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El barranquismo es un deporte de riesgo cada vez más practicado en España. El riesgo percibido puede estar influenciado por diversos factores y afectar a su práctica. Así, el objetivo de este estudio es explorar las diferencias en la percepción del riesgo según el sexo, la profesionalización (si está federado o no) y antecedentes de accidentes sufridos y, además, analizar las posibles relaciones existentes entre la percepción del riesgo, la edad y/o los años de experiencia. Para ello, 320 personas (73.1% hombres y 26.9% mujeres) fueron evaluadas a través de la Escala Internacional de Fitness (IFIS) y la Escala de percepción del riesgo para barranquistas. Los resultados muestran que los accidentes previos, la profesionalización y el sexo, afectan en la percepción del riesgo de los barranquistas, así como la edad y los años de experiencia. Sería interesante difundir campañas de formación acerca de los protocolos de actuación en los barranquistas menos experimentados y más jóvenes, así como prestar especial atención a otros factores, como son la edad, el sexo y la condición física autopercibida, ya que pueden influir en la percepción del riesgo de los barranquistas.

Stroke is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. Immediate attention and diagnosis play a crucial role in patient prognosis. Nowadays, computed tomography (CT) is the most utilized diagnostic imaging for early analysis and lesion stroke detection. Nonetheless, acute lesions are not visible on CT, and it is only possible to use this modality in screening analysis, discarding other neurological affectations. Expert radiologists can observe stroke lesions in advanced stages (subacute and chronic), as hypodense regions, but with limited sensibility and remarked subject variability. Computational strategies have been addressed to support lesion segmentation, following deep autoencoders and multimodal inputs. However, these strategies remain limited due to the high variability in the appearance and geometry of stroke lesions. This work introduces a novel deep representation that uses multimodal inputs from CT studies and parametric maps, computed from perfusion (CTP), to retrieve stroke lesions. The architecture follows an autoencoder deep representation, that forces attention on the geometry of stroke through additive cross-attention modules. Besides, a cascade train is herein proposed to generate synthetic perfusion maps that complement multimodal inputs and help with stroke lesion refinement at each stage of processing. The proposed approach brings saliency maps that support observational expert analysis, about lesion localization, but also lead with automatic shape estimation of the stroke. The proposed approach was validated on the ISLES 2018 public dataset with a total of 92 studies that include the annotation of an expert radiologist. The proposed approach achieves a Dice score of 0.66 and a precision of 0.67, outperforming classical autoencoder approximations.

Background and Aims: Measuring stroke recovery poses a significant challenge, given the complexity of the recovery process. We aimed to identify a standardized and data-driven set of metrics of stroke rehabilitation in the literature that ensures the inclusion of all recovery domains and subdomains in the literature. Methods: A systematic review was conducted by four reviewers using the PRISMA guidelines on PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase for stroke recovery articles between 2004 and 2024. The inclusion criteria comprised experimental/observational studies, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. All studies had ≥20 participants who were ≥18 years of age, and had a follow-up of ≥3 months. Outcomes included demographics, geographic origin, stroke mechanism, domains and subdomains, metrics used, and follow-up. A bias assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024551753). Results: Our search included 324 studies with a sample of 85,156 participants. The study identified seven domains (perception, physical and motor function (PF), speech and language (S&L), cognition, activities of daily living (ADL), quality of life (QoL), and social interaction) and 96 constituent subdomains that encompass the complete landscape of the stroke recovery literature identified. The domains of PF and ADL constituted the vast share of the literature, albeit reducing in their relative representation over time, while domains such as perception and QoL have been increasingly studied since 2004. Using the domains, the study identified the set and frequency of all commonly used metrics to measure stroke recovery in the literature, of which the NIHSS (n = 72), BI (n = 55), and mRS (n = 51) were the most commonly used. We identified eighteen standard metrics that ensure the inclusion of all seven domains and 96 subdomains. Summary of Review and Conclusions: The identified set of domains and metrics within this study can help inform further clinical research and decision-making by providing a standardized set of metrics to be used for each domain. This approach ensures lesser represented domains and subdomains are also included during testing, providing a more complete view and measure of stroke recovery.

Introduction: Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) is conventionally defined as a clinical and imaging syndrome marked by symptoms such as headaches, encephalopathy, visual disturbances, and seizures. Although psychiatric symptoms might be present. Clinical case: A 29-year-old female patient hospitalized after a hypovolemic cardiac arrest due to ectopic pregnancy rupture, previously healthy, after a two-week hospitalization started with suicidal ideas, visual hallucinations, headache, and seizures. She presented two episodes of tonic-clonic generalized seizures, depressive symptoms, and hypertension. A brain CT scan showing parieto-occipital edema compatible with PRES findings. After the diagnosis of PRES, antiepileptic medication, antihypertensive therapy, and second-generation antipsychotic drugs were started. After stabilization, there was clinical improvement, and following 40 days she was discharged with no neurological deficit. Discussion: Patients with PRES have distinct symptoms like seizures, headaches, and visual disturbances, often mimicking other conditions, highlighting the importance of its accurate diagnosis for timely intervention. Moreover, the psychiatry manifestations also should be considered as a part of the clinical features. Conclusions: Awareness of factors such as hypertension, pregnancy-related complications, and psychiatric manifestations associated with PRES is crucial for personalized and appropriate management to reduce potential risks of this disease.

