Search

Poecilochaetus polycirratus Santos & Mackie sp. nov. Figures 1���25 Material examined. Encantadas Beach, Ilha do Mel, Paranagu�� Bay (25 ��34.26���S, 48 ��18.98���W), low intertidal region. Holotype complete (MCEM 1290) and 3 paratypes, all incomplete (MCEM 1291). Description. Only the holotype posteriorly complete, but in four fragments, mostly poorly preserved: anterior fragment with 108 chaetigers, 83 mm long and 3.5 mm wide including parapodia; median fragment with 69 chaetigers, 39 mm long; second median fragment with 132 chaetigers, 70 mm long; posterior fragment with 39 chaetigers, 11 mm long. Total length 159 mm for 348 chaetigers. Paratypes are 3 anterior fragments: 1. with 70 chaetigers, 52 mm long and 2.75 mm wide including parapodia; 2. with 57 chaetigers, 47 mm long and 2.75 mm wide; 3. not measured. Prostomium small, subrectangular, longer than wide, anterior margin concave; positioned between notopodia of chaetiger 1. Two pairs of small subdermal black eyes; anterior pair reniform, other pair smaller and more rounded, set closer together near posterior margin of prostomium (Figures 1, 2). Peristomium small, collar-like surrounding prostomium laterally and giving rise to 3 nuchal lobes posteriorly. Medium lobe conspicuously longer, reaching further than chaetiger 3 (all distally incomplete). Lateral nuchal lobes short, discoid, and divergent, completely connected to basal region of median by well-developed membranes (Figure 2). Palps missing from all specimens. Long, blunt, cylindrical facial tubercle from upper margin of mouth, just below prostomium. Ventral surfaces of chaetigers 1���3 densely covered with small, red, rounded tubercles; those immediately surrounding mouth smallest. Ventrolateral surfaces of chaetigers 6 to 8 (or 9) and anterior faces of next 2 or 3 parapodia with similar conspicuous tuberculation (Figure 7); other anterior body surfaces smooth. No chitinous plate on dorsum of chaetiger 9. Chaetiger 1 large, directed forwards; neuropodial postchaetal lobes long, cirriform; notopodial lobes rudimentary, triangular. Neuropodial postchaetal lobes of chaetigers 2���6 short, lanceolate, basally swollen (Figure 3���5); most notopodial lobes of similar size and shape, those of chaetigers 2 and 5 longer (Figures 1, 4). Ampullaceous postchaetal lobes on chaetigers 7���13. Swollen basal parts of ampullaceous lobes glandular, distal parts smooth and somewhat iridescent (Figure 7). Postchaetal lobes on chaetiger 14 similar to those on chaetiger 6 (Figure 5). Over following 6���8 chaetigers distal parts of postchaetal lobes become narrower and more distinct from large swollen basal parts (Figure 8). In mid-body region, postchaetal lobes become narrower, more lanceolate (Figures 9, 10). Posteriorly, notopodial lobes become shorter than neuropodial ones (Figure 11). Interramal sensory papillae on chaetigers 1���5 and 10���17 (Figure 4), lacking on chaetigers 6���9. On following segments, sensory organs sessile, evident as single small interramal pores. In posteriormost region, sensory organs slightly projecting as low papillae. Multiple interramal cirri arise from anterior faces of parapodia from chaetigers 18 which persist for about one third of the body (Figures 9, 10); up to 8���10 cirri observed. Branchiae arise on posterior faces of notopodia from chaetiger 17 as single cirriform filaments. Number of filaments progressively increasing to 5 or 6 over following chaetigers and branchiae assume palmate form (Figures 9, 10, 12). Branchiae absent from posterior third of body. Pygidium with large oblique anus and three short ventral anal cirri (Figure 13). Cirri distally tapered; paired cirri basally broader, somewhat pyriform, arising laterally just above more subulate unpaired one. Length ratio of superior to inferior cirri 1: 1. Chaetiger 1 with long, slender capillaries, finely hirsute in distal regions (hairs visible at x 400 magnification), notochaetae longer; arranged fan-like in both rami forming cephalic cage. Neuropodia of chaetigers 2 and 3 with 4���5 slightly hirsute falcate hooks (Figure 14); tips of 1 or 2 partially-formed replacement hooks evident superiorly. Several (4���6) short slender finely hirsute capillaries superior to fully formed emergent hooks in both chaetigers. Notopodia of same chaetigers with 2 types of chaetae, inferior finely hirsute and superior spinose capillaries. Following chaetigers also with finely hirsute capillaries, appearing smooth (Figure 15) or almost so at x 400, and spinose capillaries (Figure 16) in notopodia. Hirsute capillaries increasingly accompany spinose ones in superior