees was made that resulted in the following areagram: ((Campbell Is. + South America) + New Zealand). In addition to the study of the genus Aphrophila, this dissertation includes a study in which a new technique is proposed aiming the integration of morphological and molecular data in Arthropoda. The technique relies on the dissolution of protein structures in a solution of proteinase k, which results in clarification (diaphanization) while allowing DNA extraction. From the morphological point of view, the result of the diaphanization is superior to what is achieved through the use of KOH (method traditionally used in the diaphanization of insects).

redunca (Alexander), 1967 a: 469 (Tipula). Type locality: Colombia, Manizales. Distr.: Colombia (Caldas, Manizales: Alexander, 1967 a)., Published as part of Ribeiro, Guilherme C. & Santos, Daubian, 2016, FAMILIES TIPULIDAE AND LIMONIIDAE, pp. 73-97 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.14, http://zenodo.org/record/258304, {"references":["Alexander, C. P. (1967 a) Undescribed or little-known tropical American Tipulidae (Diptera). Part III. Studia Entomologica, New Series, 10, 449 - 472."]}

perangustula (Alexander), 1938 a: 431 (Tipula). Type locality: Colombia, Boyacá, Muzo. Distr.: Colombia (Boyacá, Muzo: Alexander, 1938 a)., Published as part of Ribeiro, Guilherme C. & Santos, Daubian, 2016, FAMILIES TIPULIDAE AND LIMONIIDAE, pp. 73-97 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.14, http://zenodo.org/record/258304, {"references":["Alexander, C. P. (1938 a) Records and descriptions of Tipulidae from tropical America (Diptera). Part I. Revista de Entomologia, 9, 426 - 441."]}