La innovación en los contenidos del área de Educación Física (EF) es un factor fundamental para la mejora de la actividad física. Sin embargo, hay que tener en cuenta que ésta puede provocar satisfacción o frustración en la realización de la práctica deportiva. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la satisfacción y/o frustración que tienen los alumnos de Educación Secundaria cuando los profesores innovan en el currículo de Educación Física, analizando las posibles diferencias según el género y la edad de los alumnos. 306 alumnos respondieron a tres preguntas sociodemográficas, además de la Escala de Satisfacción y Frustración ante la Necesidad de Novedad (NNSFS), que consta de 10 preguntas agrupadas en dos dimensiones. Se utilizó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney para examinar el género, la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis para evaluar las distintas edades, a fin de analizar cualquier posible diferencia significativa entre los ítems del cuestionario y sus dimensiones, y la prueba Rho de Spearman para analizar la asociación entre cada una de las dimensiones y la edad. También se evaluó la fiabilidad de las dimensiones con el alfa de Cronbach. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas que variaban entre hombres y mujeres. Además, la edad a la que pertenece el alumno condiciona su satisfacción y/o frustración con la novedad de la Educación Física, por lo que deberían desarrollarse más líneas de investigación. Palabras clave: novedad; educación física; educación secundaria; satisfacción; frustración; género; edad. Abstract. Innovation in the contents of the Physical Education area is a fundamental factor for improving physical activity. However, it should be taken into account that this can lead to satisfaction or frustration in the realization of sports practice. The aim of this study is to know the satisfaction and/or frustration that Secondary Education students have when teachers innovate in the Physical Education curriculum, analyzing the possible differences according to gender and age of the students. 306 students answered three sociodemographic questions, in addition to the Novelty Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale, which consists of 10 questions grouped into two dimensions. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine gender, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess the different ages, in order to analyze any potential significant differences between the questionnaire items and its dimensions, and Spearman's Rho test was used to analyze the association between each of the dimensions and age. The reliability of the dimensions was also assessed with Cronbach's Alpha. Statistical differences were found varying between men and women. In addition, the age to which the student belongs conditions or not his or her satisfaction and/or frustration with the novelty of Physical Education; therefore, more lines of research should be developed. Keywords: novelty; physical education; secondary education; satisfaction; frustration; gender; age.

Physical Education (PE) is seen as knowledge in practice, that is, knowledge acquired through active participation in social practices. The aim of this study is to know the association between the importance of Physical Education and group cohesion in Secondary Education students, analyzing the possible differences according to the gender. 310 students from Extremadura answered three sociodemographic questions, in addition to two other instruments: the Importance of Physical Education scale, consisting of 3 questions, and the Group Cohesion Evaluation Questionnaire, consisting of 9 questions. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the assumption of normality. Finally, nonparametric tests were chosen because this assumption was not met. In this sense, the Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine gender and Spearman's Rho test was used to analyze the association between each of the instruments and gender. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Some statistical differences were observed between men and women. In addition, these differences may be due to the motivation that students have in the realization of sports practice, therefore, it would be interesting to develop future lines of research. Keywords: Physical Education; importance of Physical Education, group cohesion, secondary education; gender; motivation.

IntroductionSelf-concept is a person's perception of him/herself and how he/she performs in different situations. This aspect must be developed during the formative stages and Physical Education is a fundamental area due to its enormous methodological possibilities.AimTherefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the factor structure and reliability of an instrument that allows to analyze the multidimensional self-concept of high school students in the context of Physical Education.MethodThe sample consisted of 1,155 secondary school students from public schools in the Autonomous Community of Extremadura, Spain. After the exploratory and confirmatory analyses, a structure composed of 30 items divided into 5 factors was.ResultsThis design showed excellent goodness-of-fit indices as well as good internal reliability indicators (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.76 – 0.88).ConclusionTherefore, this scale can be considered as a tool to assess the self-concept of high school students in a quick and easy way.