parts of rami; neuropodia with only finely hirsute capillaries. From chaetiger 9 spinose chaetae appear inferiorly in neuropodia, and hirsute nature of capillaries becomes more obvious in both rami. Chaetae markedly different from chaetiger 19; both rami superiorly and inferiorly with long, plumose capillaries (Figure 18) in addition to spinose and hirsute capillaries. In the middle of each ramus occur 10���12 hirsute capillaries with conspicuous stiff hairs in their medial regions, replaced from chaetiger 20 by spinoseplumose chaetae (Figure 17). By chaetiger 52, chaetae less abundant, particularly outer plumose ones. In posterior chaetigers, tips of spinose-plumose chaetae become progressively smoother (Figure 19). Four or five notopodial hooks on posteriormost 37 chaetigers, accompanied by several spines (Figures 20, 21). Hooks long, slender, strongly curved, ancistroid (Figures 24, 25); superiormost hook half size and thickness of others (Figure 11). Hooks and spines accompanied by smooth tipped spinose-plumose chaetae (Figure 19), sympodial chaetae (Figure 23), and plumose (Figure 18) and hirsute capillaries (Figure 22). Etymology. The specific name ��� polycirratus ��� with multiple cirri, refers to the numerous slender interramal cirri. Remarks. In Poecilochaetus, 11 other taxa are known to have branchiae (Table 1): P. serpens Allen, 1904, P. serpens honiarae Gibbs, 1971, P. tropicus Okuda, 1935, P. modestus Rullier, 1965, P. exmouthensis Hartmann-Schr��der, 1980, P. clavatus Imajima, 1989, P. tokyoensis Imajima, 1989, P. trilobatus Imajima, 1989, P. spinulosus Mackie, 1990, P. tricirratus Mackie, 1990 and P. multibranchiatus Le��n-Gonz��lez, 1992. These species differ from each other variously in the number of ampullaceous postchaetal lobes, commencement of branchiae, number of branchial filaments, length and shape of nuchal organs, and presence and number of interramal cirri (Table 1). Poecilochaetus polycirratus sp. nov., closely resembles P. m o d e s t u s from West Africa and P. tricirratus from Hong Kong (Table 1). All have nuchal organs with an elongate median lobe and discoid lateral lobes, and possess large ancistroid notopodial hooks in their posterior regions. The new species differs markedly from the others (categorized as group 2 by Mackie 1990) in possessing ampullaceous lobes on chaetigers 7��� 13, not 7���11. Furthermore, the branchiae have up to 6 filaments, rather than only 1 or 2. Posterior ancistroid notopodial hooks are found also in P. tropicus from the Palau Islands as redescribed by Imajima (1989) from an entire Japanese specimen. This species, like P. polycirratus, has ampullaceous lobes on chaetigers 7���13 and an elongate median nuchal lobe, but the branchiae are present as 2 separate filaments. The new species possesses interramal cirri, a feature previously described only in P. tricirratus, P. japonicus Kitamori, 1965 and P. clavatus (including P. branchiatus; Miura pers. comm.). However, the cirri are much more numerous (up to 10 against 1���3) in the new species (Table 1). The posterior notopodial chaetae of Kitamori���s species are not known. Poecilochaetus clavatus differs markedly in having ampullaceous lobes on chaetigers 7���10, straight notopodial spines, and 2 (rather than 3) anal cirri. Poecilochaetus polycirratus sp. nov., is unusual in apparently lacking a chitinous plate on the dorsum of chaetiger 9. The plate was not observed on any of the 4 specimens available. It is considered to be consistently absent in Poecilochaetus species with heavily papillated body surfaces (Mackie 1990: group 1; Eibye-Jacobsen 2006: papillate clade). In smooth-bodied forms, only P. bermudensis Hartman, 1965 has been recorded as lacking such a plate (see Pilato & Cantone 1976). No mention of the structure was made in the original descriptions of P. t ro p i c u s, P. vietnamita Gallardo, 1968, P. modestus, P. japonicus, P. v i t j a z i Levenstein, 1962, and P. multibranchiatus. Confirmation of the presence or absence of the chitinous plate on chaetiger 9 would require re-examination of the type specimens in the first instance. It may be necessary also to examine additional material (including P. polycirratus), preferably covering a range of specimen sizes, as it is possible that the plate may be lost or worn away on larger examples of some species. Occurrence. Intertidal flat, muddy-sand, Paranagu�� Bay, southeast coast of Brazil., Published as part of Santos, Cinthya S. G. & Mackie, Andrew S. Y., 2008, New species of Poecilochaetus Clapar��de, 1875 (Polychaeta, Spionida, Poecilochaetidae) from Paranagu�� Bay, southeastern Brazil, pp. 53-68 in Zootaxa 1790 on pages 54-61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182524, {"references":["Allen, E. J. (1904) The anatomy of Poecilochaetus, Claparede. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 48, 79 - 151.","Gibbs, P. E. (1971) The polychaete fauna of the Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 21, 101 - 211.","Okuda, S. (1935) Poecilochaetus tropicus n. sp., a remarkable sedentary polychaete from the South Seas. Zoological Institute, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido Imperial University, 11, 289 - 291.","Rullier, F. (1965) Contribution a la faune des annelides polychetes du Dahomey et du Togo. Cahiers O. R. S. T. O. M. Serie Oceanographie, 3, 1 - 5.","Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1980) Die Polychaeten der tropischen Nordwestkuste Australiens (zwischen Port Samson im Norden und Exmouth im Suden) In: Hartmann-Schroder, G. & Hartmann, G. Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Kusten unterbesonder Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 77, 41 - 110.","Imajima, M. (1989) Poecilochaetidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, Series A (Zoology), 15, 61 - 103.","Mackie A. S. Y. (1990) The Poecilochaetidae and Trochochaetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) of Hong Kong. In: Morton, B. (Ed), Proceedings of the Second International Marine Biological Workshop: The marine flora and fauna of Hong Kong and southern China. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 337 - 362.","Leon-Gonzalez, J. A. de (1992) Soft-bottom polychaetes from the western coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. ll. Poecilochaetidae. Cahiers Biologie Marine, 33, 109 - 114.","Kitamori, R. (1965) Two new species of rare families, Disomidae and Paralacydonidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). Bulletin Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, 44, 41 - 44.","Eibye-Jacobsen, D. (2006) A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of Poecilochaetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) at the species level. Marine Ecology, 26 (2005), 171 - 180.","Hartman, O. (1965) Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic areas. Occasional Papers Allan Hancock Foundation, 28, 1 - 378.","Pilato, G. & Cantone, G. (1976) Nuove specie di Poecilochaetus e considerazioni sulla famiglia dei Poecilochaetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). Animalia, 3, 29 - 63.","Gallardo, V. A. (1968) Polychaeta from the Bay of Nha Trang, South Vietnam. Naga Report, 4, 35 - 279.","Levenstein, R. Ya. (1962) The polychaetes from three abyssal trenches in the Pacific Ocean. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 41, 1142 - 1148."]}

Santos, Cinthya S. G., Mackie, Andrew S. Y. (2008): New species of Poecilochaetus Claparède, 1875 (Polychaeta, Spionida, Poecilochaetidae) from Paranaguá Bay, southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 1790: 53-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182524

Euzonus mammillatus sp. n. (Figs. 4–7) Euzonus mamillata [sic] Nonato, 1981: 182­184, figs. 202–203 [Manuscript name not validly published according to the ICZN]. Material originally examined by E.F. Nonato (lost): SE BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro State: Ilha Grande, Lopes Mendes Bay, 22–43 m, gravel and coarse sand with mud, coll. L. R. Tommasi (3 specimens). Holotype: Continental Shelf, SE Brazil: Rio de Janeiro State: 22º57’– 23º00’S; 47º07’– 42º11’W, 45 m, coarse sand, coll. P. Paiva (MCEM­BPO 1630). Diagnosis. Euzonus with slender body clearly divided into three regions by weak constrictions; body formula 11a+18b+6a = 35 chaetigers. Cephalic region with 2 chaetigers, chaetiger 1 uniramous; thoracic region with 8 chaetigers, last of which (chaetiger 10) with 2+5 mammilliform papillae in a long, dorsoventrally oriented band just above notopodium of each side, reaching nearly to middorsum. Last abranchiate chaetigers uniramous; anal cirri with ventral pair stout, longer than dorsal ones. Description. Preserved material colorless; color in life unknown. Holotype 6 mm long; material examined by Nonato (1981) up to 30 mm long, all specimens with 35 chaetigers. Body slender, clearly divided into three regions by weak constrictions. Segments of thoracic region fairly well delimited, faintly annulated; segments of abdominal region multiannulate, with segmental limits less distinct. Cephalic region with oval nuchal organs and 2 chaetigers, thoracic region with 8 chaetigers, last of which (chaetiger 