La imagen corporal es un factor multidimensional importante en la adherencia a la actividad física, así como para el bienestar psicológico y social, sin embargo, generalmente no se le da la importancia que merece, especialmente después de la pandemia que se ha producido en los últimos años. Se presentó un cuestionario utilizando la herramienta Google Forms para conocer la opinión de los estudiantes universitarios sobre su manejo de la autopercepción de la imagen corporal. Se utilizó una estrategia de selección no probabilística basada en el muestreo por coexistencia para escoger a 288 estudiantes para el estudio. Se utilizó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney para determinar los vínculos entre los distintos ítems y dimensiones en función del género y la especialidad educativa, y la prueba Rho de Spearman para comprobar si existía relación entre la edad y el índice de masa corporal y sus respuestas en las distintas dimensiones. Los resultados mostraron que, a pesar de una aceptable percepción de su imagen corporativa por parte de la muestra analizada, existen diferencias de género y entre especialidades. Así, se puede concluir que las organizaciones públicas deberían desarrollar líneas de actuación para mejorar y mantener una buena percepción de la imagen corporal en esta población. Palabras clave: estudiantes universitarios, imagen corporal, género, especialidad educativa, edad, índice de masa corporal, salud. Abstract. Body image is an important multidimensional factor in adherence to physical activity as well as for psychological and social well-being, yet it is generally not given the importance it deserves, especially after the pandemic that has occurred in recent years. A questionnaire was presented using the Google Forms tool to find out what university students thought about its management of self-perception of body image. A non-probability selection strategy based on coexistence sampling was used to pick 288 students for the study. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the links between the various items and dimensions according to sex and education specialty, and the Spearman's Rho test was used to see if there was a relationship between age and body mass index and their replies in the various dimensions. The results showed that despite an acceptable perception of their corporate image by the sample analyzed, there are gender and inter-specialty differences. Thus, it can be concluded that public organizations should develop lines of action to improve and maintain good body image perceptions in this population. Keywords: university students, body image, gender, educational specialty, age, body mass index, health.

Building energy consumption takes up over 30% of global final energy use and 26% of global energy-related emissions. In addition, building operations represent nearly 55% of global electricity consumption. The management of peak demand plays a crucial role in optimizing building electricity usage, consequently leading to a reduction in carbon footprint. Accurately forecasting peak demand in commercial buildings provides benefits to both the suppliers and consumers by enhancing efficiency in electricity production and minimizing energy waste. Precise predictions of energy peaks enable the implementation of proactive peak-shaving strategies, the effective scheduling of battery response, and an enhancement of smart grid management. The current research on peak demand for commercial buildings has shown a gap in addressing timestamps for peak consumption incidents. To bridge the gap, an Energy Peaks and Timestamping Prediction (EPTP) framework is proposed to not only identify the energy peaks, but to also accurately predict the timestamps associated with their occurrences. In this EPTP framework, energy consumption prediction is performed with a long short-term memory network followed by the timestamp prediction using a multilayer perceptron network. The proposed framework was validated through experiments utilizing real-world commercial supermarket data. This evaluation was performed in comparison to the commonly used block maxima approach for indexing. The 2-h hit rate saw an improvement from 21% when employing the block maxima approach to 52.6% with the proposed EPTP framework for the hourly resolution. Similarly, the hit rate increased from 65.3% to 86% for the 15-min resolution. In addition, the average minute deviation decreased from 120 min with the block maxima approach to 62 min with the proposed EPTP framework with high-resolution data. The framework demonstrates satisfactory results when applied to high-resolution data obtained from real-world commercial supermarket energy consumption.

In the world of human–robot coexistence, ensuring safe interactions is crucial. Traditional logic-based methods often lack the intuition required for robots, particularly in complex environments where these methods fail to account for all possible scenarios. Reinforcement learning has shown promise in robotics due to its superior adaptability over traditional logic. However, the exploratory nature of reinforcement learning can jeopardize safety. This paper addresses the challenges in planning trajectories for robotic arm manipulators in dynamic environments. In addition, this paper highlights the pitfalls of multiple reward compositions that are susceptible to reward hacking. A novel method with a simplified reward and constraint formulation is proposed. This enables the robot arm to avoid a nonstationary obstacle that never resets, enhancing operational safety. The proposed approach combines scalarized expected returns with a constrained Markov decision process through a Lagrange multiplier, resulting in better performance. The scalarization component uses the indicator cost function value, directly sampled from the replay buffer, as an additional scaling factor. This method is particularly effective in dynamic environments where conditions change continually, as opposed to approaches relying solely on the expected cost scaled by a Lagrange multiplier.

Buildings’ heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems account for significant global energy use. Proper maintenance can minimize their environmental footprint and enhance the quality of the indoor environment. The adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors integrated into HVAC systems has paved the way for predictive maintenance (PdM) grounded in real-time operational metrics. However, HVAC systems without such sensors cannot leverage the advantages of current data-driven PdM techniques. This work introduces a novel data-driven framework, the health prognostics classification with autoencoders (HPC-AE), designed specifically for PdM. It utilizes solely HVAC power consumption and outside temperature readings for its operations, both of which are readily obtainable. The primary objective of the HPC-AE framework is to facilitate PdM through a health prognostic approach. The HPC-AE framework utilizes an autoencoder for feature enrichment and then applies an artificial neural network to classify the daily health condition of an HVAC system. A multi-objective evaluation metric is employed to ensure optimal performance of the autoencoder within this framework. This metric evaluates the autoencoder’s proficiency in reducing reconstruction discrepancies in standard data conditions and its capability to differentiate between standard and degraded data scenarios. The HPC-AE framework is validated in two HVAC fault scenarios, including a clogged air filter and air duct leakage. The experimental results show that compared to methods used in similar studies, HPC-AE exhibits a 5.7% and 2.1% increase in the F1 score for the clogged air filter and duct leakage scenarios.

En el sector de fabricación de bebidas, la cerveza ocupa una posición estratégica puesto que es la bebida alcohólica más consumida en el mundo. Sin embargo, para su producción son utilizadas grandes cantidades de materia prima que posteriormente terminan convertidas en toneladas de desechos, los cuales traen repercusiones al medio ambiente, a la economía y a la sociedad. Bajo este panorama, han surgido diferentes alternativas de interés en pro de su reincorporación en la cadena productiva, que integran principios de la economía circular al mercado de la cerveza. Por ello, el presente artículo hace una revisión de cada uno de los subproductos generados en esta industria y de los posibles usos que han sido reportados hasta el momento en la literatura, además de ofrecer una descripción actual del mercado de la cerveza y de su proceso de elaboración. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran que en la fabricación de esta bebida fermentada son generados principalmente 4 residuos: bagazo de malta, trub, levadura de cerveza y tierra diatomácea. Estos materiales se caracterizan por tener una amplia gama de propiedades físico-químicas que permiten que su reaprovechamiento sea versátil, por lo que es posible aplicarlos en diferentes campos, como en el ambiental, aportando en la remoción de contaminantes; en el campo agropecuario, como alimento animal; en el campo civil, como sustituto de materiales, entre otros. En general, se prevé que esta revisión sea un referente para el sector de la cerveza, dado que presenta una compilación de múltiples técnicas y modificaciones que podrían dar un valor agregado a los subproductos de esta industria.

Antlers are paired deciduous bony cranial appendages of deer that undergo a regular cycle of growth, death and casting, and constitute the most rapidly growing bones in mammals. Antler growth occurs in an appositional mode and involves a modified form of endochondral ossification. In endochondral bones, calcified cartilage is typically a transient tissue that is eventually completely replaced by bone tissue. We studied the distribution and characteristics of calcified cartilage in hard antlers from three deer species (Capreolus capreolus, Cervus elaphus, Dama dama), i.e., in antlers from which the skin (velvet) had been shed. Remnants of calcified cartilage were regularly present as part of the trabecular framework in the late formed, distal antler portions in all three species, whereas this tissue was largely or completely missing in the more proximal antler portions. The presence of calcified cartilage remnants in the distal antler portions is attributed to the limited antler lifespan of only a few months, which is also the reason for the virtual lack of bone remodeling in antlers. The calcified cartilage matrix was more highly mineralized than the antler bone matrix. Mineralized deposits were observed in some chondrocyte lacunae and occasionally also in osteocyte lacunae, a phenomenon that has not previously been reported in antlers. Using synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) mapping, we further demonstrated increased zinc concentrations in cement lines, along the inner borders of incompletely formed primary osteons, along the walls of partly or completely mineral-occluded chondrocyte and osteocyte lacunae, and in intralacunar mineralized deposits. The present study demonstrates that antlers are a promising model for studying the mineralization of cartilage and bone matrices and the formation of mineralized deposits in chondrocyte and osteocyte lacunae.

Background Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound is an essential tool for the detection of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) but is limited by the availability of skilled operators. We examined the clinical feasibility and concordance of a robotically assisted TCD system with artificial intelligence with routine handheld TCD after SAH. Methods We evaluated TCD velocities in the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) of two patients with high-grade SAH and angiographic evidence of vasospasm. A single channel TCD device with a handheld diagnostic probe as well as a robotically assisted TCD device was used, the relationship of the two tests was evaluated using the bootstrap method of resampling for the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) paired with a Pearson’s correlation analysis, followed by a Bland-Altman plot. Results Patient 1 developed angiographic and TCD evidence of vasospasm in the proximal right MCA, but except for periods of disorientation remained neurologically intact. Angiographic, TCD and clinical evidence of ACA spasm occurred 6 days after ictus in patient 2. Robotically measured mean flow velocities were comparable to manual TCDs in the MCAs (CCC=0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.42 to 0.96; P=0.001) but not in the ACAs (CCC=0.26; 95% CI, –0.01 to 0.71; P=0.26). Conclusion Robotically assisted TCD system with artificial intelligence provides an alternative to manual TCD for assessment of MCA velocities in patients with SAH, expanding the availability of TCD to settings in which specialized clinicians are not available. Further studies for validation of this technology are warranted.