10) with 2+5 mammilliform papillae in a long, dorsoventrally oriented band just above notopodium of each side, reaching nearly to middorsum; chaetigers 9–16 with 2 mamilliform papillae more or less anterior to neuropodia, uppermost papilla of which sometimes interramal (Figs. 4–5). Branchiae bifid, with 2 subequal, long smooth, slender branches. Chaetae all capillaries, without distal modification; chaetiger 1 uniramous, with single bundle of chaetae, chaetigers 2­29 biramous; notochaetae of 2–28 only slightly longer and more numerous than neurochaetae; notochaetae of 29 becoming much longer than neurochaetae (Figs. 6–7); chaetigers 29– 34 (= last branchiate + all posterior abranchiate) uniramous, with only very long notochaetae, about twice as long as on chaetiger 28; notochaetae several times as long as those of preceding segments except for chaetiger 34, where they are only about half as long as on chaetigers 30–34. Extent of ventral groove unknown. Pygidium broad at base, tapering to double midventral anal cirri (Fig. 7). Dorsal anal cirri disposed as a V over ventral plate, 12–18 in all, with 6–9 cirri on each side. Records. Known from Lopes Mendes Bay, Ilha Grande and continental shelf off Rio de Janeiro State, SE Brazil, 22–45 m, coarse sand. Remarks. Material of Euzonus sp. from southeastern Brazil was referred to as a new species, Euzonus mamillata [sic], by Nonato (1981) in an unpublished thesis, but was never published formally. The original material has been lost and it is therefore not possible to re­examine it or to fix the name on a type from one of the original specimens. According to the new International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999, effective from 1 January 2000), a species described after 1999 can only be validly described if the name can be fixed on a type specimen (ICZN 1999 Art. 72.3). Dr. Paulo Paiva’s find of new material of the species from the same general area as the worms studied by Nonato makes it possible to fulfill this requirement., Published as part of Santos, Cinthya S. G., Nonato, Edmundo F. & Petersen, Mary E., 2004, Two new species of Opheliidae (Annelida: Polychaeta): Euzonus papillatus sp. n. from a northeastern Brazilian sandy beach and Euzonus mammillatus sp. n. from the continental shelf of southeastern Brazil, pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 478 (1) on pages 4-6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.478.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5030064, {"references":["Nonato, E. (1981) Contribuicao ao conhecimento dos anelideos poliquetos bentonicos da plataforma continental brasileira, entre Cabo Frio e o Arroio Chui. Tese de Livre Docencia, USP- IO. 246 pp."]}

Euzonus papillatus sp. n. (Figs. 1­3) Material examined. Holotype. NE BRAZIL: Sergipe State: Abaís beach, intertidal in sand, 23 Feb. 1996, coll. C. R. G. Parisoto (MCEM­BPO 1617). — Paratypes. Same data as holotype (3 specimens, MCEM­BPO 1618); NE BRAZIL: Sergipe State: Atalaia beach, intertidal in sand, 23 Feb. 1996, coll. C. R. G. Parisoto (1 specimen, MCEM­BPO 1619); North BRAZIL: Pará State: Canelas Island, intertidal, medium to coarse sand, May 2002, coll. Kerstin Kober (1 specimen, MCEM­BPO 1620). Etymology. The specific name refers to the numerous papillae present dorsal to the notopodia of chaetiger 10. Diagnosis. Euzonus with body weakly divided into three regions; body formula 11a+20b+6a = 37 chaetigers; branchiae bifid; chaetiger 10 with numerous closely apposed papillae in small dorsoventrally oriented oval patch just dorsal to notopodium of each side. Last abranchiate chaetigers biramous and anal cirri of equal size. Description. Preserved material colorless; color in life unknown. Holotype without recognizable gametes, 9 mm long, with 37 chaetigers; paratypes 5, 7, 8, 11 and 7 mm (Pará State) long. Body wall transparent with gut contents (sand grains) visible; segmentation not clearly defined (Fig. 1). Body soft, flabby, maggot­shaped, with body regions poorly delimited. Prostomium acutely pointed, eyes absent; peristomium achaetous, cephalic region with 2 chaetigers before cephalo­thoracic constriction (Fig. 1); chaetiger 1 biramous. Body formula 11a+20b+6a (Figs. 1, 2). Anterior to pygidium, 6 distinct abranchiate segments forming telescoped anal collar, contracted in holotype (Fig. 1), and extended in one paratype (Fig. 2), with elongate capillary chaetae forming a dorsolateral pygidial cage. Pygidial funnel short, with 6 cirri of equal size on each side. Ventral groove extending from chaetiger 12 to pygidium. Noto­ and neurochaetae all capillaries (Fig. 1), except on posterior abranchiate segments, where capillaries are accompanied by 5–6 special knobbed chaetae (Fig. 3) in both rami. Notochaetae of anteriormost segments and around the pygidial funnel elongate and as long as neurochaetae (Fig. 1). Parapodia poorly developed, chaetae arising from glandular area of body wall. Chaetiger 2 with notochaetae 5­6 times as long as neurochaetae; latter much shorter than those of following segments. Branchiae bifid, with branches of equal size, with tapered tips and folded edges (Fig. 1). Area immediately dorsal to notopodia of chaetiger 10 specialized, with 3 dorsoventral rows of closely apposed lateral papillae (holotype: 7+7+5 papillae; paratypes: 5+5+8; 3+6+6; 2+5+3; 1+4+3+3; 3+4+7) forming a small, dorsoventrally elongate oval patch, reaching less than halfway to middorsum (Fig. 1). Neuropodia with 3 papillae just anterior to neurochaetae on chaetiger 9, 2 papillae on chaetigers 10–11 and 1 on chaetigers 12–15 (Fig. 1). Pygidium wide at base with equal­sized dorsal anal cirri disposed in a V over pygidium, 6–9 each side. Records. Abaís and Atalaia beaches, Sergipe State, northeastern coast of Brazil; Canelas Island, Pará State Brazil, northern coast of Brazil., Published as part of Santos, Cinthya S. G., Nonato, Edmundo F. & Petersen, Mary E., 2004, Two new species of Opheliidae (Annelida: Polychaeta): Euzonus papillatus sp. n. from a northeastern Brazilian sandy beach and Euzonus mammillatus sp. n. from the continental shelf of southeastern Brazil, pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 478 (1) on page 3, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.478.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5030064

Status of Lobochesis We have not seen any material of Lobochesis, but the original illustrations are very carefully done. However, we can not see that the taxon is different enough from Euzonus to warrant separate generic status. A comparison of features believed to be unique to Lobochesis with the same or very similar ones in Euzonus suggests that the genus was erected on the basis of incomplete information about Euzonus. The expanded anterior lateral lobes on chaetiger 10 that are considered unique for Lobochesis are almost certainly the glandular ridges or corresponding lateral modifications on chaetiger 10 in Euzonus species. Except for the (now four) species with papillae on chaetiger 10, all species of Euzonus have such ridges, and it is not unexpected that the degree of development should vary. As far as we can see, the lateral ridges are not modifications of the notopodia of chaetiger 10, suggested by Hutchings & Murray (1984) to be the case in Euzonus, but of the body wall itself. This supposed difference between the two genera is therefore nonexistent. Similarly, that bifid branchiae should be rare and occur on posterior rather than middle segments in Euzonus is incorrect. Seven species described in or referred to Euzonus have only bifid branchiae, and two species have a mixture of simple, bifid and trifid. As can be seen from the body formulas in Table 1, branchiae occur on ���middle��� segments in all species. The conspicuously long chaetae of anterior and/or posterior segments believed to be typical of Lobochesis are also present on several species of Euzonus (Table 1). We therefore suggest that the genus Lobochesis is unnecessary and that it be treated as a junior synonym of Euzonus., Published as part of Santos, Cinthya S. G., Nonato, Edmundo F. & Petersen, Mary E., 2004, Two new species of Opheliidae (Annelida: Polychaeta): Euzonus papillatus sp. n. from a northeastern Brazilian sandy beach and Euzonus mammillatus sp. n. from the continental shelf of southeastern Brazil, pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 478 (1) on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.478.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5030064, {"references":["Hutchings, P. & Murray, A. (1984) Taxonomy of polychaetes from the Hawkesbury River and the southern estuaries of New South Wales, Australia. Records of the Australian Museum, 36 (supplement 3), 1 - 119."]}

Six polychaete species belonging to the genera Namalycastis Hartman, 1959, Ceratocephale Malmgren, 1867, Laeonereis Hartman, 1945, and Rullierinereis Pettibone, 1970 were recorded as part of a systematic survey of the family Nereididae in estuaries, exposed sandy beaches, shelly soft bottoms, atolls and coral reefs of the Brazilian northeastern coast. Two new species, Rullierinereis auxiliadorae, from Ceará coast and Ceratocephale rocaensis, from Atol das Rocas, are described.