Most educators overlook the importance of corporal expression, even though it has been shown to have various advantages for children of all ages. In the teaching–learning process, teacher views and beliefs are crucial because they have a significant impact on students. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze the existing differences in the perceptions of future teachers towards corporal expression according to their gender and educational specialty. A total of 437 aspiring Spanish instructors participated in the sample, selected by the convenience sampling method, and answered the Questionnaire to Assess Perceptions of Corporal Expression in Future Spanish Teachers to gauge their understanding of and preparation for corporal expression via Google Forms. The Mann–Whitney U test was employed to evaluate the possible differences between the diverse items and factors according to gender and educational specialty. The results displayed good perceptions of corporal expression throughout the sample, finding significant differences in most items and all the dimensions when education specialty is considered. Nevertheless, gender variables did not seem to mediate those perceptions. Therefore, university degrees oriented to education must include the same amount of content related to corporal expression to ensure adequate initial training regardless of the stage of education at which the teachers develop their academic activity.

Body image and self-perception are highly related to psychological health and social well-being throughout the lifespan. Body image problems can lead to pathologies affecting the quality of life. Thus, it is essential to analyse perceived self-image from an early stage. This study aimed to assess body image and dissatisfaction in preschoolers, analyzing possible differences depending on sex (boy/girl) and school location (rural/urban). The sample consisted of 304 preschoolers from Extremadura (Spain) between three and six years of age. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to evaluate the differences in scores according to sex and centre location. The results showed significant differences in the body shape perception depending on the student’s sex, with females showing higher scores in their Body Mass Index (BMI). However, females showed greater body dissatisfaction than their male counterparts, with greater disagreement between their perceived and desired figures. Actions and programmes to promote children’s healthy body image need to be implemented with consideration for differences between the sexes.

Maize crops occupy an important place in world food security. However, different conditions, such as abiotic stress factors, can affect the productivity of these crops, requiring technologies that facilitate their monitoring. One such technology is spectroscopy, which measures the energy reflected and emitted by a surface along the electromagnetic spectrum. Spectral data can help to identify abiotic factors in plants, since the spectral signature of vegetation has discriminating features associated with the plant’s health condition. This paper introduces a spectral library captured on maize crops under different nitrogen-deficiency stress levels. The datasets will be of potential interest to researchers, ecologists, and agronomists seeking to understand the spectral features of maize under nitrogen-deficiency stress. The library includes three datasets captured at different growth stages of 10 tropical maize genotypes. The spectral signatures collected were in the visible to near-infrared range (450–950 nm). The data were pre-processed to reduce noise and anomalous signatures. This study presents a spectral library of the effects of nitrogen deficiency on ten maize genotypes, highlighting that some genotypes show tolerance to this type of stress at different phenological stages. Most of the evaluated genotypes showed discriminate spectral features 4–6 weeks after sowing. Higher reflectance was obtained at approximately 550 nm for the lowest nitrogen fertilization treatments. Finally, we describe some potential applications of the spectral library of maize leaves under nitrogen-deficiency stress.

Background The ISAT (International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial) has generated a paradigm shift towards endovascular treatment for intracranial aneurysms but remains unclear if this has led to a true reduction in the risk for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). We sought to study the association between the treatment burden of unruptured and ruptured aneurysms in the post‐ISAT era. Methods and Results Admissions data from the National Inpatient Sample (2004–2014) were extracted, including patients with a primary diagnosis of aSAH or unruptured intracranial aneurysms treated by clipping or coiling. Within each year, this combined group was randomly matched to non‐aneurysmal control group, based on age, sex, and Elixhauser comorbidity index. Multinomial regression was performed to calculate the relative risk ratio of undergoing treatment for either ruptured or unruptured aneurysms in comparison with the reference control group, adjusted for time. After adjusting for National Inpatient Sample sampling effects, 243 754 patients with aneurysm were identified, 174 580 (71.6%) were women; mean age, 55.4±13.2 years. A total of 121 882 (50.01%) patients were treated for unruptured aneurysms, 79 627 (65.3%) endovascularly and 42 256 (34.7%) surgically. A total of 121 872 (49.99%) patients underwent procedures for aSAH, 68 921 (56.6%) endovascular, and 52 951 (43.5%) surgically. Multinomial regression revealed a significant year‐to‐year decrease in aSAH procedures compared with the control group of non‐aneurysmal hospitalizations (relative risk ratio, 0.963 per year; P

Introducción: La satisfacción es clave en la vida estudiantil y se afecta por factores y experiencias positivas o negativas; sin embargo, no hay información sobre la satisfacción para estudiantes de medicina colombianos. El objetivo fue medir el grado de satisfacción en estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad El Bosque, caracterizarlos socio demográficamente y relacionar la satisfacción con variables. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, aplicando la Escala de Satisfacción Vital Multidimensional de los Estudiantes (MSSLS) y determinando 10 variables. Se encuestó a 404 estudiantes de tercero a décimo semestre, de 18 a 28 años en octubre 2018. Mediante IBM-SPSS Statistics se determinaron desviaciones estándar y establecieron relaciones y asociaciones con respectivas pruebas de significancia. Resultados: La mayoría de la población está satisfecha (84,7%). La satisfacción es directamente proporcional al promedio ponderado (p= 0,00. 95% de IC: -0,282 a -0,086), inversamente proporcional al tiempo de movilización de la casa a el sitio de rotación (p= 0,00. 95% de IC: 29,48 a 57,01) y del sitio de rotación a la casa (p= 0,00, 95% de IC: 14,99 a 50,95). Tercer semestre es donde hay más estudiantes satisfechos (p=0,036), mientras que sexto semestre es donde hay más insatisfechos (p=0,000), y aquellos rotando en Chía (p= 0,009) y Soacha (p= 0,000) son más insatisfechos. Conclusiones: El grado de satisfacción global se ve afectado por el promedio ponderado, los tiempos de movilización, el semestre y el sitio de rotación, por lo cual sugiere investigar e intervenir en estos factores determinantes.

Objective: Trigeminal neuropathic pain can be debilitating and extremely difficult to treat. Trigeminal branch stimulation is a minimally invasive treatment that has shown benefit in earlier series. However, there is currently no widely accepted method to predict response. We propose an office-based, non-invasive trial to assess potential pain relief before the final decision for electrode implantation in patients with refractory trigeminal neuropathic pain. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing transcutaneous trigeminal branch nerve stimulation testing before moving on to electrode implantation between 2009 and 2017. Testing was done using an Ojeman Cortical Stimulator (OCS1) or a Grass S-88 Nerve/Muscle Stimulator via two SIU-7 CC isolators over the painful area. Frequency, pulse width and amplitude were set at values consistent with implanted electrode settings. Patients reporting more than 50% relief after up to 2 h of stimulation, and loss of relief after stimulation was discontinued, were deemed appropriate candidates and subsequently underwent implantation. Results: We identified 7 patients undergoing testing and subsequent implantation. Follow-up ranged from 2 months to 8 years. During last follow-up, 4 patients were still using their systems. Electrode removal was necessary because of loss of efficacy or infection. Three patients still using their systems required revision. Initial visual analogue pain score (VAS) ranged between 8 and 10. Patients with systems still in use reported VAS 1–4 on last follow-up, with pain relief of about 70%. Conclusions: Transcutaneous office-based testing is a simple and cost-effective method to gauge response to trigeminal branch stimulation in patients with refractory trigeminal neuropathic pain.

Background: The brachioradial artery is one of the most frequently encountered anatomical variations of the vasculature in the upper extremities. The presence of such may alter the success rate of neurovascular diagnostic procedures and therapeutic strategies. Case description: We present two adult patients with cerebral vascular lesions who underwent follow-up cerebral angiogram through a transradial approach. Both patients had brachioradial arteries through which a diagnostic angiogram was performed successfully. Conclusions: A brachioradial artery is an important variant to consider and recognize when performing neurovascular interventions. It is crucial to get familiarized with such vasculature to avoid a problematic or unsuccessful access. Keywords: Brachioradial artery, Neuroendovascular interventions, Radial artery, Transradial approach

The prevailing rights and quality of life approaches call for the inclusion of people with diversity and/or disabilities in society, including their participation in the educational system. Therefore, different institutions are urging countries to take action to ensure that students with disabilities receive the accommodations and supports they need within the framework of inclusive education. The idiosyncrasies of physical education (PE) classes can be an opportunity to encourage the participation and inclusion of these students. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the PE teachers’ perception about their preparation to address inclusive education. The study involved 260 Spanish primary and secondary PE teachers who answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, three dichotomic questions about their initial and ongoing preparation and the Evaluation of Teacher Training for Inclusion Questionnaire (CEFI-R). PE teachers believe that they have not received the necessary initial preparation and they consider it important to assist in ongoing courses to address their students’ diverse needs. PE teachers are aware of the importance of inclusive education and perceive greater difficulties in secondary education. PE teachers also showed a good predisposition to teach students with special educational support needs, especially found in primary school teachers through the CEFI-R Dimension 1, with statistically significant differences.

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This operative video demonstrates the important considerations and details to perform a suction decompression technique to assist in clipping of a large middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm (Video 1). We present the case of a 58-year-old man with a 5-day history of dizziness. A computed tomography angiography revealed a 15-mm-diameter aneurysm in the left middle cerebral artery and a 6-mm-diameter aneurysm in the anterior communicating artery. Characterization of both lesions was obtained with a cerebral angiogram. Given the wide nature of the base of the MCA lesion, a surgical obliteration was considered best. A left frontotemporal craniotomy with the patient under total intravenous anesthesia and continuous neurophysiological monitoring was performed to approach both intracranial aneurysms. Access through the Sylvian fissure corridor was obtained, and the dome of the MCA lesion was quickly identified. The large aneurysm neck challenged visualization of the takeoff vessels of the MCA divisions, and after careful dissection, visualization remained poor; therefore, a suction decompression technique was considered appropriate to gain anatomical control.1,2 For doing so, we used a 21-gauge needle wired to a 3-mm retractor on the Greenberg System, connected distally to suction. After cornering the lesion with temporary aneurysm clips, needle insertion was performed, enabling aneurysmal collapse and perfect visualization of the take-off vessels, which allowed proper clip deployment across the lesion. Next, we approached the anterior communicating artery aneurysm through the subfrontal region with successful clip deployment. Careful suction decompression could help the surgeon in obtaining better visualization. Patient approval and consent was obtained for submission of this video to this journal. Key words: Aneurysm, Microsurgery, Middle cerebral artery, Operative surgical procedure, Suction decompression

El síndrome de estrés tibial medial, es una de las causas más comunes de dolor inducido por el ejercicio en las extremidades inferiores entre los practicantes de actividad física y deporte, es un evento semiológico producido por lesiones repetitivas de estrés mecánico en la región medial de la tibia, frecuente entre las patologías que afectan a los corredores y militares en formación; generalmente no suele ser grave, pero si no se trata adecuadamente puede evolucionar a lesiones incapacitantes como la llamada fractura por estrés de la tibia. Existen factores de riesgo que contribuyen al desarrollo de la patología entre los que cabe mencionar el tipo de actividad, las inadecuadas técnicas de entrenamiento, las condiciones del terreno y el tipo de calzado utilizado, también la pronación anormal de la articulación subastragalina, el sexo femenino, un índice de masa corporal elevado, así como la disminución de la densidad mineral ósea. El diagnóstico generalmente se establece a través del interrogatorio y el examen físico ya que las radiografías no aportan datos de interés, solamente sirven para establecer el diagnóstico diferencial con las fracturas por estrés de la tibia y exámenes de imágenes más costosos no se justifican. El tiempo de recuperación de los afectados por esta patología es bastante prolongado, existiendo la tendencia al abandono, impidiendo así conseguir los objetivos terapéuticos propuestos, el tratamiento gold estándar es la terapia física, sin embargo, existen otras modalidades terapéuticas con grandes perspectivas para el tratamiento de esta entidad patológica entre las que sobresale la terapia por ondas de choque extracorpórea, y aunque existen estudios científicos a respecto, no son suficientes, tanto la fisiopatología, como la prevención y el tratamiento aún no están claros. Debido a lo anteriormente expuesto se realiza una revisión del estado del arte de los aspectos fundamentales de la patología.

Discrete entropy is used to measure the content of an image, where a higher value indicates an image with richer details. Infrared images are capable of revealing important hidden targets. The disadvantage of this type of image is that their low contrast and level of detail are not consistent with human visual perception. These problems can be caused by variations of the environment or by limitations of the cameras that capture the images. In this work we propose a method that improves the details of infrared images, increasing their entropy, preserving their natural appearance, and enhancing contrast. The proposed method extracts multiple features of brightness and darkness from the infrared image. This is done by means of the multiscale top-hat transform. To improve the infrared image, multiple scales are added to the bright areas and multiple areas of darkness are subtracted. The method was tested with 450 infrared thermal images from a public database. Evaluation of the experimental results shows that the proposed method improves the details of the image by increasing entropy, also preserving natural appearance and enhancing the contrast of infrared thermal images.

This paper reports a case of multiple osteochondromas affecting the antlers and the left zygomatic bone of a free-ranging adult white-tailed buck (Odocoileus virginianus) from Georgia, USA. Along with a few postcranial bones, the antlered cranium of the individual was found in a severely weathered condition and devoid of any soft tissue. The antlers exhibited five pedunculated exostoses that were composed of cancellous bone and, in their peripheral portions, also mineralized cartilage. The largest of the exostoses, located on the right antler, had a maximum circumference of 55 cm. The exostosis arising from the zygomatic bone was broad-based and much smaller than the exophytic outgrowths on the antlers. Diagnosis of the exostoses as osteochondromas was based on their overall morphology, the normal bone structure in their stalk regions, and the continuity of their spongiosa and cortex with the respective components of the parent bones. Antleromas, i.e., pathological outgrowths developing on antlers as a result of insufficient androgen production, were excluded in the differential diagnosis, based on (1) the apparent maturity and, except for the tumors, normal shape of the antlers and (2) the fact that exostosis formation had also affected the zygomatic bone. Previously only a single case of solitary osteochondroma of an antler has been described in the scientific literature. The case presented here is the first report of multiple osteochondromas in a deer. As antlers are regularly collected as trophies, and huge numbers of them are critically inspected each year, the fact that thus far only two cases of antler osteochondromas have been reported suggests that these tumors are very rare.

Bone ash, collagen, Ca and P composition, are considered the main factors affecting mechanical properties in bones. However, a series of studies in bone and antler have shown that some trace minerals, such as manganese, may play a role whose importance exceeds what may be expected considering their low content. A previous study showed that a reduction in manganese in antlers during a year of late winter frosts led to generalized antler breakage in Spain, which included a reduction of 30% of cortical thickness, 27% reduction in impact energy, and 10% reduction in work to peak force. Starting for this observation, we experimentally studied the effects of manganese supplementation in adults and yearling (yearlings) red deer under a balanced diet. Subjects were 29 deer of different age classes (adult n = 19, yearlings n = 10) that were divided in a manganese injected group (n = 14) and a control group (n = 15). Antler content in ashes and minerals, intrinsic mechanical properties and cross section structure were examined at 4 points along the antler beam. A one way ANOVA (mean per antler) showed that in yearlings, manganese supplementation only increased its content and that of Fe. However, in adults, Mn supplementation increased the mean content per antler of Ca, Na, P, B, Co, Cu, K, Mn, Ni, Se (while Si content was reduced), and impact work but not Young's modulus of elasticity, bending strength or work to peak force. A GLM series on characteristics in the uppermost part examined in the antler, often showing physiological exhaustion and depletion of body stores, showed also a 16% increase in work to peak force in the antlers of the treated group. Thus, manganese supplementation altered mineral composition of antler and improved structure and some mechanical properties despite animals having a balanced diet.

Control and prevention of dengue relies heavily on the application of insecticides to control dengue vector mosquitoes. In Colombia, application of the larvicide temephos to the aquatic breeding sites of Aedes aegypti is a key part of the dengue control strategy. Resistance to temephos was recently detected in the dengue-endemic city of Cucuta, leading to questions about its efficacy as a control tool. Here, we characterize the underlying mechanisms and estimate the operational impact of this resistance.Larval bioassays of Ae. aegypti larvae from Cucuta determined the temephos LC50 to be 0.066 ppm (95% CI 0.06-0.074), approximately 15× higher than the value obtained from a susceptible laboratory colony. The efficacy of the field dose of temephos at killing this resistant Cucuta population was greatly reduced, with mortality rates

Background and Aims: Measuring stroke recovery poses a significant challenge, given the complexity of the recovery process. We aimed to identify a standardized and data-driven set of metrics of stroke rehabilitation in the literature that ensures the inclusion of all recovery domains and subdomains in the literature. Methods: A systematic review was conducted by four reviewers using the PRISMA guidelines on PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase for stroke recovery articles between 2004 and 2024. The inclusion criteria comprised experimental/observational studies, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. All studies had ≥20 participants who were ≥18 years of age, and had a follow-up of ≥3 months. Outcomes included demographics, geographic origin, stroke mechanism, domains and subdomains, metrics used, and follow-up. A bias assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024551753). Results: Our search included 324 studies with a sample of 85,156 participants. The study identified seven domains (perception, physical and motor function (PF), speech and language (S&L), cognition, activities of daily living (ADL), quality of life (QoL), and social interaction) and 96 constituent subdomains that encompass the complete landscape of the stroke recovery literature identified. The domains of PF and ADL constituted the vast share of the literature, albeit reducing in their relative representation over time, while domains such as perception and QoL have been increasingly studied since 2004. Using the domains, the study identified the set and frequency of all commonly used metrics to measure stroke recovery in the literature, of which the NIHSS (n = 72), BI (n = 55), and mRS (n = 51) were the most commonly used. We identified eighteen standard metrics that ensure the inclusion of all seven domains and 96 subdomains. Summary of Review and Conclusions: The identified set of domains and metrics within this study can help inform further clinical research and decision-making by providing a standardized set of metrics to be used for each domain. This approach ensures lesser represented domains and subdomains are also included during testing, providing a more complete view and measure of stroke recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid crystalline (LC) materials are especially suited for the preparation of active three-dimensional (3D) and 4D microstructures using two-photon laser printing. To achieve the desired actuation, the alignment of the LCs has to be controlled during the printing process. In most cases studied before, the alignment relied on surface modifications and complex alignment patterns and concomitant actuation were not possible. Here, we introduce a strategy for spatially aligning LC domains in three-dimensional space by using 3D-printed polydimethylsiloxane-based microscaffolds as confinement barriers, which induce the desired director field. The director field resulting from the boundary conditions is calculated with Landau de Gennes theory and validated by comparing experimentally measured and theoretically predicted birefringence patterns. We demonstrate our procedures for structures of varying complexity and then employed them to fabricate 4D microstructures that show the desired actuation. Overall, we obtain excellent agreement between theory and experiment. This opens the door for rational design of functional materials for 4D (micro)printing in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]